Probability 1387

A It means A and B are independent events so A c and

16. (d) A, B are independent as P( A)  P  
B B c will also be independent. Hence
 A  1 3 P ( A  B ) c  P ( A c  B c )  P ( A c ) P (B c )
P   1   as A, B are independent (Demorgan’s law)
 B 4 4
As A is independent of B, hence
 A , B are independent.
P ( A / B )  P ( A) ,
 B  1 1 { P( A  B)  P(B)P( A / B)} .
P    P(B )  1   .
 A  2 2 0.1 0.1 5
21. (a) Required probability    .
17. (c) Let A be the event that even face turns up and B be 0 . 1  0 . 32 0 . 42 21
the event that it is 2 or 4. 40 25
Then 22. (b) P( A)  , P (B)  and
100 100
P( A)  P(2)  P(4 )  P(6 )  0 .24  0 .18  0 . 14  0 .56
15
P ( A  B) 
100
P (B)  P (2)  P(4 )  0 . 24  0 . 18  0 . 42
 B  P( A  B) 15 / 100 3
So, So P     .
P(B  A) P(B) 0 . 42 A
  P ( A ) 40 / 100 8
P (B / A)     0 .75 .
P( A) P( A) 0 . 56 23. (a) Consider the following events :

P(B  ( A  B c )) A  Ball drawn is black; E1  Bag I is chosen;

c
18. (c) P[ B /( A  B )] 
P( A  B c ) E 2  Bag II is chosen and E 3  Bag III is chosen.

P( A  B) Then
 1  A  3
P ( A)  P (B c )  P( A  B c ) P ( E1 )  ( E 2 )  P ( E 3 )  , P   .
3 
 E1  5
P ( A)  P ( A  B c )

P( A)  P(B c )  P( A  B c )  A  1  A  7
P    , P
 5

 E   10
0 .7  0 . 5 1  E2   3
  .
0.8 4 E 
19. (b) We define the following events : Required probability  P  3 
 A 
A1 : Selecting a pair of consecutive letter from the word
LONDON.
P( E 3 )P( A / E 3 ) 7
A 2 : Selecting a pair of consecutive letters from the word  
CLIFTON. P( E1 )P( A / E1 )  P( E 2 )P( A / E 2 )  P(E 3 )P( A / E 3 ) 15
E : Selecting a pair of letters ‘ON’. .
2 24. (b) We define the following events :
Then P ( A1  E )  ; as there are 5 pairs of
5 A1 : He knows the answer.
consecutive letters out of which 2 are ON.
A 2 : He does not know the answer.
1
P ( A 2  E)  ; as there are 6 pairs of consecutive E : He gets the correct answer.
6
letters of which one is ON. Then
 The required probability is 9 9 1  E 
P( A 1 )  , P( A 2 )  1   , P    1,

A  10 10 10  A1 
P 1 
 E   E  1
P  

2  A2  4
P( A1  E) 125
   .  Required probability
P( A1  E)  P( A2  E) 2 1 17

5 6
A  P( A 2 )P(E / A 2 ) 1
20. (c, d) Since P( A  B)  P( A) P (B)  P 2    .
 E  P( A1 )P( E / A1 )  P( A 2 )P(E / A 2 ) 37
 1388 Probability
25. (a) S  {HHH , HHT,HTH ,THH ,HTT,THT,TTH, TTT three thrown number is A and the event of apearing 4 is B.
n ( E)  4 , n (F)  4 and n ( E  F)  3  A
So we have to find P  .
B
 E  P( E  F ) 3 / 8 3
 P     .  A  n ( A  B)
F
  P ( F ) 4 / 8 4 But P  
B n(B)
 A  P( A  B) 0 . 5 5
26. (a) P     . When n ( A  B) and n(B) respectively denote the
B P (B ) 0 .6 6
number of digits in A  B and B.
27. (a, d)
Now n (B)  36 , because first throw is of 4. So
P ( E  F)  P ( E  F )
P( E / F)  P( E / F)  another two throws stop by 6  6  36 types. Three
P (F )
dices have only two throws, which starts from 4 and give
P{( E  F)  ( E  F)} sum 15 i.e., (4, 5, 6) and (4, 6, 5).

P (F ) So, n ( A  B)  2 , n (B)  36 ; 
[ E  F and E  F are  A 2 1
P   .
disjoint] B
  36 18
P{( E  E )  F} P (F) 31. (b) Event (Y  0 ) is
  1
P (F) P (F) {00 , 01, 09 , 10 , 20 , .......... 90 }
Similarly we can show that (b) and (c) are not true while Also ( X  9 )  (Y  0 )  09 , 90 , we have
(d) is true.
19
P(Y  0 )  and
E E P( E  F ) P( E  F ) P( F ) 100
P   P     1
F F P ( F ) P ( F ) P( F ) 2
  P( X  9)  (Y  0 ) 
100
B 1 P (B  A ) 1
28. (d) P     Hence required probability
 A 2 P ( A) 2

 P (B  A) 
1
 P( X  9) /(Y  0) 
 P( X  9)  (Y  0 )

2
8 .
P(Y  0 ) 19
A 1 P ( A  B) 1 1
P      P (B )  32. (a) Let E denote the event that a six occurs and A the
B 4 P (B) 4 2 event that the man reports that it is a ‘6’, we have
1 1 5 3
P( A  B)   P( A). P(B) P ( E)  , P( E )  , P( A / E)  and
8 6 6 4
 Events A and B are independent. P( A / E ) 
1
Now, 4
 A   P( A   B) P( A ) P(B) 3 From Baye’s theorem,
P   
 B  P(B) P(B) 4
P( E).P( A / E)
and P ( E / A) 
P( E).P( A / E)  P( E ).P( A / E )
 B'  P(B ' A ' ) P (B ' ) P ( A ' ) 1
P    .
 A'  P( A ' ) P( A ' ) 2 1 3

6 4 3
4 1  E 2  15 5   .
29. (c) P( E1 )   , P    1 3 5 1 8
52 13 E  51 17   
 1 6 4 6 4
33. (d) Let E1 be the event that the ball is drawn from bag
E  1 5 5 A, E 2 the event that it is drawn from bag B and E
P( E1  E 2 )  P( E1 ). P  2 
 13 . 17  221 .
 E1  that the ball is red.We have to find P ( E2 / E) .
30. (a) We have to find the bounded probability to get sum 15 Since both the bags are equally likely to be selected, we
when 4 appears first. Let the event of getting sum 15 of 1
have P( E1 )  P( E2 ) 
2
 Probability 1389
Also P( E / E1 )  3 / 5 and P(E / E 2 )  5 / 9 . 10 1
P(rotten egg )   q; n  5,
Hence by Bay’s theorem, we have 100 10
r5
P( E 2 ) P( E / E 2 )
P( E 2 / E)  So the probability that none egg is rotten
P(E1 ) P(E / E1 )  P(E 2 ) P(E / E 2 ) 5 0 5
 9   1   9 
5 C5   .    .
1 5  10   10   10 
.
2 9 25
  . 4 1
4
1 3 1 5 52 3. (b) Required probability = 5
C1    
.  . 5 5
2 5 2 9
34. (c) Let A be the event of selecting bag X, B be the event of {Here strictly one is swimmer}
selecting bag Y and E be the event of drawing a white ball, 8 4
then P( A)  1 / 2, P(B)  1 / 2 , 4. (b) Here P (without defected)   p
10 5
P( E / A )  2 / 5 P ( E / B)  4 / 6  2 / 3 .
2 1
P (defected)    q and n  2, r  2
10 5
1 2 1 2 8
P( E)  P( A)P(E / A)  P(B)P( E / B)     
2 5 2 3 15 Hence required probability  n C r p r .q n  r
.
35. (c) It is based on Baye’s theorem. 2 0
4 1 16
 2 C 2   .   .
1 5 5 25
Probability of picked bag A P ( A) 
2 5. (b) Probability that head occurs 6 times
6 n 6
1 1 1
Probability of picked bag B P(B)  n C6     and probability that head occurs 8
2 2 2
Probability of green ball picked from bag A 8 n 8
1 1
times  n C 8    
G 1 4 2 2 2
 P( A).P     
 A  2 7 7 6 n 6 8 n 8
n 1 1 1 1
Probability of green ball picked from bag B  C6     n C8    
2 2 2 2
G 1 3 3
 P(B).P      n
C 6  n C 8  (n  6 )(n  7)  56  n  14 .
B 2 7 14
6. (d) Required probability
2 3 1
Total probability of green ball =  
7 14 2 2 2 3 0
15 1 5 1 5 91
Probability of fact that green ball is drawn from bag B  3 C1      3 C 2      3 C 3      .
66 6 6 6 6 216
4 3
G 1 5
P(B)P   1 3 7. (a) Required probability  7 C 4     .
 6 6
G  B 2 7 3
P    
 B  P( A)P  G   P(B)P  G  1  4  1  3 7 1
    8. (a) Probability of coming ‘six’ in one throw is
6
A B 2 7 2 7
. Hence required probability is given by
4 0
1 5 1
Binomial distribution  4 C 4   .   .
6 6 1296
1. (d) The required probability 3 2
9. (a) Probability of success ( p )   q 1 p 
6 2 7 8
5 5
1 1 1 1 1 37
 8 C6   .   8 C7   .   8 C 8    Hence the probability of 2 hits in 5 attempts
2 2
  2 2
  2
  256 2 3
. 3 2 144
5 C2      .
5 5
    625
90 9
2. (d) Let P(fresh egg )   p
100 10
 1390 Probability

1 5
3 2
125 16. (a) Let n be the least number of bombs required and X the
10. (b) Required probability  5 C 3      . number of bombs that hit the bridge. Then X follows a
6 6 3888
1
11. (d) np  6 binomial distribution with parameter . n and p 
2
1 2 Now P( X  2)  0 . 9  1  P( X  2)  0 . 9
npq  2  q  , p and n  9 .
3 3  P( X  0 )  P( X  1)  0 . 1
9
1 2
Hence the binomial distribution is    . n n 1
3 3 1 1 1
 n C 0    n C1      0 . 1  10 (n  1)  2 n
12. (d) Required probability 2
  2 2
4 6 10 This gives n  8 .
1 1 1
 10 C 4      10 C 4  
2 2 2 17. (c) 9. 6 C 4 p 4 q 2  6 C 2 p 2 q 4

1
10 Putting q  1  p , we get required result.
 10 C 6   .
2 1 5
18. (d) We are given that n  3, p  , q
13. (d) We have mean ( X )  np  2 6 6
1 1
1 1 Mean  np  3  
and variance ( X )  npq  1  q  or p  6 2
2 2
and n  4
1 5 5
Variance  nqp  3    .
Thus 6 6 12
1 15
4 2 1 1 2
p( X  1)  1  p( X  0 )  1 4 C0    . 19. (b) Obviously, p    q 1  ,
2
  16 6 3 3 3
14. (d) Suppose the coin tossed n times. Let X be the number also n  2 . Therefore, variance
of heads obtained. Then X follows a binomial 1 2 4
 npq  2    .
1 3 3 9
distribution with parameters n and p  .
20. (b) Required probability  P (exactly two)  P (exactly
2
We have, three)
2 3
P( X  1)  0 . 8  1  P( X  0)  0 . 8 2 4 2 2 1 7
 3 C 2 .    3 C 3      .
n 0 n
 1  C 0 P (1  P )  0 . 8 6 6
    6
  9 27 27
3
1
n
1 1
n 1 1 1
    0 .2      2 n  5 21. (c) Required probability  4 C 3 .    .
2 2 5 2 2 4
This shows that the least value of n is 3. 22. (c) Required probability
15. (b) Let X denotes the number of tosses required. Then
1 2 2 1
P( X  r)  (1  p )r 1 . p, for 1 1 1 1 3 3 6 3
 3 C 1   .   3 C 2   .      .
r  1, 2, 3 ...... 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 4
Let E denote the event that the number of tosses required 23. (a) Required probability
is even.
Then 1 7 0 8 7
 1   19  8  1   19  27  19 
P( E)  P[( X  2)  ( X  4 )  ( X  6 )  ........]  8 C1      C0       
 20   20   20   20  20  20 

P( E)  P( X  2)  P( X  4 )  P( X  6 )  ...... 3 1
24. (d) We have p  q and n  5
4 4
1p Therefore required probability
P( E)  (1  p ) p  (1  p ) 3 p  (1  p ) 5 p  ....... 
2p 3 2 4 5
3 1 3 1 3
2  5 C 3      5 C 4     5 C 5  
But we are given that P( E)  , then we get 4 4
    4 4
    4
5
1
p . 10 . 27 5 . 81 243 270  405  243 459
3  5
 5
   .
4 4 45 1024 512
 Probability 1391
25. (a) Let the coin be tossed n times Let (1  x  x 2 )4  1  a1 x  a 2 x 2  .....  a 8 x 8 .
7 n 7 n
1 1 1 Then 3 4  1  a1  a 2  a 3  ....  a 8 , (On putting
P (7 heads)  n C 7      n C7  
2 2 2 x  1)
n 9
and 1  1  a1  a 2  a 3  .....  a 8 ,
9 n
1 1 1 (On putting
and P (9 heads)  n C 9     n C9  
2 2 2 x  1)
P (7 heads)  P (9 heads)  3 4  1  2(1  a 2  a 4  a6  a 8 )
 n C 7  n C 9  n  16  a 2  a 4  a 6  a 8  41
 P (3 heads) Thus sum of the coefficients of x 2 , x 4 , ......  41
3 16  3 16
1 1 1 35 41
 16 C 3      16 C 3    . Hence the required probaility  .
2 2 2 2 12 81
5 5
1 1 1 63
26. (c) P (correct prediction)  ; P (wrong prediction) 32. (b) Required probability  10 C 5    .   .
3 2 2 256
2 19 1
 33. (b) Here p  , q , n  5, r  5
3 20 20
For exactly 4 right predictions The required probability
4 3 5 0 5
1 2 280  19   1   19 
Probability  7 C 4   .   . 5 C5   .    .
3 3 37  20   20   20 
27. (c) It is a fundamental concept. 34. (a) By Binomial theorem,
3 2
28. (a) For binomial distribution, mean  np and variance 1 1 5
P 5 C3       P  .
 npq 2 2 16
35. (a) Probability of disease is fatal = p  10 %
2 1 1 2
n  3, p   , q 1 p 1 
6 3 3 3 10 1 9
p  ,q
100 10 10
1
So, mean ( )  3  1 Number of patients = 6, Number of die cases = 3
3
 Probability that 3 will die
1 2 2
Variance ( )  3 
2
  . 3 3
3 3 3  1   9 
6C3      1458  10 5 .
29. (d)  10   10 
4 P( X  4 )  P( X  2)  4 .6 C 4 p 4 q 2  6 C 2 p 2 q 4 1 1
36. (c) The chance of being a boy or girl p  , q
2 2
 4 p  q  4 p  (1  p ) 2 2 2 2
Total child = 2, Number of boys = 1
2 1
 3p  2p  1  0  p  .  1 1
1 2 1
1
3 P (1 boys, 1 girl)  2 C1      .
4 4
2 2 2
30. (a) 
k 0
P( X  k )  1   Ck
k 0
2
1 37. (a) The probability that student is not swimmer
1 4
p and probability that student is swimmer q  .
1 5 5
 C(1 2  2 2  3 2  4 2 )  1  C  .
30  Probability that out of 5 students 4 are swimmer
4 5 4 4
31. (a) The total number of ways of selecting 4 tickets 4 1 4  1
5 C4      5 C 4    .
 3 4  81 . 5 5 5  5
The favourable number of ways
1
= sum of coefficients of x 2
, x 4 , ....... in 38. (c) Probability of failure =
3
( x  x 2  x 3 )4 2
Probability for getting success 
= sum of coefficients of x 2 , x 4 , ...... in 3
x 4 (1  x  x 2 )4 .  Required probability
 1392 Probability

2 1
4 0
2 1
3
1 1
 4 C4      4 C3     45. (a) Probability for a head  i.e ., p 
3 3 3 3 2 2
4 3 1
2  2   1  16
    4     . q in a toss.
2
3  3   3  27
5 5
39. (a) Given np  6, npq  4 1 1 63
Required probability 10 C 5      .
npq 4 2 1 2 2
    256
  q  and p 
np 6 3 3 1
46. (c) Probability of success p 
1 4
 np  6  n  6  n  18 .
3
3 Probability of unsuccess q 
40. (d) Condition for sum of 12 is 2, 2, 2, 3, 3 4
3 2 Mean = np
1 1
 Required probability  5 C3     Standard deviation = Variance  Variance = 9
2 2
1 5 1 3
 10 .  .  npq  9  n. .  9  n  48
2 5
16 4 4
2 1 Mean  np  1  48  12 .
41. (c) Probability for white ball   4
6 3
4 2 1 1
Probability for black ball  47. (b) p = P (getting a head)  ,q  .
 2 2
6 3
 Required probability = P(six successes)
 Required probability
6 4
1 1
5 0 4
 10 C 6    
1 2 1 2 2 2
 5 C5      5 C4    
3 3
    3 3 10 ! 1 105
 .  .
4 6 ! 4 ! 2 10 512
 1  1 2
     5. 
 3  3 3 1
48. (a) Probability of occurrence of ‘4’ 
11 11 6
  .
3 5
243 5
Probability of inoccurrence of '4' 
42. (c) The required probability 6
= 1 – Probability of equal number of heads and tails  Required probability
n 2 n n n
1 1 (2n)!  1  (2n)! 1 2 0
1 2n
Cn     1   1 2
 n  2 C  1   5   2 C  1   5   11 .
2 2 n !n !  4  (n !) 4 1
 6  6 
2
6 6 36
.
np  4  1 1
43. (b) In Binomial distribution, Variance = npq and 49. (a)  q  , p  ,n  8
npq  2  2 2
Mean = np, Variance  3  npq , Mean  4  np
7
3 1 1 1
Now, q  , p and n  16 P ( X  1)  8 C1    
4 4 2 2

3
10
1
6 1 1 1
Probability of success  16
C6     .  8. 8
 5  .
4 4 2 2 32
50. (b) Let X be the number of heads getting. X follows binomial
3 1
44. (d) Probability of getting odd p   . distribution with parameters n, p  1 / 2 Given that
6 2 P( X  1)  0 . 8
3 1
Probability of getting others q    1  P( X  0 )  0 . 8  P( X  0 )  0 . 2
6 2
1 1
1 1 5 n n
 C 0 (1 / 2)  0 . 2    2 n  5.
Variance  npq  5 . .  . 2 n
5
2 2 4
 The least value of n is 3.
 Probability 1393
2 3
3 1 1 3
C2      . C x 7 C 4  x
51. (a) Required probability =  P( X  x ) 
2 2 8 10
C4
1 Putting x  1, 2 we have
52. (a) Let p = Probability of getting tail =
2 3
C 1 7 C 3 3
C 2 7 C 2
1 P(0  x  3)  
q = Probability of getting head = 210 210
2
Also, p  q  1 and n  100 3  35  3  21 105  63 168 4
    .
210 210 210 5
 Required probability
= P( X  1)  P( X  3)  .....  P( X  99 )
Critical Thinking Questions
=
100
C1 p.q 99  100 C 3 p 3 q 97  ........  100 C 99 p 99 q 1 1. (d) P( E)  P(F)  n( E)  n(F)
( p  q)100  ( p  q)100 1 P( E  F)  0  E  F  
=  .
2 2 These do not mean that E is a sub-set of F or F is a
53. (c) Required probability sub-set of E. i.e., E  F or F  E or E  F .
3 3
1 1 4 1 1
   . 3 C 2    .3 C 3   . 2. (b) Here P(H )  P(T )  and P ( X )  1, where
2 2 8 2 2
{Here at least two heads means two heads or three heads}. X denotes head or tail.
3 1 If the sequence of m consecutive heads starts from the
54. (d) Probability of getting odd number  
6 2 first throw, we have
2 0
(HH ..... m times )( XX ...... n times) .
1 1 1
Hence required probability  2 C 2 
2
    .
2
    4
 Chance of this event
1 1 1 1
np  4  1 1 1  . . ......... m times  m
55. (a)   q  , p  , p  ,n  8 2 2 2 2
npq  2  2 2 2
 m  1 and subsequent throws may be head or tail
2 6
1 1 1 28 since we are considering at least m consecutive heads. If
P( X  2)  8 C 2      28 . 8  .
2 2
    2 256 the sequence of m consecutive heads starts from the
56. (b) Here mean = np and variance = npq second throw, the first must be a tail and we have, the
1 1 1
 chance of this event  . m  m 1 .
2 2 2
P( X  k ) n
Ck ( p )k (q )n k n
Ck p
 n k 1 n  k 1
 . If the sequence of heads starts from (r  1) th throw
P( X  k  1) Ck 1 ( p ) (q ) n
C k 1 q
then the first (r  1) throws may be head or tail but
P( X  k ) n k 1 p
  . . r th throw must be a tail and we have,
P( X  k  1) k q
57. (c) Let X denote a random variable which is the number of ( XX ........( r  1) times ) T (HH ........ m times )
aces. Clearly, X takes values, 1, 2.
( XX ....... n  m  r times )
4 1 1 12
 p   , q 1  1 1 1
52 13 13 13 The chance of this event also  m  m 1
2 2 2
 1   12  24
P( X  1)  2     Since all the above events are mutually exclusive, so the
 13   13  169 required probability
 1   12 
2 0
1 1  1 1 
P( X  2)  2 .      m
  m 1  m 1  .... n times 
 13   13  169 2 2 2 
24 2 26 2 1 n n2
Mean = P X i i 
169

169

169

13
. 
2 m
 m 1  m 1 .
2 2
58. (b) Since the item are choosen without replacement. Note : Students should remember this question as a
formula.
 1394 Probability
3. (d) Let p 1  0 .4 , p 2  0 . 3, p 3  0 .2 and  1 1 1
Max.  ,  3,  ,   p min.
p 4  0 .1  3 2 3

P (the gun hits the plane)  P (the plane is hit in 2 1 13 

 , 1, , 
once) 3 2 3 
 1  P (the plane is hit in none of the shots) 1 1
 p .
 1  (1  p 1 )(1  p 2 )(1  p 3 )(1  p 4 ) 3 2
 0 . 6976 . 6. (c) The last digit of the product will be
1, 2, 3, 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 or 9 if and only if each of the
4. (c) Let W denote the event of drawing a white ball at any
draw and B that for a black ball. n positive integers ends in any of these digits. Now the
probability of an integer ending in
a b 8
Then P(W )  , P (B)  1, 2, 3, 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 or 9 is . Therefore the
ab ab 10
P( A wins the game)  P(W or BBW or probability that the last digit of the product of n integers
n
BBBBW or …..) 4
in 1, 2, 3, 4 , 6 , 7, 8 or 9 is   . The
5
 P(W )  P(B)P(B)P(W )  P(B)P(B)P(B)P(B)P(W )probability
 ...... for an integer to end in 1, 3, 7 or 9 is
4 2
 .
a 10 5
P(W ) ab a(a  b) (a  b)
   2 
1  P(B)2
b 2
a  2 ab a  2b Therefore the probability for the product of n positive
1 2 n
(a  b) 2
integers to end in 1, 3, 7 or 9 is   .
ab b 5
Also P(B wins the game)  1  
a  2b a  2b
Hence the required probability
According to the given condition, n n n n
4 2 4 2
ab b       .
 3.  a  2b  a : b  2 : 1 . 5 5 5n
a  2b a  2b
(1  3 p ) (1  p )  1  2p  7. (b) Required probability = probability that either the number is
5. (a) Since , and   are the
3 4  2  7 or the number is 8.
probabilities of the three events, we must have
i.e., Required Probability  P7  P8
1  3p 1 p
0  1, 0  1 and
3 4
1  2p 1 1 1 6 1 1 1
0 1 Now P7  .  .    
2 2 11 2 36 2  11 6 
 1  3 p  2,  3  p  1 and
1  2 p  1 1 1 1 5 1 1 5 
P8  .  .    
1 2 1 1 2 11 2 36 2  11 36 
  p  ,  3  p  1 and   p 
3 3 2 2
1  3p 1  p 1  2p 1 2 11 
Also as , and are the  P     0 .244 .
3 4 2 2  11 36 
probabilities of three mutually exclusive events
1  3p 1  p 1  2p 8. (d) There will be no x because P(AB ) can never be less
0   1
3 4 2 than P(ABC ).
 0  4  12 p  3  3 p  6  12 p  12
1 13 8
 p 9. (b) Probability [Person A will die in 30 years] 
3 3 85
Thus the required value of p are such that
 Probability 1395
8 5 For m  1; n  3, 7, 11 ..... 97
P( A)   P( A ) 
13 13  Favourable cases = 25
For m  2; n  4 , 8 , 12 ..... 100
4 3
Similarly, P(B)   P(B )   Favourable cases = 25
7 7
Similarly for every m , favourable n are 25.

There are two ways in which one person is alive after 30  Total favourable cases  100  25
years. A B and A B and event are independent. 100  25 1
Hence required probability   .
100  100 4
So, required probability
12. (b) This is a problem of without replacement.

 P ( A ) . P (B )  P ( A ) . P (B ) one def . from 2 def. 1 def . from remaining 1

P  
5 4 8 3 44 any one from 4 any one from remainin
     .
13 7 13 7 91
2 1 1
Hence required probability   
4 3 6
10 1
10. (a) The probability of hitting in one shot   Aliter : Number of ways in which two faulty machines
100 10 may be detected (depending upon the test done to indentify
the faulty machines)  4 C 2  6
If he fires n shots, the probability of hitting at least once
Number of favourable cases = 1
[When faulty machines are identified in the first and the second
n n
 1   9  1 test]
 1  1   1   (from the
 10   10  2 1
Hence required probability  .
question) 6
4 1
n 13. (b) The probability of throwing 9 with two dice  
 9  1 36 9
    ,
 10  2  The probability of not throwing 9 with two dice
 n 2 log 10 3  1   log 10 2 8

9
If A is to win he should throw 9 in 1st or 3rd or 5th attempt
 log 10 2 If B is to win, he should throw, 9 in 2nd, 4th attempt
0 .3010
 n   6 .5 Bs chances
 1  12 log 10 3 1  2  0 . 4771 8 1
3 
(nearly) 8 1 8 1 9 9  8
   .    .  .... 
9 9 9 9 8
2
17 .
 For 6 shots, the probabilty is about 53% while for 7 1 
shots it is nearly 48%. 9
20
14. (b) Favorable number of cases = C1  20
11. (a) Since m and n are selected between 1 and 100, hence 62
Sample space = C1  62
sample space  100  100 .
20 10
Also 7 1  7 , 7 2  49 , 7 3  343 , 7 4  2401 ,  Required probability =  .
62 31
7 5  16807 etc. Hence 1, 3, 7 and 9 will be the
last digits in the powers of 7. Hence for favourable cases 15. (d) Let A denotes the event that the student is selected in
n m  IIT entrance test and B denotes the event that he is
selected in Roorkee entrance test. Then
 P( A)  0 . 2, P(B)  0 . 5 and
1, 1 1, 2 1, 3 ....... 1, 100 P ( A  B)  0 . 3 .
2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 ....... 2, 100
Required probability  P( A  B )  1  P( A  B)
……………………………………
 1  (P( A)  P(B)  P( A  B))
100 , 1 100 , 2 100 , 3 ....... 100 , 100  1  (0 . 2  0 . 5  0 . 3)  0 . 6 .
 1396 Probability
16. (a) Let n  total number of ways  12 ! 6
C4 
6 !

65
 15
=
and m favourable number of ways 4 !. 2 ! 2
 26! . 6!
n(E) 15 5
Since the boys and girls can sit alternately in 6 ! . 6 !  p( E)    .
n(S ) 6  6  6 72
ways if we begin with a boy and similarly they can sit
alternately in 6 ! . 6 ! ways if we begin with a girl 20. (b) The number of ways to arrange 7 white an 3 black balls in
Hence required probability 10 ! 10 . 9 . 8
a row    120
m 26! . 6! 1 7 !. 3 ! 1.2.3
   .
n 12 ! 462 Numbers of blank places between 7 balls are 6. There is 1
17. (a) Here the least number of draws to obtain 2 aces are 2 and place before first ball and 1 place after last ball. Hence
the maximum number is 50 thus n can take value from 2 total number of places are 8.
to 50. Hence 3 black balls are arranged on these 8 places so that
Since we have to make n draws for getting two aces, in no two black balls are together in number of ways
(n  1) draws, we get any one of the 4 aces and in the 8 7 6
8 C3   56
n th draw we get one ace. Hence the required probability 1 2 3
4
C 1  48 C n  2 3 56 7
  So required probability   .
52
C n 1 52  (n  1) 120 15
21. (d) Let p be the probability of the other event, then the
4  (48 )! (n  1)!(52  n  1)! 3 2
   probability of the first event is p. Since two events
(n  2)!(48  n  2)! (52 )! 52  n  1 3
2 3
(n  1)(52  n)(51  n) are toally exclusive, we have p    p  1  p 
 (on simplification). 3 5
50  49  17  13
18. (a) We know that the number of sub-sets of a set containing Hence odds in favour of the other are 3 : 5  3, i.e.
n elements is 2 n . Therefore the number of ways of 3 :2.
choosing A and B is 2 . 2  2 n n 2n 22. (c) P ( A  B)  P ( A )  P ( B )  P ( A  B )
We also know that the number of sub-sets (of X) which  P ( A  B )  P ( A )  P (B )  P ( A  B )
contain exactly r elements is n
C r . Therefore the
{ P( A  B)  P( A  B)}
number of ways of choosing A and B, so that they
have the same number elements is  2 P( A  B )  P ( A )  P (B)
P( A  B)
(n C0 )2 (n C1 )2 (n C 2 )2  ...... (n Cn )2  2 n Cn  2 P( A).  P ( A )  P (B )
P( A)
2n
Cn B
Thus the required probability  2n
.  2 P( A). P    P( A)  P(B) .
2  A
19. (c) n(S )  6  6  6
23. (b) P ( A  B)  P ( A  B )  1  P ( A  B )
n(E)  The number of solutions of x  y  z  7,
Since A and B are mutually exclusive, so
where 1  x  6, 1  y  6, 1z 6 P ( A  B )  P ( A )  P (B )
2 6 3
= coefficient of x 7 in ( x  x  .......  x ) Hence required probability  1  (0 . 5  0 . 3)  0 . 2
= coefficient of x 4 in (1  x  ......  x ) 5 3 .
3
24. (d) It is obvious.
1  x6 
= coefficient of x 4 in 
 1x


P ( A  B)
  25. (a) We know that P( A / B) 
P (B)
= coefficient of x4 in
Also we know that P ( A  B)  1
6 12 18 3
(1  3 . x  3.x x )(1  x )
 P ( A )  P (B )  P ( A  B )  1
= coefficient of x 4 in (1  3 x 6  3 x 12  x 18 )
 P ( A  B )  P ( A)  P ( B )  1
( 2 C 0  3 C1 x  4 C 2 x 2  5 C 3 x 3  6 C 4 x 4  .......)
 Probability 1397
P ( A  B ) P ( A )  P (B )  1 Let us consider two events :
 
P (B ) P (B ) A : the leap year contains 53 Sundays
P ( A )  P (B )  1 B : the leap year contains 53 Mondays.
 P( A / B)  Then we have
P (B )
2 2 1
26. (a) Let the events are P ( A )  , P (B)  , P ( A  B) 
7 7 7
R1  A red ball is drawn from urn A and placed in  Required probability  P ( A  B )
B
B1  A black ball is drawn from urn A and placed in B 2 2 1 3
 P ( A )  P ( B)  P ( A  B )     .
7 7 7 7
R 2  A red ball is drawn from urn B and placed in
29. (b, c) Let M , P and C be the events of passing in
A mathematics, physics and chemistry respectively.
B 2  A black ball is drawn from urn B and placed in A 75 3
P (M  P  C )  
100 4
R  A red ball is drawn in the second attempt from
A
5
Then the required probability P ( M  P )  P ( P  C )  P ( M  C )  2 P (M  P  C ) 
1
 P(R1 R 2 R )  (R1 B 2 R)  P(B1 R 2 R )  P(B1 B 2 R ) 4
P ( M  P )  P (P  C )  P ( M  C )  2 P ( M  P  C ) 
1
 P(R1 )P(R2 )P(R )  P(R1 )P(B2 )P(R )  P(B1 )P(R 2 )P(R) 
m (1  p )(1  c)  p(1  m )(1  c)  c(1  m )(1  p )
P(B1 )P(B 2 )P(R )

3
6 5 6 6 6 5 4 4 7 4 7 6mp (1  c)  mc (1  p)  pc (1  m )  mpc 
            4
10 11 10 10 11 10 10 11 10 10 11 10
3
32
 m  p  c  mc  mp  pc  mpc 
 . 4
55 .....(i)
Similarly,
27. (d) We have P( A  B)  max . {P( A), P(B) 
2

1
3

1 mp (1  c)  pc (1  m )  mc (1  p )  mpc 
P( A  B)  min . {P( A), P(B)}  2
2 1
and
 mp  pc  mc  2mpc  .....(ii)
2
1
P ( A  B)  P ( A )  P (B )  P ( A  B )  P ( A)  P ( B)  1  2
6 mp (1  c)  pc (1  m )  mc (1  p ) 
5
1 1 2
  P ( A  B)   mp  pc  mc  3 mpc  .....(iii)
6 2 5
P ( A   B)  P( B)  P ( A  B ) 1 2 1
From (ii) to (iii), mpc   
2 1 2 1 2 5 10
Hence   P( A   B)   3 1
3 2 3 6 From (i) and (ii), m  p  c  mpc  
4 2
1 1
  P ( A  B)  . 3 1 1 15  10  2 27
6 2  m  pc      .
4 2 10 20 20
28. (c) A leap year consists of 366 days comprising of 52 weeks
30. (d) Let a white ball be transferred from the first bag to the
and 2 days. There are 7 possibilities for these 2 extra days
second. The Probability of selecting a white ball from the
viz.
5
(i) Sunday, Monday, (ii) Monday, Tuesday, first bag  .
9
(iii) Tuesday, Wednesday, (iv) Wednesday, Thursday,
(v) Thursday, Friday, (vi) Friday, Saturday and
(vii) Saturday, Sunday.
 1398 Probability
Now the second bag has 8 white and 9 black. The probability of Statement II is incorrect.
8
selecting white ball from the second bag  .  A  P( A  B) 1
17 P    P ( B) 
B
  P ( B ) 2
5 8 40
Hence required probability    1
9 17 153  P( A  B)   P( A) . P( B)
If a black ball be transferred from the first bag to the 8
4 7 28  events A and B are independent events.
second, then the probability   
9 17 153
40 28 4  A c  P( A c  B c ) P ( A c ) P(B c ) 3 1 2 3
Therefore required probability    . P  c     . . 
153 153 9  B  P ( B c
) P ( B c
) 4 2 1 4
31. (d) Let the first number be x and second is y .
Hence statement I is correct.
Let A denotes the event that the difference between the
m. Let E x denote A  A  1 P( A  B c )
first and second number is at least Again P   P c   
the event that the first number chosen is x , we must B B  4 P (B c )
have x  y  m or y  x  m . Therefore x  m 1 P( A)  P( A  B)
and y  n  m . Thus P(E x )  0 for 0  x  m  
4 P(B c )
1
and P( E x )  for m  x  n. Also 1 1

n
1 4 8 1 1 1
(x  m )     
P( A / E x )  4 1 4 4 2
(n  1)
2
n
Therefore, P( A)   P( E
x 1
x ) P( A / E x )
Hence statement III is incorrect.
1 4 1 6 37
34. (c) Required probability  .  .  .
n n 2 7 2 8 56
1 x m
  P(E
x m 1
x ) P( A / E x )  
x m 1
.
n n 1 35. (a) P( minimum face value not less than 2 and maximum
face value is not greater than 5)
1 4 2
 [1  2  3  .....  (n  m )]  P(2 or 3 or 4 or 5 )  
n(n  1) 6 3
(n  m )(n  m  1) 4 0
 . Hence required probability  4 C 4 
2 1 16
2n(n  1)     .
3 3 81
32. (d) Let E be the event that a new product is introduced. 36. (b) Matches played by India are four. Maximum points in any
Then P( A)  0 . 5 , P ( B)  0 . 3 , match are 2.
P(C )  0 . 2  Maximum points in four matches can be 8 only.

and Therefore probability (P )  p(7 )  p(8 )

P ( E / A)  0 . 7 , P ( E / B )  0 . 6 , P ( E / C )  0 . 5 .
p(7 ) 4 C1 (0 . 05 )(0 . 5 )3  0 . 0250
 A, B and C are mutually exclusive and
exhaustive events. p(8 )  (0 . 5 )4  0 . 0625
 P  0 . 0875 .
P( E)  P( A). P( E / A)  P(B). P( E / B)  P(C ). P( E / C )
3
 0 .5  0 .7  0 .3  0 .6  0 .2  0 .5 37. (a) Mean  np  3, S . D.  npq 
2
 0 . 35  0 . 18  0 . 10  0 . 63 . npq 9 3
q  
 B  P ( A  B) 1 P( A  B) np 43 4
33. (a) P    
A
  P ( A ) 2 1/4 3 1
 p 1 
1 4 4
 P( A  B) 
8 3 1
12
Hence binomial distribution is (q  p )n     .
Hence events A and B are not mutually exclusive. 4 4
 Probability 1399
38. (a) Let X be the number of times 1, 3 or 4 occur on the
die. Then X follows a binomial distribution with
3 1
parameter and p   .
6 2
We have P(1, 3 or 4 occur at most n times on the
die)

 P(0  X  n)  P( X  0)  P( X  1)  .....  P( X  n)

2 n 1 2 n 1 2 n 1
1 1 1
 2 n 1 C 0    2 n 1 C 1    .....  2 n 1 C n  
2 2 2
2 n 1
  2 n 1 1
C 0  2 n 1C1  .....  2 n 1Cn   
2

Let S  2 n 1 C 0  2 n 1 C 1  ......  2 n 1 C n

 2 S  2 . 2 n 1 C 0  2 . 2 n 1 C 1  .......  2 2 n 1 C n

  2 n 1
C 0  2 n  1C 2 n  1    2 n 1

C1  2 n 1C 2 n  .........

  2 n 1
C n  2 n 1 C n 1 
 S  2 2n .
2 n 1
1 1
Hence required probability  2 2 n    .
2 2
39. (c) To get 3 white balls in first 6 draw and then a white again
in 7th draws.
3
1  11 5
P 6 C3         P  .
2 22 32

40. (a) Let p 1 , p 2 be the chances of happenig of the first and

second event respectively, then according to the given
conditions, we have
3
1  p1  1  p 2 
p1  p 22 and   

p1  p2 
1 1
 p2  and so p 1  .
3 9