49116691.

xls Superficial Back

Guidelines for laboratory demonstrations.

Lab 1 - Superficial back.
Structures to show Important concepts
external occipital protuberance the basic architecture of a vertebrae and what each part does
spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebrae protection of the spinal cord
scapula emergence of spinal nerves
spine of the scapula attachment of muscles and ribs
acromium of the scapula fascia
medial border of the scapula vessels, nerves, lymphatics are located here
inferior angle of the scapula fascia envelopes muscles
superior angle of the scapula attachments of muscles tell us something about muscle function
spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae where do dorsal rami come from
iliac crest functions of each region of the vertebral column
posterior superior iliac spine
parts of a vertebrae
body
arch
pedicle
lamina
vertebral foramen
transverse process
spinous process
articular facets
costal facets
intervertebral disc
cervical vertebrae
transverse process
foramen transversarium
spinous process
atlas
axis/dens
vertebral prominens
lumbar vertebrae
sacrum
coccyx
trapezius muscle - upper, middle and lower and the borders
latissimus dorsi muscle
rhomboid major muscle
rhomboid minor muscle
levator scapulae muscle
erector spinae
dorsal ramus of a spinal nerve
posterior cutaneous branches
accessory nerve
transverse cervical artery
dorsal scapular nerve and artery

1
 49116691.xls Deep Back and Spinal Cord
Lab 2 - Deep Back and Spinal Cord
Structures to show Important concepts
Intermediate muscles of the back importance of the spaces formed by the meninges
serratus posterior superior muscle what is found in each meningeal space?
serratus posterior inferior muscle how do you account for the cervical and lumbar enlargements
Deep muscles of the Back what structures provide anchoring points for the spinal cord?
In the neck Transversospinalis Group
splenius capitis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle
splenius cervicis muscle multifidus
semispinalis capitis muscle rotatores
Erector Spinae
spinalis
longissimus and longissimus capitis muscle
iliocostalis
Suboccipital Region
superior nuchal line
inferior nuchal line
external occipital protuberance
foramen magnum
atlas
posterior tubercle
posterior arch
groove for the vertebral artery
transverse process
foramen transversarium
axis
spinous process
transverse process
foramen transversarium
C1 and C2 - greater occipital nerve
Boundaries of the suboccipital triangle
obliquus capitis inferior muscle
oblique capitis superior muscle
rectus capitis posterior major muscle
contents of the suboccipital triangle
suboccipital nerve
vertebral artery
Vertebral Canal,Spinal Cord and Meninges
vertebral canal
vertebral foramina
vertebrae
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
Meninges
dura mater
arachnoid membrane
pia mater
Spaces
epidural
subdural
subarachnoid
subpial
dorsal and ventral rootlets
spinal nerves
spinal ganglion
cauda equina
conus medullaris
cervical and lumbar enlargements
denticulate ligmanets
filum terminale

2
 49116691.xls Pectoral Region, Thoracic Wall
Lab 3 - Pectoral Region, Thoracic Wall
Structures to show Important concepts
Clavicle what is in an intercostal space?
acromion of the scapula what is the distinction from true vs. false vs. floating ribs?
coracoid process describe the anatomical basis for a thoracocentesis
jugular notch
manubrium
sternal angle
body of the sternum
xiphisternal junction
xiphoid process
seventh costal cartilage
costal margin
anterior axillary fold
rib
costal angle
shaft
costal groove
true ribs (1-7)
false ribs (8-10)
floating ribs (11-12)
External costal muscle
internal intercostal muscle
innermost intercostal muscle
serratus anterior muscle
costal cartilages
internal costal nerve
posterior intercostal artery and vein
Internal thoracic artery
anterior intercostal branches of the internal thoracic artery
pectoralis major muscle
pectoralis minor muscle
costal pleura
parietal pleura
transversus thoracis muscle
superior epigastric artery
musculophrenic artery
 49116691.xls Pleural Cavities & Lungs
Lab 4 - Pleural Cavities and Lungs
Structures to show Important concepts
Anterior thoracic wall What lies in the pleural cavity?
costaland
right parietal
left pleura
internal thoracic Why two lobes on the left and three on the right?
vessels Inhaling an object into the trachea? Where is it likely to go?
transversus thoracis muscle The depth of the costodiagphramatic recess.

Pleural cavities
superior tho­racic aperture
trachea
esophagus
vagus nerves
thoracic duct
inferior thoracic aperture
diaphragm
aorta
inferior vena cava
esophagus
pleural cavities
mediastinum
Costal pleura
Mediastinal pleura
Diaphragmatic pleura
Cervical pleura
lines of pleu­ral reflection
pleural recesses
costomediastinal re­cesses
costodiaphragmatic recess
endothoracic fascia
visceral pleura
parietal pleura: costal, di­aphragmatic, mediastinal, and cervical
costodiaphragmatic recess

Lungs
three surfaces: costal,
mediastinal, and diaphragmatic
oblique
hori­zontal fissure on the right
lung
right lung has three lobes
(superior,
left lungmiddle,has and twoinferior)
lobes
(superior and inferior).
apex
pericardium
surfaces of the lung: costal, mediasti­nal, and diaphragmatic.
right
borderslung, iden­
of the tify anterior,
lung: the cardiac
poste­rior, and inferior.
impression,
cardiac notchthe groove for the
esophagus, the groove for the
lingula
arch of the identify
azygos vein,
left lung, the and the
cardiac
contact
groove impressions
for the
impression, the groove
superiorforvena
the
cava.
aortic arch, and the groove for
the thoracic aorta.
hilum of the lung
main
left bronchus
pulmonary
lung, artery
identify and
the superior
pulmonary
and inferior
right veins
lung, lobar (secondary)
identify the
bronchi
superior, middle, and inferior
lobar bronchi
right superior lobar bronchus
segmental bronchi
bronchopulmonary segment
bronchial arteries.
 49116691.xls Middle Mediastinum & Heart
Lab 5 - Middle Mediastinum and Heart
Structures to show
Mediastinum
boundaries of the mediastinum are: Cardiac veins
Superior boundary - superior thoracic aperture coronary sinus
Inferior boundary - diaphragm great car­diac vein.
Anterior boundary - sternum middle cardiac vein
Posterior boundary - bodies of vertebrae T1 to T12 small cardiac vein
Lateral boundaries - mediastinal parietal pleura (left and right) Anterior cardiac veins
plane
Anteriorofmediastinum
the sternal angle
Structures
marks the that course
level through
of the superior
Middle
the mediastinum
mediastinum (esophagus, Coronary Arteries
border of the pericardium,
Posterior
vagus
bifurcationmediastinum
nerve, phrenic
of the nerve,
trachea, and aortic valve - right, left, and posterior semilunar cusps
thoracic
the begin­duct)
ning and ending of aortic sinus (right, left, and posterior, respectively).
the arch of the aorta. opening of the left coronary artery
mediastinal pleura anterior interventricular branch
peri­cardium circumflex branch
root of the lung
esophagus Internal features of the heart
thoracic aorta Right atrium
costal pleura anterior wall of the right atrium
pericardiacophrenic ves­sels Pectinate muscles - horizontal ridges of muscle
Crista terminalis - a vertical ridge of muscle that connects the pectinate muscles
Middle mediastinum posterior wall of the right atrium.
pericardium Opening of the superior vena cava
heart Opening and valve of the inferior vena cava
roots of the great vessels Opening and valve of the coronary sinus
superior vena cava sinuatrial Fossa ovalis and the limbus fossa ovalis (L.limbus, a border)
ascending aorta node
arch of the aorta Right
atrioventricular node
pulmonary trunk ventricle
ligamentum arteriosum pulmonary valve
left vagus nerve anterior wall of the right ventricle.
left recurrent la­ryngeal nerve interventricular septum
right atrium chordae tendineae
right ventricle right atrioventricular valve - three cusps: anterior, septal, and posterior
left ventricle papillary muscles: anterior, septal, and posterior.
borders of the heart: tra­beculae cameae
Right border - formed by the right atrium septomarginal trabecula (moderator band
Inferior border - formed by the right ventricle and a small part of the left ventricle conus arteriosus (infundibulum)
Left border - formed by the left ventricle Valve
pulmonaryofvalve consists of three semilunar cusps: anterior, right, and left.
Superior border - formed by the right and left atria and auricles the
left
noduleforamentwo lunules
fourtic and
aor­
ovale
atrioventric on
apex of the heart Left
valve.
the
ular atrium
pulmonary valve-
base of the layer
parietal heart of serous veins
three
interatrial
(bicuspid
Opening
Opening
semilunar of
pericardium. septum
valve,
into the left
the left
pericardial cavity valve
mitral
auricle
anterior valve
atrioventric
-cusps:an­
papillary
ular terior
valve
right,
cusp
muscle left,
and
and
·     Pulmonary
External features of the- heart
(left) surface Left ventricle
and
·     Diaphragmatic
formed mainly by (inferior)
the left the
the pos­
surfaces of the
surface - formed heart: posterior
posterior
ventricle. The mainly by the
pulmonary terior
aortic valve
surface·    Sternocostal
left ventricle
of the (anterior)
and heart
a small in surface - formed mainly by the right ventricle.
is part cusp
papillary
of the rightwith
ventricle. -muscle
right, left,
contact the cardiac and
impression of the left lung. chordae
posterior tendineae
muscular
·     Identify the chambers: trabeculae
semilunar
part of thecarneae.
membranou
·    Right atrium and right auricle cusps
interventric
s part of the
·    Right ventricle ular septum
interventric
·    Left ventricle ular septum
coronary ar­
·    Left atrium teries
·    Left auricle
·    Aorta and aortic valve
· Pulmonary trunk
· pulmonary valve
· Superior vena cava
· inferior vena cava.
 49116691.xls Posterior &Superior Mediastinum

Lab 6 - Superior and Posterior Mediastinum

Structures to show
Superior mediastinum
boundaries of the superior mediastinum
Superior - superior thoracic aperture
Posterior - bodies of vertebrae T1 to T4:
Anterior - manubrium of the sternum
Lateral - mediastinal pleurae (left and right) • Inferior - plane of the sternal angle
left brachiocephalic vein
right brachiocephalic vein
superior vena cava
azygos vein
phrenic nerves
brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
ligamen­tum arteriosum
left vagus nerve
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
right vagus nerve
right recurrent laryngeal nerve
bifurcation of the trachea
right main bronchus
left main bronchus
.
Posterior mediastinum
boundaries of the posterior mediastinum
Superior - plane of the sternal angle
Posterior - bodies of vertebrae T5 to T12:
Anterior - pericardium
Lateral - mediastinal pleurae (left and right) •
Inferior - diaphragm
esophagus
anterior vagal trunk
posterior vagal trunk
azygos system of
hemiazygos vein
accessory hemiazygos vein
thoracic duct
posterior intercostal arteries
esophageal arteries
bronchial arteries.
sympathetic trunk
sympa­thetic ganglion
rami communicantes
greater splanchnic nerve
lesser splanchnic nerve
least splanchnic nerve