High Comission For the

Development of Arriyadh

EXTENSION OF AL ORUBA ROAD AND ABU BAKR

AL SIDDIQ ROAD THROUGH RIYADH AIR BASE

EXIT 11 – U-TURNS BRIDGE

ADDENDUM No.1
TO DECK CALCULATION Note No.3

B.E.C.T
BUREAUX D’ETUDES ET DE
CONSULTATIONS TECHNIQUES
ENGINEER MICHEL CHACAR

October 2011
 Table of contents

Chapter I – GENERALITIES
1. OBJECT OF THIS NOTE 1
2. CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE 1
3. PRESTRESSED CABLES PROPERTIES 2

Chapter II – LONGITUDINAL DECK DESIGN

1. GENERALITIES 3
2. DESIGN OF SERVICE LIMIT STATE 4
3. PASSIVE REINFORCEMENT 9
4. ULTIMATE LIMIT CHECK 10

Chapter III – HANDLING THE BEAMS

1. OBJECT OF THE CHAPTER 18
2. VERIFICATION OF THE MID-SPAN SECTION 18
3. VERIFICATION OF THE SUPPORT SECTION (at 2.5m) 19

APPENDIX

APPENDIX 1 - SHRINKAGE AND CREEP DEFORMATIONS

 CHAPTER I
GENERALITIES

1. OBJECT OF THIS NOTE

The object of the present note is the verification of the longitudinal prestressed precast
beams of the deck with the new construction sequence adopted.
The third chapter in this note will be the verification of the handling of the beam.

2. CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

Fabrication of precast beams shall take place in an area nearby the site, and the
construction sequence will be as follows:
Phase 1: Concreting of the precast beams after installation of reinforcement and PT
tendons + Application of the prestressing tension when the concrete has reached its
final compressive strength fck = 40MPa (probably at 28 days)
Phase 2: Installation of the precast beams on pier and abutments using a crane and
concreting the deck at 45days
Phase 3: Execution of the superstructure at 60days (Waterproofing – Asphalt –
Sidewalk – Barrier)
Phase 4: Bridge in service with traffic load

Time after Resisting

Phase Applied load Prestressing section
concreting

Dead load of the

1 28days 4cables 7T15.7
beam

Dead load of the

2 45 days beam + dead load 4cables 7T15.7
of the deck slab

Dead load of the

beam + dead load
3 60 days 4cables 7T15.7
of the deck slab +
superstructure
Dead load of the
beam + dead load
4 ∞ of the deck slab + 4cables 7T15.7
superstructure +
traffic loads

1
3. PRESTRESSED CABLES PROPERTIES

The prestressed cables used for the design have the following characteristics:
Nominal Diameter = 15.7 mm
Number of strands by cable: 7
Section of strand: A = 150 mm2
Section of cable: Ap = 7 x 150 = 1050mm2
Ultimate Strength = 1860 MPa
Ep = 190 000 MPa
Force at pre-stressing anchorage by cable = 1550 KN (According to European
Technical Approval No. ETA – 06-226 for Freyssinet System)
Total number of cables used: Ncables = 4

2
 CHAPTER III
LONGITUDINAL DECK DESIGN

1. GENERALITIES
Longitudinal deck design concerns the design of the prestressed precast beams at different
phases.

The calculation of the losses of the prestressing force is done according to the Eurocode
EN 1992-1-1. The detailed method of the calculations is represented in Appendix 2.
The characteristics taken into consideration in the calculations are:
- The friction coefficient: μ = 0.19 rad-1
- The parasite angular deviation: k = 0.007 rad.m-1
- The anchorage seating: g = 6mm
- Very low relaxation
The value of μ and k are taken from the catalog Freyssinet Prestressing System.
The results of the calculations of the creep deformation and the shrinkage formations are
given in Appendix 1.

3
 2. DESIGN OF SERVICE LIMIT STATE
The calculations are carried out for the mid-span’s section.
2.1 Phase 1:
Application of prestressing (4 cables) at 28 days after concreting the beam.
At this stage the concrete has reached its final compressive strength fck = 40MPa.

Beam section properties:

Figure II-1 Section of the beam

Section 1
v= 0.485m
v' = 0.715m
I= 0.087m4
S= 0.614m2
φ= 0.065m

ρ = I/(S.v.v’) =0.408

The maximum forces under the anchorage during tensioning: P0= 4x1550 = 6200kN.
The initial prestressing force after all immediate losses is Pi = 5597.6 kN, it represents
90.29 % of P0 (see the calculation at the end of this chapter).

Eccentricity of the cables:

Eccentricity of the cables: e0 = -0.490m

4
Stress results:
The result of the stresses calculations due to the beam dead load and the initial
prestressing of the cables are:
P Pe0 v Mv
𝛔𝐬𝐮𝐩 = + +
S I I
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝐌𝐏𝐚 > 0 𝑀𝑃𝑎 OK
′ ′
𝐏 𝐏𝐞𝟎 −𝐯 𝐌 −𝐯
𝛔𝐢𝐧𝐟 = + +
𝐒 𝐈 𝐈
Figure II-2 σsup / σinf
= 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚 < 0.6 𝑥 40 = 24 𝑀𝑃𝑎 OK

5
 2.2 Phase 2:
Concreting the slab at 45 days

Beam section properties:

Beam section properties are the same as the phase 1.

Prestressing:
The total prestressing force after the immediate losses and the time dependent losses at
45days and the gain due to the dead load of the slab is : Pd (45days) = 5187.8 KN, it
represents 83.68% of P0.

Eccentricity of the cables:

Eccentricity of the cables: e0 = -0.490m

Stress results:
The stresses due to the beam’s dead load, the slab’s dead load and the prestressing force
of the 4 cables are:
σsup = 3.9 MPa > 0 MPa OK
σinf = 15.14 MPa< 0.6 x fck = 0.6 x 40 = 24 MPa OK

6
 2.3 Phase 3:
Execution of the superstructure at 60 days
Beam section properties:

Figure II-3 Section of the beam and the deck slab

Section 1: beam Section 2: beam + slab deck

v= 0.485m v= 0.519 m
v' = 0.715m v' = 0.931 m
I= 0.087m4 I= 0.170 m4
S= 0.614m2 S= 0.952 m2
φ= 0.065m φ= 0.065 m

ρ= 0.408 ρ= 0.351
Prestressing:
The total prestressing force after the immediate losses and the time dependent losses at
60days and after the gain due to the dead load of the slab and the superstructure is:
Pd (60days) = 5236.1 KN, it represents 84.46 % of P0.
Eccentricity of the cables:
Eccentricity of the cables: e0 = -0.490m
Stress results:
The stresses due to the beam’s dead load, the slab’s dead load, the prestressing force of
the 4 cables and the superstructure are:
σsup = 4.89 MPa > 0 MPa OK
σinf = 11.82 MPa< 0.6 x fck = 0.6 x 40 = 24 MPa OK

7
 2.4 Phase 4:
Under traffic load and at t = ∞
Prestressing:
The total prestressing force after to the immediate losses and the time depending losses at
t = ∞ and after the loss due to the load of the deck slab and the superstructure is :
Pd(∞) = 4727.2 KN, it represents 76.25 % of P0.

Beam section properties:

Beam section properties are the same as the phase 3.

Eccentricity of the cables:

Eccentricity of the cables: e0 = -0.490m

Stress results:
The stresses due to the beam’s dead load, the slab’s dead load, the prestressing force of
the 4 cables , the superstructure and the live loads are:

Figure II - 4 σsup(2)

PK,sup = r sup P𝑚 ,𝑡 (1) PK,inf = r inf P𝑚,𝑡

r sup = 1.1
Characteristic σsup = 7.31 MPa < 24 MPa
combination σsup(2) = 6.59 MPa < 24 MPa
σinf = 3.37MPa > -fctm= -3.51MPa
Frequent combination σsup = 6.35 MPa < 24 MPa
σsup(2) = 4.76 MPa < 24 MPa
σinf = 6.68 MPa > 0MPa
Quasi-permanent σsup = 4.93 MPa > 0MPa
combination σsup(2) = 2 MPa < 24 MPa
σinf = 11.61 MPa< 0.45x40=18 MPa
(1)
P𝑚 ,𝑡 = Pd(∞)
r inf = 0.9
σsup = 8.35 MPa < 24 MPa
σsup(2) = 6.59 MPa < 24 MPa
σinf = -1.98MPa > -fctm= -3.51MPa
σsup = 7.40 MPa < 24 MPa
σsup(2) = 4.76 MPa < 24 MPa
σinf = 1.33 MPa > 0 MPa
σsup = 5.98 MPa > 0MPa
σsup(2) = 2 MPa < 24 MPa
σinf = 6.26 MPa< 0.45x40=18 MPa

8
 3. PASSIVE REINFORCEMENT
According to Eurocodes EN 1992-1-1 § 7.3.2, the minimum passive reinforcement is:
“In prestressed members no minimum reinforcement is required in sections where, under
the characteristic combination of loads and the characteristic value of prestress, the
concrete is compressed or the absolute value of the tensile stress in the concrete is below
σct,p”.
Where σct,p = fctm
We will put 4T20 considered in the bottom of the section.

9
 4. ULTIMATE LIMIT CHECK
The method of verification at the ultimate state is developed in the document “Support de
cours de Beton Precontraint” established by “Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussees”.
The method is based on the Eurocode 2. The method consists of calculating the ultimate
load that can be supported by the section. The principle is to verify the ultimate state of
failure that will occur first.

Figure II-5 Possible strain distributions in the ultimate state

The ultimate moment applied to this section is: MED = 5.24 MN

The partial safety factors:
- Concrete: γc = 1.5
- Steel : γs = 1.15
- Prestressed cables: γp = 1.15
fpd = 1420.27 MPa
fcd = 26.67 MPa
fyd = 365.22 MPa

We start by calculating the height “x” of the part of the section subject to a compressive
stress. We can replace the value of “x” by “0.8x” if adopting the simplified rectangular
distribution of the stress.
MED = fcd Lsup 0.8 x (dp – 0.4x) + fyd Asc (dp – dsc)
Where: Lsup : length of the compressive flange
dp : the effective depth of the pre-stressed cables

10
 Asc : the section of the passive bars in the compressive flange
dsc: the effective depth of the passive bars in the compressive flange
The value of 0.8x is: 0.8x = 0.12m
The compressive force is : Nc = 4.70MN
Ncables.Ap.fpd = 5.99MN > Nc
This means that the concrete is not working to its maximum deformation. The neutral axis
is in fact lower than the value calculated and all steels (pre-stressed and passive bars) in
the section have not reached their elastic limit.
Therefore, the section is verified at the ultimate state.

11
Figure II-6 centre of gravity of cables 1-2 and 3-4

12
Figure II-7 Cables

13
Losses calculations:

14
15
16
17
 CHAPTER III
HANDLING OF THE BEAMS

1. OBJECT OF THE CHAPTER

The object of the present chapter will be the verification of the handling of the beam.
The beams will be held at 2.5m from the beginning and the end of the beams as shown
in figure III-1.
A 10cm hole is made in the beam at 2.5m from its beginning. In the transversal section
attention should be made so that the hole does not cross the location of the
prestressing cables.

Figure III-1 shematic representation of the handling of the beam

The beam is then supported by two supports each one located at 2.5m from each
extremity and subject to its own dead load.

2. VERIFICATION OF THE MID-SPAN SECTION

The section considered is the homogeneous section.
A homogeneous section is the net section to which is added the cables’ section
multiplied by the effective modular ratio “n”. By definition “n” is the ration of the
elastic modulus of the cables and the elastic modulus of the concrete.
The elastic modulus of the concrete used is the instant modulus since the handling is
considered as instant

18
 Ecm = 35000MPa
Ep = 190 000MPa
n = 5.39
The homogeneous section Ah = 0.623m2
The homogeneous inertia: Ih = 0.091m4

The moment due to this dead load :

M (mid-span) = 750.5 kN.m

The calculations are done with the initial prestressing force after all immediate losses:
Pi = 5597.6 kN. This case is more restrictive then considering a part of the time-
dependent losses.
The eccentricity of the cables: e0 = -0.490m

Stress results:
The result of the stresses calculations due to the beam dead load and the initial
prestressing of the cables are:
P Pe0 v Mv
𝛔𝐬𝐮𝐩 = + +
S I I
= −𝟏. 𝟓𝟗𝐏𝐚 > −𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 = −3.51 𝑀𝑃𝑎 OK
𝐏 𝐏𝐞𝟎 −𝐯 ′ 𝐌 −𝐯 ′
𝛔𝐢𝐧𝐟 = + +
𝐒 𝐈 𝐈
= 𝟐𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚 ≈ 24 𝑀𝑃𝑎 OK

The value of the stress σinf is considered acceptable since it is lightly greater than the
limit and the collaboration of the passive reinforcement is not taken into consideration
which is more restrictive.

3. VERIFICATION OF THE SUPPORT SECTION (at 2.5m)

M (support) = -47.97 kN.m

The eccentricity of the cables: e0 = -0.153m
Stress results:
The result of the stresses calculations due to the beam dead load and the initial
prestressing of the cables are:
P Pe0 v Mv
𝛔𝐬𝐮𝐩 = + +
S I I
= 𝟒. 𝟏𝟕 > −fctm = −3.51 MPa OK
19
 𝐏 𝐏𝐞𝟎 −𝐯 ′ 𝐌 −𝐯 ′
𝛔𝐢𝐧𝐟 = + +
𝐒 𝐈 𝐈
= 𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟔𝐌𝐏𝐚 < 0.6𝑥 40 = 24 𝑀𝑃𝑎 OK

20
 APPENDIX 1
SHRINKAGE AND CREEP DEFORMATIONS
 CREEP AND SHRINKAGE
-U TURN BRIDGE-

1- CHARACTERISTICS:

(Table 3.1- EN-1992-1-1)

Relative humidity
Age of concrete at the end of the curing (days)
= 28 days Age of concrete at loading (days)

2- BEAM SECTION:

2
Area=5800 cm

12 Strands T12,5-1860

Bridge’s beam typical Section

The initial jacking force in the concrete element (bridge’s beam) is 12 Strands T12,5-
fy=1860.

The bars will be prestressed at day 28 of the concreting.

To note that the total losses percentages of the jacking force in the bridge’s beam are
20%.

The following calculation determines the jacking forces applied on the beam:

Prestressing force:
Total losses: 20%, that is 4x32, 84 T
Prestressing force after losses:

1
3- CREEP & SHRINKAGE – PRESTRESSED BEAM:

The total shrinkage strain due to the effects of:

- Autogenous shrinkage: develops during hardening of the concrete: The major
part therefore develops in the early days of the casting. Autogenous shrinkage
is a linear function of the concrete strength.
- Drying shrinkage: develops slowly, since it’s a function of the migration of
the water through the hardened concrete.

Total shrinkage strain εcs:

εcs = εcd + εca Eq. 3.8 EN-1992-1-1

Where:
εcs is the total shrinkage strain.
εcd is the drying shrinkage strain.
εca is the autogenous shrinkage strain.

3-a– Drying Shrinkage:

The basic drying shrinkage strain εcd,0 is calculated from:

(B.11) - Annex B

Where:
for cement class N
for cement class N

Relative humidity

Eq. 3.8 EN-1992-1-1

Where:
age of concrete at the end of the curing (days)

(Notional size of the PT beam (taken into consideration all sides are exposed))

Table 3.3- EN-1992-1-1

t < 45 days

2
For t > 45 days (date of concreting the slab above the bridge’s beam):

age of concrete at the end of the curing (days)

(Notional size of the PT beam (taken into consideration all sides are exposed except the top one))

Table 3.3- EN-1992-1-1

t > 45days

The diagrams give the evolution of the drying shrinkage strain in function of time.

3-b– Autogenous Shrinkage:

The autogenous shrinkage strain follows from:

Eq. 3.11 EN-1992-1-1

Eq. 3.12 EN-1992-1-1
Eq. 3.13 EN-1992-1-1

Where:

The diagrams give the evolution of the autogenous shrinkage strain in function of
time.

3-c - Creep Effect:

The creep deformation of concrete εcc(t,t0) for a constant compressive stress σc applied
at the concrete age t0, is given by:

Eq.(3.6) EN-1992-1-1

The creep coefficient may be calculated from:

Eq.(B.1) - Annex B - EN-1992-1-1

The notional creep may be estimated from:

Eq.(B.2) - Annex B - EN-1992-1-1

3
 Eq.(B.5) - Annex B - EN-1992-1-1

Eq.(B.7) - Annex B - EN-1992-1-1

Where:

 28 days < t < 45 days;

(Table 3.1- EN-1992-1-1)

28 days < t < 45 days

 t > 45 days;
1st calculation: (25cm slab and the bridge’s beam are considered two separate
elements):

t > 45 days

2nd calculation: (25cm slab and the bridge’s beam are considered one structural
element):
4
The diagrams give the evolution of the creep deformation of the concrete in function
of time.

The values of the creep deformation and shrinkage strain at t=∞ for the bridge’s beam
are summarized in the following table.

Drying Shrinkage
Autogenous Shrinkage
Creep Effect
Total
(Table 1)
Deformation – Prestressed beam

4- SHRINKAGE – 25CM CONCRETE SLAB:

4-a– Drying Shrinkage:

5
The basic drying shrinkage strain εcd,0 is calculated from:

(B.11) - Annex B

Where:
for cement class N
for cement class N

Relative humidity

Eq. 3.8 EN-1992-1-1

Where:
age of concrete at the end of the curing (days)

(Notional size of the casted slab (taken into consideration one side is exposed))

Table 3.3- EN-1992-1-1

The diagrams give the evolution of the drying shrinkage strain in function of time.

4-b– Autogenous Shrinkage:

Same values as the prestressed beam (see 3-b)

The values of the creep deformation and shrinkage strain at t=∞ for the bridge’s beam
are summarized in the following table.

Drying Shrinkage
Autogenous Shrinkage
Total
(Table 2)
Deformation – Prestressed beam

5- SUMMARIZING DEFORMATION TABLE:

6
 t= t= 45 days Difference
Drying Shrinkage
Autogenous Shrinkage
Creep Effect
Total

(Table 3)

7
 Drying Shrinkage Strain of the prestressed beam

Days 7 8 10 20 30 44 77 100 500 1000 2000 5000 20000 100000

εcc(t,t0)[x10-4], h0=242 mm 0 0.025319051 0.074968 0.305003 0.508533 0.75702
εcc(t,t0)[x10-4], h0=337 mm 0.7751 0.96016 2.340296 2.813791 3.126767 3.34902 3.47203 3.506323

4
fck=40 Mpa
3.5 Relative humidity = 30%
εcd(∞) =3.515 to 3.838x10 -4
4
Drying Shrinkage Strain [x10-4]

3
ts= 7 days

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Concrete age (days)
 Autogenous shrinkage of the prestressed beam

Days 1 2 3 4 5 20 40 45 100 150 200 300

Autogenous shrinkage [x10-4] 0.135952 0.184771263 0.219583 0.24726 0.270445 0.443369 0.5383 0.55394 0.648499 0.685247 0.705671 0.72652

0.8

0.7
fck=40 Mpa
Autogenous shrinkage [10-4]

0.6

0.5 εca(∞)=0.75x10
-4

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
1 10 100
Concrete age (days)
 Prestressed beam
Creep deformation of concrete
εcc(t,t0)

Days 28 30 35 40 44 53 70 80 90 100 150 200 500 10000 20000 25000 30000 50000 100000
εcc(t,t0)[x10-4], 28 jours< t <45 jours 0 0.963639 1.399641 1.641091 1.785394
εcc(t,t0)[x10-4], t > 45 jours 1.822551 2.115129 2.2462935 2.3588934 2.4577468 2.826695471 3.079799489 3.8221684 4.943382 4.994578 5.0051 5.01213 5.026353 5.037129036

6
fck=40 Mpa
Relative humidity = 30%
5
t0= 28 days

4
εcc(t,t0)=Ф(t,t0).(σc/Ec)
εcc(t,t0) [x10-4]

3
εcc(∞,t0)=5.05x10-4

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Concrete age (days)
 Drying Shrinkage Strain of the Concrete Slab th=25cm
(One side exposed)

Days 7 10 20 40 45 80 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 20000 100000

Drying Shrinkage Strain [x10-4] 0 0.02215615 0.093924 0.228492 0.260401 0.466587 0.572412 1.002361 1.74346 2.292525 2.715633 3.051668 3.252252 3.310195

3.5
fck=40 Mpa
Relative humidity = 30%
3
ε cd(∞) 325x10-4
=3.325x10
=3
Drying Shrinkage Strain [x10-4]

h0=500mm
2.5
kh=0.7
ts= 7 days
2

1.5

0.5

0
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Concrete age (days)
 Autogenous shrinkage of the Concrete Slab

Days 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 40 45 100 150 200 300

Autogenous shrinkage [x10-4] 0.135952 0.184771263 0.219583 0.24726 0.270445 0.351536 0.443369 0.538302 0.553938 0.648499 0.685247 0.705671 0.726524

0.8

0.7
fck=40 Mpa
Autogenous shrinkage [10-4]

0.6

0.5 εca(∞)=0.75x10
-4

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
1 10 100
Concrete age (days)