Electromagnetic Actuators

Hysteresis / Sinusoidal Excitation

 Hysteresis
Consider the coil–core assembly in figure. Assume that the core is initially unmagnetized. If the magnetic intensity H
is now increased by slowly increasing the current i, the flux density will change according to the curve 0a.

The point a corresponds to a particular value of the magnetic intensity, say H1 (corresponding current is i1).
If the magnetic intensity is now slowly decreased, the B−H curve will follow a different path, such as abc.
When H is made zero, the core has retained flux density Br, known as the residual flux density. If H is now reversed
(by reversing the current i ), the flux in the core will decrease, and for a particular value of H, such as −Hc, the
residual flux will be removed. This value of the magnetic field intensity (−Hc) is known as the coercivity or coercive
force of the magnetic core.
 Sinusoidal Excitation
In ac electric machines as well as many other applications, the voltages and fluxes vary sinusoidally with time.
Consider the coil–core assembly of figure. Assume that the core flux Φ(𝑡) varies sinusoidally with time. Thus,

Φ 𝑡 = Φ𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜔𝑡
Where Φ𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the amplitude of the core flux
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 is the angular frequency
𝑓 is the frequency
From Faraday’s law, the voltage induced in the N-turn coil is

𝑑Φ
𝑒 𝑡 =𝑁
𝑑𝑡

𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑁Φ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡

𝑒 𝑡 = 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 cos 𝜔𝑡
The root-mean-square (rms) value of the induced voltage is

𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑁Φ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜔
𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 4.44𝑁𝑓Φ𝑚𝑎𝑥
2 2
Exercise
A 1Φ, 120 V, 60 Hz supply is connected to the coil of figure. The coil has 200 turns. The parameters of the core are as
follows:

Length of core =100 cm

Cross-sectional area of core = 20 cm2
Relative permeability of core = 2500

(a) Obtain an expression for the flux density in the core.

(b) Obtain an expression for the current in the coil.