1.REDOX 2.

RUSTING OF
REACTION IRON

NAME :________________________

CLASS :___________________

OXIDATION AND
REDUCTION

5.EXERCISES
3.REACTIVITY
SERIES OF METALS
AND ITS
APPLICATION
4.REDOX REACTIONS
IN ELECTROLYTIC
AND CHEMICAL
CELLS

CHEM –TERM
1. Redox reactions
2. Oxidation
3. Reduction
4. Oxidising agent
5. Reducing agent
6. Oxidation state
7. Metal displacement
8. Corrosion
9. Rusting
1
THEME : INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CHEMICALS
LEARNING AREA : 3. OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
Learning Outcomes
3.1 ANALYSING REDOX REACTION
A student is able to :
 State what oxidation is,
 State what reduction is,
 Explain what redox reaction is,
 State what oxidizing agent is,
 State what reducing agent is,
 Calculate the oxidation number of an element in a
compound,
 Relate the oxidation number of an element to the
name of its compound using the IUPAC
nomenclature,
 Explain with examples oxidation and reduction
processes in terms of the change in oxidation
number,
 Explain with examples oxidation and reduction
processes in terms of electron transfer,
 Explain with examples oxidizing and reducing
agents in redox reactions,
 Write oxidation and reduction half-equations and
ionic equations.
3.1 REDOX REACTION
Redox reactions are chemical reaction involving oxidation and reduction occurring simultaneously.
Oxidation and reduction can be defined in terms of:
(a) ______or _______of oxygen, O2
(b) Loss or gain of hydrogen, H2
(c) ____________of electrons
(d) ___________ in oxidation number
(A) Redox reactions based on Loss or Gain of Oxygen
Eg: 2CuO + C Cu + CO2
Oxidation
1.The process of a substance ____________with oxygen.
2.___________ gains oxygen to form ______________gas.
3.Carbon is said to be________________.
Suggested Learning
Collect and interpret data on oxidation, reduction, redox
reaction, oxidizing agent and reducing agent based on :
(a) loss or gain of oxygen
(b) loss or gain of hydrogen
(c) transfer of electron
(d) change in oxidation number.
Calculate the oxidation number of an element in a
compound.
Carry out an activity to identify the oxidation number of an
element in a compound and name the compound using the
IUPAC nomenclature.
Carry out an activity to identify oxidation and reduction
processes in chemical equations:
(a) Using oxidation number ,
(b) In terms of electron transfer.
Carry out activities to investigate oxidation and reduction in
the following reactions:
(a) combustion of metal in oxygen or chlorine,
(b) heating of metallic oxide with carbon
(c) change of Fe2+ ions to Fe3+ ions and Fe3+ ions to
Fe2+ ions,
(d) displacement of metal from its salt solution,
(e) displacement of halogen from its halide solution,
(f) transfer of electrons at a distance
Carry out an activity to write oxidation and reduction half-
equations and ionic equations for the above reactions.
Reduction
1.The process of a substance ___________the oxygen.
2._______________ losses its oxygen to form ______
3. Copper oxide is said to be ___________
2
 Reducing Agent Oxidizing Agent
1. The substance that causes reduction is called the 1. The substance that causes oxidation is called the
____________________ oxidizing ______________________
2.______________ acts as reducing agent. 2.___________________ acts as oxidizing agent.

(B) Redox reactions based on Loss or Gain of hydrogen

Eg: H2S + Cl2 S + 2HCl

Oxidation
1.The process of a substance ________the hydrogen.
2.__________________ losses hydrogen to form
_____________.
3.Hydrogen sulphide is said to be_______________.
4. Hydrogen sulphide acts as___________________.
Reduction
1.The process of a substance ___________with hydrogen.
2.__________________ combine with hydrogen to form
__________________________
3. Chlorine is said to be_______________________.
4. Chlorine acts as _________________________.

(C) Redox reactions based on transfer of electrons

Eg : Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu

Oxidation
1._______________________ of electrons
2._____________ loss electron to form _________
3. Half equation : __________________________
4. Zink is said to be ___________
5. __________acts as reducing agent.
Reduction
1._________________ of electron
2. _______________gain electron to form ____________
3. Half equation : ______________________________
4. _________________is said to be reduced.
5. Copper ion acts as ___________________________

Exercise 1
i. 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl
 ________________loss electron to form _____________
 Half equation : ______________________________________________
 ___________is said to be__________________.
 _________acts as __________________agent.
 _________________gain electron to form ______________________
 Half equation : _______________________________________________
 ___________________is said to be_______________.
 ___________________acts as ___________________.

ii. Mg + H2SO4 Mg SO4 + H2

 ________________loss electron to form _____________
 Half equation : ______________________________________________
 ___________is said to be__________________.
 _________acts as __________________agent.
 _________________gain electron to form ______________________
 Half equation : _______________________________________________
 ___________________is said to be_______________.
 ___________________acts as ___________________.

3
iii. Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
 ________________loss electron to form _____________
 Half equation : ______________________________________________
 ___________is said to be__________________.
 _________acts as __________________agent.
 _________________gain electron to form ______________________
 Half equation : _______________________________________________
 ___________________is said to be_______________.
 ___________________acts as ___________________.

iv. Extra exercise refer to :

 Act 3.1 pg 69 Chemistry F5 Practical book.
 Act 3.2 pg 70 Chemistry F5 Practical book

(D) Redox reactions based on changes in oxidation number

Oxidation number or Oxidation state of an element is the charge that the atom of the element
would have if complete transfer of electrons occurs.

(i) Rules for assigning Oxidation number ( refer text book page 107)

Example 1

Calculate the oxidation number of Mn in potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4

Solution K Mn O
Rules (I) +1 X -2
Rules (II) 1(+1) 1 (x) 4(-2)
Rules (III) 1(+1)+1(x) + 4(-2) = 0
+1 + x – 8 = 0
X = +8 – 1
=+7
Rules (IV) The oxidation number of Mn is +7.

Example 2

Calculate the oxidation number of chromium, Cr in the chromate (VI) ion, CrO42-

Solution Cr O
Rules (I) x -2
Rules (II) x 4(-2)
Rules (III) X + 4(-2) = -2
X – 8 = -2
X = -2 + 8
= +6
Rules (IV) The oxidation number of Cr is +6

4
Exercise 2
Calculate the oxidation number of the following underlined elements.

a) K2Cr2O7 [Potassium dichromate ] b) CO2 [Carbon dioxide]

c) MnO2 [manganese (IV) oxide] d) NH3[ ammonia]

e) SO2[ sulphur dioxide] f) Br2[ bromine]

g) NO3-[nitrate ion] h) MnO4-[manganate ion]

i) Na2SO4[ sodium sulphate] j) FeCl3 [Iron (III) chloride]

k) Al [ aluminium] l) H2SO4 [Sulphuric acid]

Oxidation
Is a chemical reaction in which a substance ___________________its oxidation number

Reduction
Is a chemical reaction in which a substance ___________________its oxidation number

5
Exercise 3
i.Determine which of the following equation is oxidation ,reduction or not both.
Reaction Changes in oxidation number Process

1. NaNO2 NaNO3

2. Cr2O72- Cr3+

3. Br2 2Br -

4. FeCl2 FeCl3

5. 2H+ H2

ii. Determine which of the following reactions is a redox reaction or not.

1. 2H2 + O2  2H2O ______________________

2. H2S + Cl2  2HCl + S ______________________
3. Mg + CuSO4  MgSO4 + Cu ______________________
4. 2KI + Pb(NO3)2  PbI2 + 2KNO3 ______________________
5. HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O ______________________
6. Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2 ______________________
7. CaCO3 + 2HNO3  Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O _____________________
8. 2NH3 + 3CuO  N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O ______________________
9. S2O32- + 2H+  SO2 + S + H2O ______________________
10. Br2 + 2I-  2Br- + I2 ______________________
11. 2HNO3 + CuO  Cu(NO3)2 + H2O ______________________
12. Ba(NO3)2 + Na2SO4  BaSO4 + 2NaNO3 ______________________
13. Zn + PbO  ZnO + Pb ______________________
14. 4Na + O2  2Na2O ______________________
15. 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 ______________________

iii) Act 3.3 pg 70 Chemistry F5 Practical book

Act 3.4 pg 71 Chemistry F5 Practical book

Exercise 4
1. In each of the following, underline the formula of the substance that is being oxidized. Give a reason in
each case.
i. 2CO + O 2  2 CO 2

ii. 2NH 3 + 3 Cu O  N 2 + 3Cu + 3H 2 O

iii. 2Fe 2 + CI 2  2Fe 3 + 2 CI 

iv. Zn + H 2 SO 4  ZnSO 4 + H 2

v. CI 2 + 2KI  2 KCI + I 2

6
 2. Define oxidation:
i) In term of oxygen
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
ii) In term of electron
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

3. The reaction between hydrogen and chlorine is an example of a redox reaction. Explain what is meant by
a redox reaction and name the substance oxidized and the substance reduced
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Space rocket use, as a fuel, a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.
a) Write an equation for the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen
____________________________________________________________________________________

b) The reaction in (a) is an example of a redox reaction. Explain what this means.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

5. Aqueous iron (II) ions react with acidifield potassium manganate (VII) according to the equation below.
5Fe 2 (aq) + 8H  (aq) + MnO 4  ( aq)  5Fe 3 (aq) + 4H 2 0(  ) + Mn 2 (aq)
What is the reducing agent in this reaction? Explain your answer.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 5
Refer to Pink book S5 pg 14 , E7 pg 100 , E4 pg 138 , S5 pg 178

(E)TYPES OF REDOX REACTIONS

1) Change of iron (II) ions, Fe2+ to Fe3+ and vice versa

i) Changing of Fe2+ to Fe3+

Observation
 The solution changes colour from pale green to brown
 Brown precipitate with sodium hydroxide solution

Process Oxidation Reduction

Half equation Fe2+ Fe3+ +e Br2 + 2e 2Br -
2+ 3+ -
Ionic equation 2Fe + Br2 2Fe + 2Br
-Iron (II) ion, Fe2+ loses one -Bromine molecules accepted 2 electron

7
 electron to form Iron (III) iron, Fe3+ to form bromide ion.
-Iron (II) ion, Fe2+ oxidized to - Bromine molecules reduced to
Iron (III) ion, Fe3+ bromide ion
-The Iron oxidation number -The bromine oxidation number
increases from +2 to +3 decreases from 0 to -1
-Reducing agent : Fe2+ / -Oxidizing agent : bromine water
iron (II) sulphate /bromine

ii) Changing of Fe3+ to Fe2+

Observation  The solution changes colour from _______ to _________

 Green precipitate with sodium hydroxide solution

Process Oxidation Reduction

Half equation
Ionic equation
-___________loses two electron to
form Zinc ions
-Zinc oxidized ________________.
-The Zinc oxidation number
increases from ____to ______
-Reducing agent : ___________
-______________accepted 2 electron to
form iron (II) ions.
- Fe3+ reduced to Fe2+
-The Iron oxidation number decreases
from ____________
-Oxidizing agent : ____________ / Fe3+ /
Iron (III) sulphate

2) Displacement of metal from its salt solution.

i. The reaction between copper and silver nitrate solution

Observation  The solution changes colour from ________ to ______

 _________________solid is deposited.

Process Oxidation Reduction

Half equation

8
Ionic equation
-______ more electropositive than silver -Silver ions accepted one electron to
-Copper atom loses two electron to form silver atom.
form _______________. - Ag+ ions reduced to silver atom.
-Copper oxidized to copper ions -The silver oxidation number decreases
-The copper oxidation number from +1 to 0
increases from 0 to +2 -Oxidizing agent :
-Reducing agent : ___________ ___________ /
silver nitrate

ii. The reaction between Magnesium and copper(II)sulphate solution

Observation  The solution changes colour from __________ to ________.

 ______________is deposited.

Process Oxidation Reduction

Half equation
Ionic equation
-Magnesium more electropositive than copper
-________________loses two electron
to form __________________.
- Magnesium oxidized to Magnesium ion
-The magnesium oxidation number
increases from _____to _____
-Reducing agent : ________________
-__________accepted two electron
to form _____________.
- Cu2+ ions reduced to Copper atom.
-The copper oxidation number
decreases from +2 to 0
-Oxidizing agent : ____________/
copper(II)nitrate

(3) Displacement of halogen from its halide solution

i) The reaction between chlorine water and potassium bromide solution

Observation
 Colour of aqueous layer – yellow
 Colour of 1,1,1-trichloroethane layer – brown


Process Oxidation Reduction

Half equation
Ionic equation

9

-___________loses two electron
to form _______________.
- ___________oxidized to bromine .
-The bromine _______________
increases from -1 to 0
-Reducing agent : _____________/
potassium bromide solution
-Chlorine more electronegative than bromine
-____________ accepted two electron to
form _____________.
-Chlorine reduced to chloride ions
-The chlorine oxidation number
decreases from ____ to ___
-Oxidizing agent : chlorine /
chlorine water

ii) Reaction between bromine water and potassium iodide solution

Observation
 Colour of aqueous layer – yellow
 Colour of 1,1,1-trichloroethane layer – purpe

Process Oxidation Reduction

Half equation
Ionic equation
. -Bromine more electronegative than iodine
-______________loses two electron
to form iodine molecules.
- Iodide ions oxidized to iodine.
-The _________oxidation number
increases from -1 to 0
-Reducing agent : __________/
potassium Iodide solution
-___________ accepted two electron to
form ____________.
- __________ reduced to ___________.
-The bromine oxidation number
decreases from ___ to _____
-Oxidizing agent : ___________/
Bromine water

(4) Transfer of electrons at a distance

i. The reaction between iron(II)sulphate solution and acidified potassium manganate(VII)solution.
Observation Electron flow out to the connecting wire from
_____________solution _________________________solution

The solution changes The galvanometer

colour from green to needle is deflected
yellow.Its
_______________wit The solution
h potassium thiocynate changes colour from
solution. ______ to colourless

Process Oxidation Reduction

Half equation

10
Ionic equation
-_________________loses one electron
to form Iron (III) ions.
-Irons(II) ions oxidized to iron (III) ions
-The Iron oxidation number
increases from +2 to +3
-Reducing agent :
_____________________/
Iron (II) sulphate solution
-Manganate ions accepted electron to
form mangan(II) ions.
-_____________reduced to mangan(II)
ions
-The _____________ oxidation number
decreases from +5 to +2
-Oxidizing agent :
_____________________/
Potassium Manganate (VII) solution

ii. The reaction between potassium iodide solution and acidified potassium dichromate , K2Cr2O7
solution

Observation
Electron flow out to the connecting wire from
___________solution to ____________________________

The galvanometer
needle is deflected

The solution changes

colour from ________
to _______.It gives a
____________with
starch solution.
The solution changes
colour from
__________to _______

Process Oxidation Reduction

Half equation
Ionic equation
- _______________loses ___________
to form Iodine molecules.
-Iodide ions oxidized to Iodine molecule
-The Iodine oxidation number
increases from ____to _____
-Reducing agent :
__________________/
Potassium iodide solution
-Dichromate ions accepted electron to
form chromium(III) ions.
-Dichromate ions _______ to chromium(III)
ions
-The chromium oxidation number
decreases from ______to ______
-Oxidizing agent :
______________________/
Potassium dichromate(VI) solution

11
iii. The reaction between Iron(II)sulphate ,FeSO4 solution and acidified potassium dichromate ,
K2Cr2O7 solution

Observation

Process Oxidation Reduction

Half equation
Ionic equation
- Ferum(II) ions loses one electron
to form ___________________.
- Ferum(II) ions oxidized to ferum(III)
ions
-The ferum oxidation number
increases from _______________
-Reducing agent :
ferum(II) ions /
Ferum(II)sulphate solution
-Dichromate ions accepted electron to
form _________________
-Dichromate ions reduced to chromium(III)
ions
-The chromium oxidation number
decreases from _______________
-Oxidizing agent :
Dichromate ions /
Potassium dichromate(VI) solution

iii. The reaction between potassium iodide solution and bromine water ,

Observation

Process Oxidation Reduction

Half equation 2I - I2 + 2e Br2 + 2e 2Br -
Ionic equation 2I - + Br2 I2 + 2Br -
-

12
Learning Outcomes
3.2 ANALYSING RUSTING AS A REDOX REACTION
A student is able to :
 State the conditions for the rusting of iron,
 State what corrosion of metal is,
 Describe the process of rusting in terms of
oxidation and reduction ,
 Generate ideas on the use of other metals to control
rusting,
Suggested Learning
Collect and interpret data on:
(a) conditions for the rusting of iron,
(b) the meaning of corrosion of metal
(c) the process of rusting in terms of oxidation and
reduction.
Discuss the redox reactions in corrosion of metals including
rusting.
Discuss on the use of other metals to control rusting.

 Explain with examples on the use of a more
electropositive metal to control metal corrosion,
 Explain with examples on the use of a less
electropositive metal to control metal
corrosion,
Carry out an activity to investigate the effect on iron nails
when it is in contact with other metals.
Collect and interpret data on methods to control metal
corrosion using a more electroposive metal or a less
electropositive metal

3.2 ANALYSING RUSTING AS A REDOX REACTION

1. Corrosion of metal is a redox reaction in which a metal is oxidized naturally to its ions, resulting in
partial or complete destruction of the metal.

2. How easily a metal corrodes depends on two factors :

(a) Electropositivity of metals
(b) Nature of the product of corrosion

3. (a) Electropositivity of metals.

 More electropositive a metal is, the easier for it to corrode.
 During corrosion, the ________________________________to form positive ions.
M Mn+ + ne

Electrochemical series

K
Na
Mg
Al
Zn
Increase in Fe
electropositivity Sn
Pb
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au

(b) Nature of the product of corrosion

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

13
4. The Process of Rusting
Rusting as a redox reaction .
Rusting is the corrosion of iron.
Condition required : _________________and ___________________.

O2 O2
O2 O2
Fe2
2++
Fe

a) OXIDATION ( Anode)
The iron atom oxidized by lose electrons to form iron (II) ions, Fe2+
Fe Fe2+ + 2e

b) REDUCTION (Cathode)
The electrons are gained by the oxygen and reduced to hydroxide ions, OH-.
O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH-

c) The iron (II) ions, Fe2+ formed combine with the hydroxide ions OH- to form iron (II) hydroxide
2Fe + O2 + 2H2O 2Fe(OH)2

d) The iron (II) hydroxide is rapidly oxidized by oxygen to brown hydrated iron (III) oxide
Fe2O3.χ H2O (rust)

5. Other metals to control rusting of iron .

(i) When iron is in contact with a more electropositive metal rusting of iron is prevented.
(ii) For example :
(a)When iron is in contact with magnesium , the magnesium corrodes instead of the iron.

(b) When iron is in contact with copper, the iron corrode faster.

(iii) There are three ways to control rusting :

(a) Using protective coating

(b) Alloying

(c) Sacrificial protection

14
Exercise 1

Fill in the blanks with suitable answers :

1. When zink contacts with iron in the electrolyte:

Zink Iron

Zink is ___________ electropositive than iron.

Zink atoms_________________ electrons to form Zink ion, Zn2+
Oxidation half-equation : ____________________________
The electrons are accepted by ______________________to form hydroxide ions.
Reduction half-equation : _______________________________

2. When tin contacts with iron in the electrolyte:

Tin Iron

Tin is _________________ electropositive than copper.

Tin atom_____________________electrons to produce iron (II) ion, Fe2+.
Oxidation half-equation : ________________________
The electrons are accepted by _____________________to form hydroxide ions.
Reduction half-equation : _____________________________

Exercise 2

1. Write the oxidation half-equation for the rusting of iron.

___________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the effect of Fe2+ on potassium hexacyanoferrate (III).

___________________________________________________________________________________

3. Name the metals in this experiment that prevented the rusting of iron.
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. Name the metals in this experiment that encouraged the rusting of iron.
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. The rusting of iron is affected by the presence of other metals. State the relationship between the
electropositivity of the metal and its effect on the rusting of iron.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

6. Phenolpthalein turns pink when OH- ions are present. Write the reduction half-equation that produces
OH-.
___________________________________________________________________________________

7. State the relationship between the intensity of the blue and pink colour to the extent of rusting.
___________________________________________________________________________________

15
Exercise 3

Figure shown three experiment to determine the effect of R and T metal towards rusting.
Test tube A, B and C were left for one day.
The observation was shown in the table below.
Test tube Metals Appearance of Rusting of Iron nail Appearance of pink colour
blue colour
A Iron nail A little A little None

B Iron nail + R Much Much A little

C Iron nail + T None None Much
a) State the function of the
i. hexacyanoferrate (III) and
_________________________________________________________________________
ii. phenolphtalein solution in this experiment.
_________________________________________________________________________
b) Based on the observation, arrange the three metals, iron, R and T with the decrease
in electropositivity.
_________________________________________________________________________
c) What is the purpose of test tube A?
_________________________________________________________________________
d) State the process in test tube B and C.
_________________________________________________________________________
e) i. Name the substance that is oxidized in the test tube B
_________________________________________________________________________
ii. Write the half equation in e (i).
_________________________________________________________________________
f) Name the element that might be;
i) R ___________________ ii) T________________________
g) State the three ways to prevent rusting
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

16
Exercise 4
Learning Outcomes Suggested Learning
3.3 UNDERSTANDING THE REACTIVITY SERIES OF
METALS AND ITS APPLICATION
A student is able to :
 Compare the differences in the vigour of the Carry out an activity to investigate the reactivity of some
reaction of some metals with oxygen, metals with oxygen.

 Deduce the reactivity series of metals. Arrange metals in terms of their reactivity with oxygen.

Carry out activity to determine the position of carbon and

 Determine the position of carbon and hydrogen in
the reactivity series of metals
 State what the reactivity series of metals are,
 Describe the extraction of iron and tin from their
ores,
 Explain the use of carbon as the main reducing
agent in metal extraction,
 Use the reactivity series of metals to predict
possible reactions involving metals.
hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals.
Discuss to predict the position of the other metals
in the reactivity series.
Collect and interpret data on the extraction of iron and tin.
Visit metal extraction factories or view a video on the
extraction of metals.
Discuss the use of the reactivity series of metals to predict
possible reactions involving metals.

Refer to Pink book E4P2 pg 48 , S2P3 pg 140 ,

3.3 (i) The reactivity series of metals
1. The reactivity series of metals is a list of metals according to their reactivity with oxygen.

Burn vigorously with oxygen to form oxides

Reactivity of
metal increases Glow when reacting with oxygen to form
oxides

Almost do not react with oxygen under normal

condition

2. The reaction of a __________________________________________________is a redox reaction.

3. Metal undergoes oxidation/ lose electrons to form______________. Its oxidation number
increases from 0 to positive value .
4. Metal acts as the reducing agent.
5. Oxygen undergoes reduction/gain electron to form oxide ions. Its
________________________from 0 to -2.
6. Oxygen acts as the oxidizing agent.

17
Worksheet A:
The reactivity series of metals
Instruction: Form groups of three and read the passage. At the end of the passage, write the sequence of the
reactivity series of metals.

Reaction with oxygen:

All metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides. A single metal can form various oxides depending on the
valence state of the metal atom. For example Fe can form oxides FeO, Fe 2O3, Fe3O4, etc. Metal oxides are basic
in nature; when dissolved in water they form alkaline solution. Metal oxide bonds are ionic bonds. Metal atoms
loose electrons to oxygen atoms while forming the metal oxide. Not all metals react with oxygen at room
temperature. Some metals need to be held at high temperatures before they start reacting with oxygen.

i) Sodium reacts with oxygen or air at ordinary room temperature. The resultant is sodium oxide. Sodium is a
highly reactive metal and catches fire easily when exposed to air.

Na2O when dissolved in water becomes NaOH or sodium hydroxide. Potassium (K) metal also shows similar
behaviour.

ii) Magnesium does not react with oxygen at room temperature. For the reaction to start, Mg has to be heated
in air so that magnesium oxide or MgO is formed.

Since heat is required for starting the above reaction, it means that Mg is less reactive than Na. Calcium shows
similar reaction as Mg.
iii) Zinc metal reacts with oxygen in the air only after heating strongly. Zinc forms ZnO.

The reaction shows that Zn is less reactive than Mg.

iv) Fe reacts with oxygen more slowly than Zn. A typical reaction of Fe with oxygen is shown below.

v) Copper metal reacts with oxygen in the air very slowly. Prolonged strong heating will result into copper oxide.
The reaction is shown below.

Thus in terms of reactivity of metals with oxygen, we can say that Na is the most reactive metal and Cu is the
least reactive of the examples that we have seen above.

18
Worksheet B:

The reactivity of some metals with oxygen, O 2.

Introduction
Metals that are more reactive towards oxygen, O 2 react more vigorously with oxygen, O2. In a vigorous
reaction, we can observe fire and sparks. In a less vigorous reaction, we might just see a glow of slow change
of colour.
Aim
(i) To investigate the reactivity of metals with oxygen.
(ii) To arrange metals in terms of their reactivity with oxygen.
Apparatus
Boiling tube, retort-stand and clamp, Bunsen burner, spatula, forceps.
Materials
Magnesium powder; Zinc powder; Iron filings, Copper powder; Lead powder; solid potassium manganate(VII),
KMnO4; glass wool and asbestos paper.
Procedure
1. Put one spatulaful of potassium manganate(VII), in a boiling tube.
2. Push in some glass wool into the tube and clamp the it horizontally.
3. Place one spatulaful of magnesium powder on a piece of asbestos paper and put it into the boiling tube.
4. Heat the magnesium powder strongly and then heat the solid potassium manganate(VII).
5. Observe how vigorous magnesium reacts with oxygen, the colour of the residue when it is hot and
when it is cold.
6. Repeat step 1 to 5 using Zinc powder, Iron filings, Copper powder and Lead powder replace the
magnesium powder.

Metal powder
Glass wool

Solid Potassium
manganate(VII),
KMnO4

Asbestos paper

Heat Heat

Figure 1: Apparatus set-up for the reaction of metals with oxygen, O 2.

19
Data and observations

How vigorous is the reaction? Colour of the metal oxide Inference

(residue)
(Put a  or X)
Metal
Does the metal Are Does Is there a slow
burn? there the change of
sparks? metal colour? When it is When it is
glow? hot cold

1.Magnesium  white white

2.Zinc  

3.Iron  Reddish Reddish

brown brown

4.Lead  

5.Copper  black black

Discussion
1. Name the residue formed for each metal.
Metal use Residue name

1.Magnesium

2.Zinc

3.Iron

4.Lead

5.Copper

2. Write the chemical equation for the reaction between each metal and oxygen,O 2.
Metal use Chemical equation

1.Magnesium

2.Zinc

3.Iron

4.Lead

5.Copper
3. Arrange the metals in an ascending order of reactivity with oxygen.
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. The glass wool separates the metal powder from the solid potassium manganate (VII). If the
substances are mixed, they will explode when heated.
5. When solid potassium manganate (VII) is heated , oxygen release.

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 2KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
7. Another substance to produce oxygen gas.
Heating potassium nitrate : ___________________________________________________________
Heating potassium chlorate (V) with manganese (IV) oxide as a catalyst :
2KClO3 2 KCl + 3O2

3.3 (ii) Position of carbon, C in the reactivity series of metals

If carbon, can remove oxygen from a metal oxide this indicates that carbon is more reactive
than the metal.
Metal oxide + Carbon carbon dioxide + metal
If carbon, is unable to react with a metal oxide, we can deduce that carbon is less reactive than the metal .
Example :
a) Carbon does not react with magnesium oxide
b) Carbon react with Zinc oxide : C+ 2ZnO 2Zn + CO2
If the metal is more reactive than carbon the chemical reaction will occur.
Metal + Carbon dioxide Metal oxide + carbon
If the metal is less reactive than carbon the no chemical reaction.
Example :
a) Magnesium burns in carbon dioxide
2 Mg + CO2 C + 2MgO
b) Zinc does not react with carbon dioxide

Very reactive metals

Their ores require strong reduction.
This is achieved by electrolysis

Fairly reactive metals

Their ores can be reduced by heating strongly with a reducing agent such as carbon.

Less reactive metals

Their ores can be easily reduced by heating directly in air.

Least reactive metals

They exist as uncombined elements in the earth.

Worksheet C
A: To determine the position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals.
Problem Statement
Where is the position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals?
Hypothesis

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If carbon remove oxygen from a metal oxide, carbon is above the metal in the reactivity series.
Variables
Manipulated variables :_______________________________________________________________________
Responding variables :________________________________________________________________________
Fixed variables :_____________________________________________________________________________
Apparatus
Crucible, pipe-clay triangle, tripod stand, spatula and bunsen burner.
Materials
Carbon powder, copper(II)oxide powder,magnesium oxide powder, aluminium oxide powder, zinc oxide powder
Procedure
1. Mix together half a spatula of carbon powder and half a spatula of copper(II) oxide in a crucible.
2. Heat the crucible strongly and observe any change that occurs.
3. Record your observations.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 using Magnesium oxide ; Aluminium oxide, and Zinc oxide powder to replace
copper(II)oxide powder.

Crucible Mixture of metal oxide and

carbon
Figure 1:
Heating a metal oxide with carbon

Heat
Data and observations

Reaction Observation Inference

Copper(II) oxide, CuO and carbon

Magnesium oxide ,MgO and carbon

Aluminium oxide, Al2O3 and carbon

Zinc oxide, ZnO and carbon

Table 1

Interpreting Data

1. State the metal oxides that are reduced by carbon, C in this experiment.______________________________

2. State the metals that are below carbon, C in the reactivity series of metals.____________________________

3. Describe the position of carbon, C in the reactivity series of metals.

________________________________________________________________________________________

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 _________________________________________________________________________________________
4.

Reaction Chemical equation Substances

oxidized reduced

Copper(II) oxide and carbon

Magnesium oxide and carbon

Aluminium oxide and carbon

Zinc oxide and carbon

3.3 (iii) To determine the position of hydrogen, H in the reactivity series of metals.

Introduction
If hydrogen is more reactive than the metal ,hydrogen is able to remove the oxygen from the metal
oxide. Hydrogen is able to reduce the metal oxide to the metal.Hydrogen is oxidized to water.
Hydrogen +Metal oxide metal + hydrogen oxide (water)
If hydrogen, is unable to react with a metal oxide, we can deduce that hydrogen is less reactive than the
metal.
Example :
a) Hydrogen react with copper oxide : H2 + CuO Cu + H 2O
b) Hydrogen does not react with zinc oxide

Position of carbon and hydrogen in

reactivity series of metals

Aim
To determine the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals.

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Apparatus
Flat-bottomed flask, Thistle funnel, delivery tubes with rubber stoppers, U-tube, small test-tube with a hole at
one end, retort stand with clamp, and bunsen burner.

Materials
Zinc granules; 2 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4; 1 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution; anhydrous calcium
chloride; solid Zinc oxide ; solid Copper(II) oxide;solid iron (III) oxide.

Procedure
1. Place one spatula of copper oxide in a porcelain dish.
2. Place the porcelain dish in a combustion tube and clamp the tube horizontally.
3. Turn on the tap of thistle funnel to allow dilute sulphuric acid, H 2SO4 to react with zinc. Then, close the
tap.
4. Pass dry hydrogen gas through the combustion tube to remove all the air in the tube.
5. Use a test-tube to collect the gas that comes out of the small hole. Test the gas with a lighted wooden
splinter. Continue collecting and testing the gas until there is no more “POP” sound. This means all
the air in the tube have been removed.
6. Light up the hydrogen gas that comes out of the end of combustion tube .
7. Heat the copper oxide strongly and observe any change occurs. The flow of hydrogen gas is continuous
thoroughout this activity.
8. Repeat steps 1 to 7 using zinc oxide, lead oxide , iron(III) oxide to replace copper(II)oxide.

Figure 2: Heating metal oxide in hydrogen gas.

Data and observations

Reaction Observation Inference

Hydrogen + Copper(II) oxide

Hydrogen +Zinc oxide

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Hydrogen +Lead(II) oxide

Hydrogen +Iron(III) oxide

Table 2

Interpreting Data

1. How do you know whether the metal oxides react with

hydrogen?___________________________________________________________________________

2. Which metal oxides react with hydrogen gas, Which metal oxides do not react with hydrogen gas.

____________________________________________________________________________________

3. Make an inference regarding the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals.

____________________________________________________________________________________

Reaction Chemical equation Substances

oxidized reduced

Hydrogen +Copper(II) oxide

Hydrogen +Zinc oxide

Hydrogen +Lead(II) oxide

Hydrogen +Iron(III) oxide

Discussion :

1. What are the function of the following substances in this activity?

(a) Copper(II)sulphate solution in the flask.
____________________________________________________________________________________

(b) Anhydrous calcium chloride in the U-tube.

____________________________________________________________________________________

2. How do you test that all the air in the combustion tube has been removed.
____________________________________________________________________________________

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3. Predict what happen if hydrogen gas is passed over hot tin(II)oxide.
____________________________________________________________________________________

Worksheet D:

Extraction of Iron

Introduction
Iron is the most widely used metal in the world, mainly in the form of steel. If you've used any form of transport today, it
probably contained plenty of iron. Steel is used to make most cars, buses, and trains. In this unit you will see how we
extract iron from its ore.
Raw materials
The main ore of iron is called haematite. It is a mineral composed of iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3.

Figure 1. Haematite.
To extract the iron from iron(III) oxide, we remove the oxygen chemically. The iron(III) oxide must be reduced. This is done
in a blast furnace. The haematite is fed into the top of the furnace along with coke (a cheap form of carbon, made from
coal) and limestone.

Figure 2. A blast furnace.

Blast furnaces are huge structures that can be over 50 metres tall. They are run continuously for years before their linings
have to be replaced. The furnace is heated by blasts of hot air and the combustion of coke inside the furnace raises the
temperature still further. Typically the temperature at the heart of a blast furnace is about 1500 °C.

Inside the blast furnace

The coke is added to the haematite to provide a reducing agent for the iron(III) oxide. Some iron(III) oxide is reduced by
carbon in contact with the haematite ore:
iron(III) oxide + carbon iron + carbon dioxide
2 Fe2O3(s) + 3 C(s) 4 Fe(l) + 3 CO2(g)
However, most of the iron(III) oxide is reduced by carbon monoxide gas. As a gas, this can circulate freely in the blast
furnace. It is made when carbon dioxide (made from the coke burning in the blasts of hot air) reacts with more hot coke.
First:
carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)
Then:
carbon dioxide + carbon carbon monoxide
CO2(g) + C(s) 2 CO(g)
The carbon monoxide then reduces iron(III) oxide:
iron(III) oxide + carbon monoxide iron + carbon dioxide
Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g) 2 Fe(l) + 3 CO2(g)
The iron forms as a liquid in the high temperatures inside the blast furnace. It sinks to the bottom of the furnace where it is
tapped off. Limestone (containing calcium carbonate) is added to get rid of the sandy bits of rock in the ore, which are
acidic. The limestone is broken down in the hot furnace:

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 calcium carbonate + calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Calcium oxide is a base, so it reacts with the acidic silicon dioxide (sand):
calcium oxide + silicon dioxide calcium silicate
CaO(s) + SiO2(s) CaSiO3(l)
The molten calcium silicate (known as slag) floats on top of the molten iron at the base of the furnace. Here it is tapped off
and cooled to use in building roads. Fig.3 below shows the stages in the extraction of iron using a blast furnace.

Summary
Iron is extracted from its ore, haematite, in a blast
furnace. The ore is fed into the top of the furnace along
with coke and limestone. The main reducing agent is
carbon monoxide:

iron(III) oxide + carbon monoxide iron + carbon

dioxide

The molten iron is then tapped from the bottom of the

furnace. The limestone decomposes in the hot furnace,
forming calcium oxide. This reacts with the sandy
impurities (silicon dioxide) to form a slag. The slag can
be used in making roads.

Figure 3. Inside a blast furnace.

Exercise
1. What is the charge on an ion of iron in haematite?
A 2+ B 3- C 3+ D 2-

2. What is the charge on the oxide ion in haematite?

A 2+ B 3-B C 3+ D 2-

3. Which of the following are raw materials used in the extraction of iron?
A Haematite B Carbon dioxide C Limestone D Coke

4. Which two word equations show the reduction of iron as it happens in the blast furnace?
A Iron(III)oxide + carbon iron + carbon dioxide
B Iron + carbon Iron(III)oxide + carbon dioxide
C Iron(III)oxide + carbon monoxide iron + carbon dioxide

5. What is the main reducing agent in the blast furnace?

A carbon dioxide B carbon monoxide C carbon

6. Why is limestone added to the blast furnace?

A To reduce the iron(III) oxide B To remove sandy impurities
C To produce carbon monoxide

7. Match the raw material used in a blast furnace to the substance it contains.
A Limestone B Coke C Haematite

8. What temperature do we find in the heart of a blast furnace?

A 100oC C 500 oC B 1500 oC D 5000 oC

9.There are two reducing agents inside a blast furnace. Which of the following are the reducing agents?
A Iron(III) oxide C Carbon monoxide B Iron D Carbon dioxide
E Carbon

10. Were does molten iron collect in the blast furnace?

A At the bottom B Just above the molten slag C At the top of the furnace

11. What role does limestone play in the extraction of iron?

A It provides an additional source of carbon for reducing the ore.
B It removes acidic (sandy) impurities present in the ore.

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 C Burning limestone helps to maintain the high temperature needed in the furnace.
D It acts as a catalyst in the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide.

12. Which equation correctly describes the reduction of iron(III) oxide?

A Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) Fe(l) + CO2(g)
B Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) Fe2(l) + CO4(g)
C Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)
Learning Outcomes Suggested Learning
3.4 ANALYSING REDOX REACTIONS IN ELECTROLYTIC AND
CHEMICAL CELLS
A student is able to :
 Explain with examples the oxidation and reduction Carry out an activity to oxidation and reduction reactions
reactions at the electrodes of various chemical cells electrolytic and chemical cells .
 Explain with examples the oxidation and reduction
reactions at the electrodes of various electrolytic Using computer simulation, study and discuss redox
cells reactions in various type of cells.
 State the differences between electrolytic and
chemical cells in terms of basic structure, energy Discuss the differences between electrolytic and chemical
conversation and the transfer of electrons at the cells in terms of:
electrodes (a) basic structure, energy conversion and the transfer
 Compare and contrast electrolytic and chemical of electrons at the electrodes,
cells with reference to the oxidation and reduction (b) oxidation and reduction processes
processes.

Exercise 1
Table below shows several similarities and differences between electrolytic and chemical
cells. Fill in the blank with the correct answer.
Electrolytic cell Characteristics Chemical cell

Diagram A Diagram B
Similarities
 Contains an electrolyte
 Consist of an anode and a cathode
 Electron moves from the anode to the cathode in the external circuit (connecting wires)
 Positive ions and negative ions move in the electrolyte
 Chemical reactions involve the release or acceptance of electrons

Energy change

Electric current results in a Electric current and

chemical reaction reactions
Cathode and anode
Flow of electrons Electrons flow from the negative
electrode to the positive electrode

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Cation receives electrons from Negative terminal
the cathode
Positive terminal

Types of electrodes Two different types of metals

Exercise 2

Figure 1
Figure 1 above shows the arrangement of apparatus for an electrochemistry experiment.

a) State the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the chemical cell.
_________________________________________________________________________

b) Write half equations showing the reactions for

(i) Oxidation process
__________________________________________________________________
(ii) Reduction process
___________________________________________________________________

c) Write the overall ionic equation of the cell

_________________________________________________________________________

d) Write the energy changes of the cell

_________________________________________________________________________
2.

Figure 2

Figure 2 shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid.
a) What is the energy changes that occurs in the electrolysis process?
_________________________________________________________________________________________

b) In the electrolysis of dilute copper (II) sulphate solution :

(i) State all the ions in the electrolyte.
____________________________________________________________________________

(ii) In the table below, write the ions in b(i) which moved to electrodes X and Y.

Electrode X Electrode Y

(iii) What are the processes that occur at electrodes X and Y?

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 Electrode X: ___________________________________________________________
Electrode Y: ___________________________________________________________

(iv) What would you observe at electrode Y?

_____________________________________________________________________________
(v) Name the gas collected in the test tube at electrode X.
_____________________________________________________________________________

~ HAPPY LEARNING ~
MAY ALLAH EASE OUR JOURNEY TO SUCCESS
A-, A, A+ FOR CHEMISTRY SPM 2020 

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