ECONOMICS EVS (GROUP 4)

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid waste is defined as non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from

municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex and
sometimes hazardous substances.
Solid waste refers to a collection of waste materials from animal and
human activities that are discarded as unnecessary and useless. Solid
waste is generated by manufacturing, residential and commercial activities
in a given area and can be treated in a number of ways.

TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

a. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW):

Municipal solid waste includes non-hazardous solid waste from a city, town
or village requiring regular collection and transport to a processing or
disposal site.
Sources of MSW are private residences, commercial businesses and
institutions, as well as industrial facilities. MSW is also called trash or
garbage. It further includes:

Organic waste: kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves and fruit.

Toxic waste: old medicines, paint, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer
and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.
Recyclable: paper, glass, metals, plastics.
Soiled: hospital waste, such as blood, cloth and other body fluids.

b. Hazardous Waste:
Hazardous waste is one that can cause harm to humans and the
environment. Industrial waste in most cases is referred to as hazardous
waste. This type of waste is highly hazardous to humans, plants, animals
and the environment as a whole. Improper disposal of industrial solid waste
can lead to death, disease and sometimes environmental damage that will
continue for centuries to come.

For example, any oil spills in the sea, oceans or releases of poisonous
gases, chemicals in the air and excessive dumping of industrial effluents
into the soil would lead to the destruction of all living organisms, in addition
to environmental harm.

c. Bio-medical Waste

Bio-medical waste or hospital waste is a waste that is produced daily by

numerous hospitals, clinics, research facilities, pharmaceutical companies
and health centers. Such form of solid waste is most infectious and can
spread diseases and other forms of viral and bacterial infections among
humans and animals unless scientifically controlled. Hospital waste is just
as toxic and dangerous as industrial waste if it is not disposed of or
properly handled.

Hospital waste contains solid waste in the form of:

Discarded syringes, bandages, cotton swabs, body fluids, human excreta,
anatomical waste, bandages, expired drugs and other chemical and
biological waste.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid waste management is characterized as the discipline of generation,

storage, collection, transport, processing and disposal of solid waste
materials in a manner that adheres to the range of public health and
environmental considerations.
 PROCESS

The activities associated with the management of solid waste from the
point of generation to final disposal can be grouped into the six functional
elements.
• Waste generation • Storage • Collection • Segregation • Transportation
• Disposal
WASTE GENERATION- This includes activities in which materials are
identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown out or gathered
together for disposal.

STORAGE- It means the interim containment of solid waste in an approved

manner, after generating and prior to collection. Waste can be stored in a
garbage can, dumpster or other container used or designed for the deposit
or storage of solid waste.

COLLECTION

This includes a crucial stage of waste management, such as the disposal of

waste containers, collection of waste from the containers and the
accumulation of waste in the area where vehicles are collected and
disposed of. While the collection process includes transport, this is normally
not the key stage of waste transportation.
Municipal solid waste is collected in several ways:
1. House-to-House
2. Community Bins
3. Curbside Pick-Up
4. Self Delivered
5. Contracted or Delegated Service

WASTE COLLECTION IN INDIA

Primarily by the city municipality

 There is generally no gradation of waste products e.g. bio-degradable,
glasses, poly bags, etc. They also dump these wastes to the outskirts of
the city.
Local raddiwala / kabadiwala
They usually collect small iron pieces, glass bottles and papers for
recycling.

SEGREGATION

Segregating waste is essential because today's quantity of waste cause

huge difficulties. There are certain items that are not biodegradable, but
can be reused or recycled. It is indeed believed that a greater portion of the
waste can be recycled and some of it can be converted into compost.

Waste can be segregated as

Bio-degradable Waste: Bio-degradable waste includes organic waste, e.g.

kitchen waste, vegetables, fruits, flowers, leaves from the garden and
paper.
It can be segregated for disposal like:
Leftover food which has had any contact with meat can be collected
separately to prevent the spread of bacteria.
Meat and bone can be retrieved by bodies responsible for animal waste.
If other leftovers are sent, for example, to local farmers, they can be
sterilised before being fed to the animals.

Peels and scrapings from fruit and vegetables can be composted along
with other degradable matter. Other waste can be included for composting,
such as cut flowers, corks, coffee grounds, rotting fruit, tea bags, eggshells
and nutshells, and paper towels.

Non Bio-degradable Waste:- Non Biodegradables can be further

segregated into:
Recyclable Waste: Plastics, Paper, Glass, Metal Etc.
Toxic Waste: Old Medicine, paints, Chemicals, bulbs, Spray Cans, fertilizer
and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.
Soiled: Hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body
fluids.

The color coding of waste bins

Organic is Green, Glass is Yellow, White is paper, Grey is metal, Blue is
plastic, Red is hazard!

Household waste should be separated daily into different dustbins for the
different categories of waste such as Wet & Dry Waste which should be
disposed of separately.
Wet wastes, which consist of leftover foodstuff, vegetables, peels etc.
should be put in a organic waste converter -My Green Bin and compost can
be used as manure in the garden.
Dry waste consisting of cans, aluminum foils, plastics, metal, glass and
paper could be recycled.

TRANSPORTATION- This element involves two main steps. First, the

waste is transferred from a smaller collection vehicle to larger transport
equipment. The waste is then transported, usually over long distances, to a
processing or disposal site.

Disposal- Today, the disposal of wastes by landfilling or land spreading is

the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are residential wastes
collected and transported directly to a landfill site, residual materials from
material recovery facilities, residue from the combustion of solid waste,
compost, or other substances from various solid waste processing facilities.
WAYS OF SEGREGATION IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

SOUTH KOREA

A public garbage area exists in every housing/apartment in South Korea.

People are expected to sort their wastes without fail and put it into the right
disposal bins. Here are the types of garbage bin provided in South Korea:

Food Waste, anything that could be eaten by animals

Recyclable Waste
Oversized Waste, mostly electronic and furniture
General Waste, anything that doesn’t belong to the other types

SWEDEN

Material recycling is the top priority and source separation of waste is made in
an absolute majority of the Swedish households. Swedish commonly separate
all rubbish in their homes and deposit it in separate containers according to
type, such as metal, glass, plastic or food.
Most households in Sweden separates its waste into the following fractions:

Food waste, packaging of metal, plastic, paper and glass, newspapers,

electronics, tires and batteries. Important steps to increase reuse and repair of
goods are currently taken.

GERMANY

People gather waste in their apartment/housing area’s local public garbage

bins along with other residents.
There are commonly 7 public garbage bins available in the German’s
apartment/housing area:

Blue bin – for paper and cardboard, greasy pizza box goes to the gray bin!
Green and white bin – for glass, different bins for different glass colors,
not available for Christmas ornaments and light bulbs!

Yellow/orange bin – for plastic and metals

Brown bin – biodegradable goods

Gray/black bin – everything else that can’t be recycled such as used

diaper, kitty litter, animal waste, and ashes

Some items do not belong to the apartment/housing area’s public garbage

bins. Items like used batteries, electronics, unused paints, light bulbs, and
appliances are returned to the special agents/locations so they can be
recycled. Other items such as clothes, shoes, and oversized trash and
furniture are sold or donated.

CZECH REPUBLIC

There is a very developed system of sorting of garbage so most of trash

could be sorted according to materials like:
paper, plastic, colored glass, white glass, tetra packs, metals.
There are several less common types of bins such as:

Electro garbage and batteries Biological garbage

INDIA

In India, waste segregation is said to be a mess due to poverty and

accumulation of waste. India is developing waste sorting methods due to
the force from the government.
This segregation is sorted by
Dry waste, which includes plastic and glass
Wet waste, which includes discarded food material.
It is predicted that such segregation laws will be increased by 2030.
SEGRREGATION OF WASTE IN DIFFERENT CITIES OF
INDIA

INDORE

Indore has achieved 100 per cent source segregation not only in households
but also in commercial spaces.

All the wet waste in the city is being composted while all the dry waste is
being channeled for recycling. The remaining non-recyclable dry waste is
made into refuse-derived fuel (RDF), which will be used when the waste-to-
energy plant, which is under construction, is ready.

MYSURU

The city encourages its residents to hand over segregated waste to the
collector. Segregated waste from 2-3 wards out of 5-10 wards in each zone
goes to the Zero Waste Management Unit (ZWM) where the wet waste is
composted and dry waste is further segregated into as many as 28 fractions.

PANCHGANI

This famous tourist destination located in Maharashtra, generates some

seven tonnes of waste every day and processes every bit of it. After collecting
segregated waste, the dry waste is segregated further in as many as seven
categories such as:

Glass, metal, rubber, clothes, recyclable plastic or bottles, shredded plastic

and footwear.

The wet waste is composted and sold while the dry waste is sent for
recycling to Pune.
CHANDIGARH

On October 11 2019, the municipal corporation (MC) made waste

segregation mandatory across Chandigarh. Municipal Solid Waste Bylaws
also have provision for penalty against violators.

Dry waste includes paper, plastic, fabric, rubber, wood items, metal, glass
and recyclable materials, while wet waste comprises cooked and raw food,
garden waste, soiled articles and hygiene products.

PANAJI

The city has become bin-free, with an excellent colour-coded five category
waste segregation system.

Waste is collected door-to-door by workers using trolley bins. The

generators segregate their waste. The City Corporation of Panaji (CCP)
has introduced a five-way waste segregation system for households and
hotels, and a two-way segregation system for commercial
establishments. Under the five-way segregation system, the components to
be segregated by households and hotels are: wet waste, plastics, paper
and cartons, glass and metals, and non-recyclable materials.

The waste is transported to Panaji’s 12 sorting centres to segregate them

into sub-waste streams. For instance plastic waste is segregated further
into carry bags , cartons, etc.
 MY WAY OF SEGREGATION

I have different dustbins for various kinds of waste in order to separate them.

The first is wet waste including organic waste; vegetable and fruit peels, fruit
seeds, bread, oil etc. which is further used for the purpose of bio-composting.

Second is dry waste which contains plastics, foil wrappers, snacks wrappers,
all kinds of paper, plastic bottles, etc. These wastes are either recycled or
reused at home.

Third one includes all other kinds of waste to be dumped which are given daily
to the waste collector.

Besides metals, old utensils, etc., are sold to the junk dealer.

- PRITI KUMARI

ROLL NO 1604

ECONOMICS H