Cognates

Regular cognates with matching consonant values
We treat alternations between voiced and unvoiced s as no change. We treat alternations between fricative v and semivowe
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate
Aal [m] eel eel

field,
Acker [m] acre
acre
Ahle [f] (a tool) awl awl
Ähre [f] ear (bot.) ear (bot.)
all- (det.);
all all
all- (prefix)
allein alone alone
at,
an on to,
on
Angel [f] angle fishing rod
angeln; angle;
to fish (with a fishing rod)
angelte; angled;
(ge)angelt angled
Arm [m] arm arm
Asche [f] ash (solid remains of a fire) ash (solid remains of a fire)
backen; bake;
backte/buk; baked;
to bake
(ge)backt/(ge)backen baked
Bäcker [m] baker baker

path,
Bahn [f][3] bane trail,
train
bier,
Bahre [f] bier
Bahre [f] bier
stretcher
bald bold soon
Balke(n) balk balk
band,
Band [n] band ribbon,
tape
Bär [m] bear bear
(Sau)bär
boar boar
(rare; hunting jargon)
Bauer bower birdcage

peasant,
Bauer bower
builder
Baum [m] beam tree
Beere [f] berry berry
beginnen; begin;
begann; began; to begin
begonnen begun
bei by by
Bein [n] bone leg
bekommen; become; to get,
bekam; became; to receive
bekommen become
bellen; bellow;
bellte; bellowed; to bark
(ge)bellt bellowed
bersten; burst;
barst; burst/brast;
to burst
(ge)borsten burst/bursten
(am) best(en) (adj.);

best best
best- (prefix)
boil,
Beule [f] boil (skin infection)
hump
Bier [n] beer beer
binden; bind;
band; bound;
to bind
to bind
(ge)bunden bound
bitter bitter bitter

blind blind blind
Blume [f] bloom flower
Bock [m] buck buck

Bohne bean bean
bohren; bore; to bore,
bohrte; bored; to drill
(ge)bohrt bored
fire,
Brand [m] brand
blaze
braun brown brown
Brust [f] breast breast
can (tin),
Büchse [f] box
box (for savings)
Bulle [m] bull bull
Busch [m] bush bush
Butter [f] butter butter
deft(ig) deft hefty, coarse
Delle [f] dell dent
Düne [f] down dune
eher ere earlier
eher(n) ore of iron
Eis [n] ice ice
Ende [n] end end
enden; end;
endete; ended; to end
(ge)endet ended
seriousness,
Ernst [m] earnest
zeal
erst erst first
Esche [f] ash (tree) ash (tree)
euer your your (plural)
fahren; fare;
fuhr; fore/fared;
to drive
(ge)fahren faren/fared
Fähre [f] ferry ferry
fallen; fall;
to fall
fiel; fell; to fall
(ge)fallen fallen
fällen; fell;
fällte; felled; to fell
(ge)fällt felled
rotten,
faul foul
lazy
Faust [f] fist fist
Feind [m] fiend enemy
Feld [n] field field
fur,
Fell [n] fell pelt,
hide
fer(n) far far
fest fast firm
Fett [n] fat fat
finden; find;
fand; found;
to find
(ge)funden found
Finger [m] finger finger

Finne [f]
fin dorsal fin
[biology]
Fisch [m] fish fish
fischen; fish;
fischte; fished; to fish
(ge)fischt fished
Fischer [m] fisher fisher
stain,
Fleck [m] fleck spot;
corner
Fleisch [n] flesh meat
fliehen; flee;
floh; fled;
to flee
(ge)flohen fled
Flocke flake flake
Floh [m] flea flea
Fohle(n) [n] foal foal

Freund [m] friend friend
frisch fresh fresh
Fuchs [m] fox fox
für for for
chief,
Fürst [m] first
prince
gall,
Galle [f] gall
bile
Gast guest guest
Geige gig violin
ghost,
Geist [m] ghost mind,
spirit
Gift [n] gift poison
glass,
Glas [n] glass
jar
glimmern; glimmer;
glimmerte; glimmered;
to glimmer
(ge)glimmert glimmered
Gold [n] gold gold
Gras [n] grass grass
grau gray/grey gray/grey
grün green green
ground,
Grund [m] ground
reason
Haar [n] hair hair
hacken; hack; to chop,
hackte; hacked; to hack,
(ge)hackt hacked to hoe
Halle [f] hall hall
Hammer [m] hammer hammer
Hand [f] hand hand

hängen; hang;
hing; hung;
to hang (intrans.)
(ge)hangen hung
Haus [n] house house
booklet,
Heft [n] haft
Heft [n] haft notebook,
haft
noble,
hehr hoar
sublime
Heil (nom.) hail salvation
hale; intact,
heil (adj.) whole safe,
whole
heilen; heal;
heilte; healed; to heal
(ge)heilt healed
Heim [n] home home
hemmen; hem; to check,
hemmte; hemmed; to hamper
(ge)hemmt hemmed
Henne [f] hen hen
Herde [f] herd herd
Herr [m] hoar gentleman
Herring herring herring
Heu [n] hay hay
hindern; hinder;
hinderte; hindered;
to hinder
(ge)hindert hindered
hohl hollow hollow
Höhle [f] hole cave
Hölle [f] hell hell
Holm [m] holm small island
hören; hear;
hörte; heard; to hear
(ge)hört heard
Hose [f] hose pants
hoof;
Huf [m] hoof
hooves/hoofs
Hund [m] hound dog
Hure [f] whore whore
in in in
Jahr [n] year year
jung young young
kahl callow bald
can,
Kanne can tankard,
mug
klein clean little
Kluft [f] cleft cleft
Knie [n] knee knee
Kohle [f] coal coal
kommen; come;
kam; came;
to come
(ge)kommen come
Korn [n] corn grain
force,
Kraft [f] craft
power
Kran [m] crane crane
krank crank(y) sick
kühl cool cool
küssen; kiss;
küsste; kissed; to kiss
(ge)küsst kissed
lahm lame lame
Land [n] land land
lang long long

Lasche [f] lash tongue
Laus [f]; louse;
louse, lice
Läuse [pl.] lice
lecken; leak;
leckte; leaked; to leak
(ge)leckt leaked
lecken; lick;
leckte; licked; to lick
(ge)leckt licked
science,
Lehre [f] lore
teaching
ledge;
groin;
Leiste list
bar (heraldry)
leisten; last; to perform,

leistete; lasted; to afford
(ge)leistet lasted
lernen; learn;
lernte; learnt/learned;
to learn
(ge)lernt learnt/learned
lisp(el)n; lisp;
lisp(el)te; lisped;
lisp
(ge)lisp(el)t lisped
Luft [f] lift air
Luft [f] loft air
lüften; lift;
to lift (a secret, the curtain)
lüftete; lifted;
(ge)lüftet lifted
Lunge [f] lung lung
pleasure,
Lust [f] lust
joy
Mahl [n] meal repast
mähen; mow;
mähte; mowed; to mow
(ge)mäht mowed
Mähne [f] mane mane
Mähre [f] mare decrepit old horse
Mal [n] meal time (instance)
Mann [m]; man;
man
Männer [pl.] men
Marke [f] mark mark
Marsch [m] marsh marsh
Mast [m] mast mast (naut)
Maus [f]; mouse;
mouse
Mäuse [pl.] mice
Mehl [n] meal flour
mehr (adv.);
more more
mehr- (prefix)
(am) meist(en) (adv.);
most most
meist- (prefix)
mein mine my
meinen; mean; to think,
meinte; meant; to mean
(ge)meint meant
mild mild mild
musste must had to
Nacke(n) [m] neck nape of the neck
Name [m] name name

Nase [f] nose nose
Nest [n] nest nest
neun nine nine
nu(n) now now
Ochse; ox;
ox
Ochsen oxen
Ofen oven oven
Ohr ear ear
Oste(n) [m] ; east;
east- (prefix)
ost- (prefix) east- (prefix)
Oster(n);
Easter Easter
Oster- (prefix)
Otter [m] otter otter
quälen; quell;
quälte; quelled; to torment
(ge)quält quelled
quer queer diagonal
rammen;
rammte; ram ram
(ge)rammt
rash (adj.),
rasch rash (adj.)
swift
space,
Raum [m] room
room
räumen; ream;
räumte; reamed; to make room
(ge)räumt reamed
Reh [n] roe (deer) roe (deer)
Reihe [f] row row

rennen; run; to run,
rannte; ran; to race
(ge)rannt run
repentance,
Reue [f] rue
remorse,
regret
bark;
Rinde [f] rind
rind
Ring [m] ring ring
rinnen; run;
rann; ran;
to flow
(ge)ronnen run
grate,
Rost roost gridiron,
grill
(ver)rotten; rot;
(ver)rottete; rotted; to rot
(ver)rottet rotted
oar,
Ruder [n] rudder
rudder
quiet,
Ruhe [f] (un)ru(ly) [1]
repose
Rune rune rune
Sack [m] sack sack
säen; sow;
säte; sowed; to sow
(ge)sät sown
Sand [m] sand sand
chant,
(Ge)sang [m] song
singing
Sau [f] sow sow
sauer sour sour
Saum [m] seam seam
Schaft [m] shaft shaft
stale,
schal shoal
schal shoal flat,
vapid
husk,
Schale [f] shale
pod
Scham [f] shame shame
schämen; shame;
schämte; shamed; to be ashamed
(ge)schämt shamed
schamlos shameless shameless
Schar [f] share troop
shower,
Schauer [m] shower
shudder
schauen; show; to look,
schaute; showed; to see,
(ge)schaut shown/showed to behold
scheiden; shed;
schied; shed; to separate
(ge)schieden shed
scheinen; shine;
schien; shone; to seem
(ge)schienen shone
Schenk(el) [m] shank thigh
scheu shy shy
scheren; shear; to shear;
schert/schiert; shore/sheared; to bother;
(ge)schoren shorn/sheared to mind
rail,
Schiene shin rack,
splint
schier sheer sheer
Schild [n] shield shield
Schilling [m] shilling a denomination of currency
gleam,
Schimmer [m] shimmer glimmer,
clue
schimmern; shimmer; to glimmer,
schimmerte; shimmered; to shimmer

(ge)schimmert shimmered
schön sheen beautiful
Schuh [m] shoe shoe
See [m] sea lake
See [f] sea sea

soul,
Seele [f] soul
spirit
sehen; see;
sah; saw; to see
(ge)sehen seen
tendon,
Sehne sinew sinew,
cord
singen; sing;
sang; sang;
to sing
(ge)sungen sung
sinken; sink;
sank; sank;
to sink
(ge)sunken sunk
so so so
Sohle [f] sole sole
Sohn [m] son son
Sommer [m] summer summer
special,
sonder (a)sunder
set apart
sondern; sunder;
sonderte; sundered;
to separate
(ge)sondert sundered
Sonne [f] sun sun
margin,
span,
Spanne [f] span
spread,
range
spannen; span; to stretch,
spannte; spanned; to tighten,
(ge)spannt spanned to span
spar(sam) spare economical
sparen; spare; to save,
sparte; spared; to conserve,
(ge)spart spared to economize
Speer [m] spear spear
Sper(ling) [m] sparrow sparrow
Spier [m, n]
spire first blade of grass
(rare)
Spindel [f] spindle spindle
spinnen; spin; to spin yarn;

spann; spun; to be nuts
(ge)sponnen spun
springen; spring; to jump,
sprang; sprang; to leap
(ge)sprungen sprung
sprühen; spray;
sprühte; sprayed; to spray
(ge)sprüht sprayed
Stahl [m] steel steel
cattle shed,
Stall [m] stall
stable,
pigsty
trunk,
Stamm [m] stem
stem
strong,
stark stark
powerful
starren; stare;
starrte; stared; to stare
(ge)starrt stared
stehlen; steal;
stahl; stole;
to steal
(ge)stohlen stolen
stiff,
steif stiff
steif stiff
rigid
Stein [m] stone stone
steuern; steer;
steuerte; steered;
to steer
(ge)steuert steered
Stier [m] steer bull
calm,
still still
silent
stinken; stink;
stank; stank/stunk;
to stink
(ge)stunken stunk
stören; stir; to bother so.,
störte; stirred; to disturb so./sth.,
(ge)stört stirred to perturb so./sth.
Strand [m] strand beach

strict,
streng strong
severe
current,
Strom [m] stream
stream
Stuhl [m] stool chair
Sturm [m] storm storm
faithful,
treu 1 loyal,
1
comfort,
Trost [m] trust
consolation
und and and
ver- (prefix) for- (prefix)
verloren forlorn lost

(ver)missen; miss; to miss;
(ver)misste; missed; to have something missing
(ver)misst missed
Vieh [n] fee cattle
vier four four
Volk [n] folk people
vor (prep.); before,
fore- (prefix)
vor- (prefix) in front of
Wachs wax wax
wachsen; wax; to grow,
wuchs; waxed; to wax (grow)
(ge)wachsen waxed
wachsen; wax;
wachste; waxed;
to wax (use wax)
(ge)wachst waxed
Wahn wane insanity
wandern; wander; to hike,
wanderte; wandered; to wander
(ge)wandert wandered
warm warm warm
warnen; warn;
warnte; warned; to warn
(ge)warnt warned
waschen; wash;
wusch; washed; to wash
(ge)waschen washen/washed
sore,
weh woe
painful
way,
Weise [f] (like)wise
manner
pertaining to romance-
welsch Welsh speaking
areas of Switzerland
wenden; wend; to turn,
wandte/wendete; went/wended; to reverse
(ge)wandt/(ge)wendet went/wended
Werk [n] work work

Wespe [f] wasp wasp
Weste(n) [m];
west west
west- (prefix)
Wiesel [n] weasel weasel

wild wild wild
Wille [m] will will
Wind wind wind
winken; wink; to wave,
winkte; winked; to beckon
(ge)wunken/(ge)winkt winked
Winter [m] winter winter
wirken; work; to appear to be sth.,
wirkte; worked,; to be effective

(ge)wirkt worked
wohl well well
Wolf [m] wolf wolf
Wolle [f] wool wool
wollen; will; to want,
wollte; would; to will (chiefly for "to want")
(ge)wollt would
sore,
Wunde [f] wound
wound
miracle,
Wunder [n] wonder
wonder
Wurm [m] worm worm
[1] The etymology of unruly also mentions un + rule + y.

nations between fricative v and semivowel w as approximately no change.
Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
ǣl áll *ēlaz
æcer akr *akraz
ǣl *ēlō
ēar *ahaz
eall allr *allaz
an,
on *ana
angel,
ǫngull *angulō
angul
angel,
ǫngull *angulō
angul
earm armr *armaz
æsce aska *askǭ
bacan baka *bakaną
bæcere bakari *bakārijaz

bana,
bona bani *banô
bēr bára *bērō

bēr bára *bērō
bald,
Baldr *balþaz
beald
*balkô
bend *bandiz
bera bera *berô
bār *bairaz
būr *būraz
būr *būraz
bēam *baumaz
berige *bazją
beginnan *biginnaną
bī *bi
bān beinn *bainaz
becuman *bikwemaną
berstan bresta *brestaną
betest,
*batistaz
betst,
best
bȳl bóla *būlō
bēor bjórr *beuzą
bindan binda *bindaną

bindan binda *bindaną
biter,
bitr *bitraz
bitter
blind blindr *blindaz
blómi,
blōma *blōmô
blóm
bucc, bukkr, *bukkaz,
bucca bokki *bukkô
bēan baun *baunō
borian bora *burōną
brand,
*brandaz
brond
brūn brúnn *brūnaz
brēost brjóst *breustą
box *buhsuz
bula boli *bulô
busc *buskaz
butere *buterā
dæfte *daftuz
dell *daljō
*dūnaz,
dūn dúnn
*dūnǭ
ǣr ár *airiz
ār eir *aiz
īs íss *īsą
ende endi *andijaz
endian enda *andijōną
eornost *ernustuz
ǣrest *airistaz
æsċ *askaz
ēower *izweraz
faran fara *faraną
feallan falla *fallaną

feallan falla *fallaną
fellan fella *fallijaną
fūl fúll *fūlaz

fȳst *funstiz
fēond fjándi *fijandz
feld *felþą
fjall,
fell fell *fellą
feorr,
fjarri *ferrai
feor
fæst fastr *fastuz
fǣtt *faitidaz
findan *finþaną
finger fingr *fingraz
finn *finnō
fisċ fiskr *fiskaz
fiscian *fiskōną
fisċere *fiskārijaz
flekka *flekka-
flǣsc *flaiski
flēon flýja *fleuhaną
flak
flēah,
fló *flauhaz
flēa
fola foli *fulô
frēond frændi *frijōndz
fersċ *friskaz
fox *fuhsaz
for *furi
fyrst *furistaz
galla *gallô
gestr *gastiz
gígja
gāst,
gǣst *gaistaz
ġift *giftiz
glæs *glasą
gold *gulþą
græs,
gras *grasą
gærs
grǣġ grár *grēwaz
grœnn,
grēne *grōniz
grǿnn
grund *grunduz
hǣr hár *hērą
*hakkōną
heall hǫll *hallō

hamor,
hamer, hamarr *hamaraz
homer
hand hǫnd *handuz
hōn hanga *hanhaną
hūs hús *hūsą
hæft *haftiją
hæft *haftiją
hār *hairaz
hāl heill *hailaz
hāl heill *hailaz
hǣlan heila *hailijaną
hām heimr *haimaz
hemja *hamjaną
henn *hanjō
heord *herdō
hār *hairaz
hǣring *hēringaz
hīġ hey *hawją
hinder *hinder
hol holr *hulaz

hol holr *hulaz
hell hel *haljō
holm *hulmaz
hȳran,
hēran, heyra *hauzijaną
hīeran
hose,
hosa *husǭ
hosa
hōf hófr *hōfaz
hund hundr *hundaz

hōre hóra *hōrǭ
in *in
ġēar *jērą
ġeong *jungaz
calu *kalwaz
canne kanna *kannǭ
clǣne klénn *klainiz

kluft *kluftiz
cnēo kné *knewą
col kol *kulą
cuman koma *kwemaną
corn korn *kurną

cræft *kraftaz
cran *kranô
cranc *krankaz
*kōlaz,
cōl
*kōluz
cyssan kyssa *kussijaną
lama lami *lamaz

land,
land *landą
lond
lang,
langr *langaz
long
lūs lús *lūs
leka *lekaną
liccian *likkōną
lār *laizō
līste *līstǭ
lǣstan *laistijaną
lǣstan *laistijaną
leornian *liznaną
wlisp *wlispaz
lyft *luftuz
*luftuz
*luftijaną
lunga *lungô
lust lyst *lustuz
mǣl mál *mēlą
māwan *mēaną
manu *manō
mere,
merr *marhijō
miere
mǣl mál *mēlą
mann *mann-
mearc *markō
*mariskaz
mæst mastr *mastaz
mūs *mūs
melo,
*melwą
melu
māra meiri *maizô

māst, *maistaz,
mestr
mǣst *maist
mīn mínn *mīnaz
mǣnan meina *mainijaną
milde mildr *mildijaz

mōste
hnecca hnakki *hnakkô
nama,
namn *namô
noma
nosu *nusō
nest *nestaz
niġon *newun
nū nú *nu
oxa *uhsô
ofn ofn *uhnaz
ēare eyra *ausô
ēast austr *austrą
ēastre,
*Austrǭ
Ēostre
oter,
*utraz
otor
cwellan kvelja *kwaljaną
þweorh þverr *þwerhaz

ramm,
ram, *rammaz
rom
*raskuz
rūm rúm *rūmą
rȳman rýma *rūmijaną

rāha,
rāa, rá *raihą
rā
rāw *raih-
rinna,
rinnan renna *rinnaną
hrēow *hrewwō
rinde *rindǭ
hring *hringaz
rinna,
renna
rinnan *rinnaną
hrōst
rotna *rutōną
rōþor *rōþrą
rō *rōwō
rūn rún *rūnō
sæcc sekkr *sakkuz
sāwan sá *sēaną
sand sandr *samdaz

sang,
sǫngr *sangwaz
song
sugu
sūr *sūraz
sēam *saumaz
sċeaft *skaftaz
*skalō
sċamu,
*skamō
sċeamu
sċamian
sċamlēas
sċearu *skarō
sċūr *skūrō
sċēawian *skawwōną
sċādan,
sċēadan *skaiþaną
sċīnan *skīnaną
sċanca *skankô
sċēoh *skeuhaz
sċieran *skeraną
scinu *skinō
sċīr *skīriz
sċield *skelduz
sċilling *skillingaz
sċīene *skauniz
sċōh *skōhaz
sær,
sǣ *saiwiz
sjár
sær,
sǣ *saiwiz
sjár
sāwol *saiwalō
sēon sjá *sehwaną
seonu, sin,
sinu sina *senawō
singan syngja *singwaną
sincan *sinkwaną
*swa,
swā svá
*swē
sunu sonr *sunuz

sumor sumar *sumaraz
sundor- sundr *sundraz
sundrian *sundrōną
sunne sunna *sunnǭ
spann
spannan *spannaną
spannan *spannaną
spær spǫrr
*sparōną,
sparian spara
*sparjaną
spere *speru
spearwa *sparwô
spīr spíra *spīrǭ
spindle,
*spinnilō
spindel
spinnan spinna *spinnaną
springan springa *springaną
stēle,
stál
stȳle
steall *stallaz
stemn,
*stamniz
stefn
stearc *starkuz
starian
stela,
stjala
stelan *stelaną
stīf *stīfaz
stīf *stīfaz
stān steinn *stainaz
stīeran stýra *stiurijaną
stēor *steuraz
stille *stillijaz
stincan *stinkwaną
styrian *sturiz
strand strǫnd *strandō

strang,
strangr *strangaz
strong
strēam straumr *straumaz
stōl stóll *stōlaz
storm stormr *sturmaz
trēowe *triwwiz
traust *traustą
and *andi
for- (prefix), for- (prefix), *firi- (prefix),
fer- (prefix), fyr- (prefix), *fra- (prefix)
fyr- (prefix) fir- (prefix)
forlēosan *fraleusaną
missan missa *missijaną
feoh fé *fehu
fēower fjórir *fedwōr
folc fólk *fulką
fōr(e)- (prefix) for- (prefix) *furai- (prefix)
weax vax *wahsą
weaxan vaxa *wahsijaną
wana vanr
wandrian *wandrōną
wearm varmr *warmaz

warnian,
wearnian varna *warnōną
wascan,
wæscan *waskaną
vei,
wā *wai
væ
wīs víss *wīsaz
welisc,
*walhiskaz
wilisc
wendan venda *wandijaną
weorc,
verk *werką
worc
wæsp *wepsō-
west vestr *westrą
visla *wisulǭ
wilde *wilþijaz
willa vili *wiljô
wind vindr *windaz
wincian *winkōną
winter vintr *wintruz
wyrċan *wurkijaną
wel vel *wela

wulf *wulfaz
wull *wullō
willan vilja *wiljaną
wund *wundō
wundor *wundrą
wyrm *wurmiz
Regular cognates with differing consonant values
Proto-Germanic Voiced Stop Consonants
Proto-Germanic *b
German b ~ English f, ff
German word-internal b has two main correspondences. The first is English f, always in cases at the end of a word:
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate
ab of
ab off
halb half
ob if
taub deaf
weiblich wifely
German b ~ English v
In other cases, German b corresponds to English v. This correspondence always occurs between vowels (though in English, t
and have developed from the sa
berauben; bereave;
beraubt; bereft/bereaved;
beraubt bereft/bereaved
Biber [m] beaver
eben even
geben; give;
gab; gave;
(ge)geben given
Grab [n] grave
haben; have;
hatte; had;
(ge)habt had
heben; heave;
hob; hove/heaved;
(ge)hoben hove/hoven/heaved
Herbst [m] harvest
kerben; carve;
kerbte; carved;
(ge)kerbt carved
leben; live;
lebte; lived;
(ge)lebt lived
Leber [f] liver
Liebe [f] love
loben; love;
lobte; loved;
(ge)lobt loved
Nabel [m] navel
ober- (prefix);
ober(halb)
over
Rabe [m] raven

Salbe [f] salve
schaben; shave;
schabte; shaved;
(ge)schabt shaved
schieben; shove;
schob; shoved;
(ge)schoben shoved
Sieb [n] sieve
sieben seven
Silber [n] silver
sterben; starve;
starb; starved;
(ge)storben starved
Taube [f] dove
übel evil
über over
weben; weave;
wob/webte; wove/weaved;
(ge)woben/(ge)webt woven/weaved
German b ~ English f : v
That the two above correspondences have the same source is further demonstrated by words where English f (word-final) alt

Dieb [m]; thief;
Diebe thieves
Kalb [n]; calf;
Kälber calves
Laib [m]; loaf;
Laibe loaves
leaf;
Laub [n]
leaves
Leib [m]; life;
Leiber lives
Lieb;
Lieber
lief
Schaub; sheaf;
Schäube sheaves/sheafs
Stab [m]; staff;
Stäbe staves/staffs
Weib [n] (dated, or derog.); wife;
Weiber wives
Proto-Germanic *d
German dt, t, tt ~ English d, dd
Stadard German cognate Modern English cognate

alt old
Bart [m] beard
behalten; behold;
behielt; beheld;
behalten beholden/beheld
(be)reit ready
(Ge)bet [n] bead
Bett [n] bed

Bitte [f] bead
bitten; bid;
bat; bid/bade;
(ge)beten bid/bidden
Blatt [n] blade
Braut [f] bride
breit broad
Brot [n] bread
Brut [f] brood
Draht [m] thread
eitel idle
Flut [f] flood
Futter [n] fodder
gelten; yield;
galt; yielded;
(ge)golten yielded
gleiten; glide;
glitt; glid/glided;
(ge)glitten glid/glided
Gott [m] god
Gürtel [m] girdle
gut good
gütlich goodly
halten; hold;
hielt; held;
(ge)halten holden/held
hart hard
Hort [m] hoard
hundert hundred
Hut [m] hood
hüten; heed;
hütete; heeded;
(ge)hütet heeded
kalt cold
leiten; lead;
leitete; lead;
(ge)leitet lead
Leiter [f] ladder
Leiter [m] leader
Lot [n] lead (metal)
Matte [f] meadow
Mehltau [m] mildew

Met mead
mit mid
Mittel [n] (noun);
middle
mittel (adj.)
Mut [m] mood

mutig moody
Not [f] need
Otter [f] adder
raten; read;
riet; read;
(ge)raten read
reiten; ride;
ritt; rode;
(ge)ritten ridden
retten; rid;
rettete; rid;
(ge)rettet rid
rot red
Saat [f] seed
satt sad
Schatte(n) [m] shade
Schatte(n) [m] shadow

Schatte(n) [m] shed
Schulter [f] shoulder
Schrot [m, n] shred
Schwert [n] sword

Seite [f] side
Stadt [f] stead
stetig steady
Stute [f] stud (horse)

Tag [m] day
tagen; dawn;
tagte; dawned;
(ge)tagt dawned
täglich daily
Tal [n] dale
tapfer dapper
Tat [f] deed
Tau [m] dew
taub deaf
tauchen; duck;
tauchte; ducked;
(ge)taucht ducked
Taube [f] dove
Tenne [f] den
Teich [m] ditch

Teig dough
Teil [m] dole
teilen; deal;
teilte; dealt;
(ge)teilt dealt
tief deep
Tier [n] deer
Tochter [f] daughter

Tod [m] death
tödlich deadly
toll dull
Tor [n] door

tot dead
Tropfe(n) [m] drop
tropfen; drip;
tropfte; dripped;
(ge)tropft dripped
tröpf(el)n; drip;
tröpf(el)te; dripped;
(ge)tröpf(el)t dripped
tüchtig doughty
tun; do;
tat; did;
(ge)tan done
Tür [f] door
unter under
Urteil [n] ordeal
walten; wield;
waltete; wielded;
(ge)waltet wielded
warten; ward;
wartete; warded;
(ge)wartet warded
waten; wade;
watete; waded;
(ge)watet waded
weit wide
Welt [f] world
wetten; wed;
wettete; wed/wedded;
(ge)wettet wed/wedded
Witwe [f] widow

Zeit [f] tide
zeitig tidy
Proto-Germanic *g
German g ~ English Ø, y
Auge [n] eye

belegen; belay;
belegte; belaid/belayed;
belegt belaid/belayed
einig- (det.) any
Fliege [f] fly (animal)

fliegen; fly;
flog; flew;
(ge)flogen flown
flüchtig flighty
fügen; fay;
fügte; fayed;
(ge)fügt fayed
gähnen; yawn;
gähnte; yawned;
(ge)gähnt yawned
Garn [n] yarn
Garte(n) [m] yard

gelb yellow
Geld [n] yield
gelten; yield;
galt; yielded;
(ge)golten yielded
heilig holy
Honig [m] honey
hungrig hungry
kräftig crafty
legen; lay;
legte; laid;
(ge)legt laid
liegen; lie;
lag; lay;
(ge)legen lain
lügen; lie;
log; lied;
(ge)logen lied
mächtig mighty
milchig milky
mögen; - (may);
mochte; might;
(ge)mocht might
pflegen; play;
pflegte; played;
(ge)pflegt played
Roggen [m] rye

saftig sappy
sagen; say;
sagte; said;
(ge)sagt said
schäbig shabby
sonnig sunny
stetig steady
Tag [m] day
täglich daily
tüchtig doughty
tüchtig doughty
traurig dreary
Weg [m] (nom.);
way
weg- (prefix)
zeitig tidy
Zeug [n] toy
German g ~ English ∅, gh /∅/
biegen; bow;
bog; bowed;
(ge)bogen bowed
Bogen [m] bow
Bug [m]
bough
(biology; gastronomy)
eigen own
Ellboge(n) elbow
Ellenboge(n) elbow
Pflug [m] plough/plow
Säge [f] saw

tagen; dawn;
tagte; dawned;
(ge)tagt dawned
Teig dough
tragen; draw;
trug; drew;
(ge)tragen drawn
Trog [m] trough

wägen; weigh;
wog/wägte; weighed;
(ge)wogen/(ge)wägt weighed
Proto-Germanic Unvoiced Stop Consonants
Proto-Germanic *k
The correspondences for *k are somewhat complicated as both German and English exhibit two kinds of changes from *k. In
German ch ~ English ch /tʃ/, tch /tʃ/
Bach [m] beach
bleich bleach
Bruch [m] breach
Buche [f] beech

Dach [n] thatch
reichen; reach;
reichte; reached;
(ge)reicht reached
solch- (det.) such
Sprache [f] speech

Teich [m] ditch
wachen; watch;
wachte; watched;
(ge)wacht watched
welch- (det.) which
German ch ~ English ck, k
Bache [f] back
bleich bleak
brauchen; brook;
brauchte; brooked;
(ge)braucht brooked
brechen; break;
brach; broke;
(ge)brochen broken
Bruch [m] brook
Buch [n] book
Eiche [f] oak
frech freak
gleich alike
Joch [n] yoke
Knoche(n) [m] knuck(le)

kochen; cook;
kochte; cooked;
(ge)kocht cooked
krachen; crack;
krachte; cracked;
(ge)kracht cracked
Kuchen [m] cake
Lache [f] lake
Lauch [m] leek

Lerche [f] lark (bird)
Milch [f] milk
milchig milky
rächen; wreak;
rächte; wrought/wreaked;
(ge)rächt wrought/wreaked
Rechen [m] rake
rechnen; reckon;
rechnete; reckoned;
(ge)rechnet reckoned
riechen; reek;
roch; reeked;
(ge)rochen reeked
Sache [f] sake

sprechen; speak;
sprach; spoke;
(ge)sprochen spoken
Storch [m] stork

Streich [m] stroke
streichen; strike;
strich; struck;
(ge)strichen struck/stricken
streich(el)n; stroke;
streich(el)te; stroked;
(ge)streich(el)t stroked
Strich [m] streak
tauchen; duck;
tauchte; ducked;
(ge)taucht ducked
weich weak
Woche [f] week
Zeichen [n] token
German ck, k ~ English ch /tʃ/, tch /tʃ/
(Ge)bäck [n] batch

Bank [f] bench
Birke [f] birch
Carl/Karl (proper name) churl
(er)kiesen; choose (sb);
(er)kor; chose;
(er)koren chosen
Fink [m] finch
hecken; hatch;
heckte; hatched;
(ge)heckt hatched
Käfer [m] chafer
karg chary
Karn (surname) churn
kauen; chew;
kaute; chewed;
(ge)kaut chewed
Kehre [f] chore
Kinn [n] chin
Krücke [f] crutch
Kühle [f] chill
(Ge)stank [m] stench
strecken; stretch;
streckte; stretched;
(ge)streckt stretched
Stück [n] stitch
tränken; drench;
tränkte; drenched;
(ge)tränkt drenched
zwicken; twitch;
zwickte; twitched;
(ge)zwickt twitched
Proto-Germanic *p
German f, ff ~ English p

Affe [m] ape
auf up
greifen; grip;
griff; gripped;
(ge)griffen gripped
Harfe [f] harp
Haufen [m] heap
helfen; help;
half; holp/helped;
(ge)holfen holpen/helped
Hilfe [f] help
hoffen; hope;
hoffte; hoped;
(ge)hofft hoped
Hüfte [f] hip
laufen; leap;
lief; leapt/leaped;
(ge)laufen leapt/leaped
laufen; lope;
lief; loped;
(ge)laufen loped
lap;
Löff(el) lapped;
lapped
offen open
raufen; rip;
raufte; ripped;
(ge)rauft ripped
reif ripe
Saft [m] sap
saftig sappy
schaffen; shape;
schuf; shope/shaped;
(ge)schaffen shapen/shaped
scharf sharp
Schiff [n] ship
stief- (prefix) step- (prefix)
tief deep
Waffe [f] weapon
werfen; warp;
warf; warped;
(ge)worfen warped
German pf ~ English p
Standard German cognate Modern English cognates
Apfel [m] apple

hüpfen; hop;
hüpfte; hopped;
(ge)hüpft hopped
Kropf [m] crop
Pfad [m] path
pflegen; play;
pflegte; played;
(ge)pflegt played
Pflug [m] plough/plow

pflücken; pluck;
pflückte; plucked;
(ge)pflückt plucked
Pfuhl [m] pool
Rumpf [m] rump
stampfen; stamp;
stampfte; stamped;
(ge)stampft stamped
stampfen; stomp;
stampfte; stomped;
(ge)stampft stomped
stapfen; step;
stapfte; stepped;
(ge)stapft stepped
stopfen; stop;
stopfte; stopped;
(ge)stopft stopped
Stumpf [m] stump
tapfer dapper
Tropfe(n) [m] drop

tropfen; drip;
tropfte; dripped;
(ge)tropft dripped
tröpf(el)n; drip;
tröpf(el)te; dripped;
(ge)tröpf(el)t dripped
Proto-Germanic *t
German s, ss, ß ~ English t, tt
aus out
beißen; bite;
biss; bit;
(ge)bissen bitten
besser (adj.);
better
besser- (prefix)
das that
dass that
essen; eat;
aß; ate;
(geg)essen eaten
Fass [n] vat

Fass [n] vat
fressen; fret;
fraß; frate/fretted;
(ge)fressen fretten/fretted
Fuß [m]; foot;
Füße feet
Gosse [f] gote
Grieß [m] grit
groß great
grüßen; greet;
grüßte; greeted;
(ge)grüßt greeted
Hass [m] hate
hassen; hate;
haste; hated;
(ge)hasst hated
Hornisse [f] hornet
Kessel [m] kettle
Kloß [m] clod
Kloß [m] cloud
lassen; let;
ließ; let;
(ge)lassen let
Los [n] lot
messen; mete;
maß; meted;
(ge)messen meted
Nuss [f] nut
reißen; write;
riss; wrote;
(ge)rissen written
(Ge)säß seat
scheißen; shit;
schiss; shitted;
(ge)schissen shitted
schmeißen; smite;
schmiss; smote;
(ge)schmissen smitten/smited
schießen; shoot;
schoss; shot;
(ge)schossen shot
Schweiß [m] sweat
Sessel [m] settle

sitzen; sit;
saß; sat;
(ge)sessen sitten/sat
vergessen; forget;
vergaß; forgot;
vergessen forgotten
was what
Wasser [n] water
Zwielicht [n] twilight
German tz, z ~ English t, tt
Beize bait
furzen; fart;
furzte; farted;
(ge)furzt farted
grunzen; grunt;
grunzte; grunted;
(ge)grunzt grunted
Herz [n] heart
Hitze [f] heat
ritzen; write;
ritzte; wrote;
(ge)ritzt written
Salz [n] salt
Schmutz smut
schmutzig smutty
Schürze [f] shirt
Schürze [f] skirt

setzen; set;
setzte; set;
(ge)setzt set
sitzen; sit;
saß; sat;
(ge)sessen sitten/sat
Stelze [f] stilt
stürzen; start;
stürzte; started;
(ge)stürzt started
Warze [f] wart
Weize(n) [m] wheat
Witz [m] wit
Wurz(el) [f] wort
zäh tough
Zahl [f] tale

zählen; tell;
zählte; told;
(ge)zählt told
(cf. erzählen: to tell)
zahm tame
Zange [f] tong
zart tart
Zaum [m] team
Zaun [m] town
Zecke [f] tick
Zeh [m] toe
zehn ten
zehren; tear;
zehrte; tore;
(ge)zehrt torn
Zeichen [n] token
Zeit [f] tide
zeitig tidy
zerren; tear;
zerrte; tore;
(ge)zerrt torn
Zeug [n] toy
Zimmer [n] timber

Zinn [n] tin
Zinne [f] tine
Zitze [f] tit
zu to
zu too
zucken; tuck;
zuckte; tucked;
(ge)zuckt tucked
Zunder [m] tinder
Zunge [f] tongue
Zweig [m] twig
zwei two
zwicken; twitch;
zwickte; twitched;
(ge)zwickt twitched
zwink(er)n; twink(le);
zwink(er)t; twink(le)d;
(ge)zwink(er)t twink(le)d
Zwist [m] twist
zwölf twelve
Proto-Germanic Fricative Consonants
Proto-Germanic *f
German f ~ English v
elf eleve(n)
Fass [n] vat
Hof hov(el)
Schaufel [f] shovel

zwölf twelve
Proto-Germanic *h
The correspondences for *h are somewhat complicated as English exhibits two kinds of changes from *h. In English, *h can b
German ch ~ English gh /∅/
doch though
hoch high
mächtig mighty
tüchtig doughty
German ch ~ English ff
hauchen; huff;
hauchte; huffed;
(ge)haucht huffed
German ch ~ English gh /f/
keuchen; cough;
keuchte; coughed;
(ge)keucht coughed
lachen; laugh;
lachte; laughed;
(ge)lacht laughed
zäh
tough
(Bavarian: zach)
Proto-Germanic *s
Both languages exhibit some tendency to rhotacization.
German r ~ English z

frieren; freeze;
fror; froze;
(ge)froren frozen
German s ~ English Ø
Felse(n) [m] fell
Hülse [f] holly
unser our
German s ~ English r
Eisen [n] iron

(er)kiesen;
to choose
(er)kor;
(er)koren
Hase [m] hare
German s ~ English z
Hasel hazel
Proto-Germanic *þ
German d ~ English th
We treat alternations between voiced and unvoiced th as equivalent.
Adela/Adele (proper name) Ethel/Ethyl (proper name)
Bad [n] bath

baden; bathe;
badete; bathed;
(ge)badet bathed
Bruder [m] brother
da there
Dach [n] thatch

danken;
dankte; to thank
(ge)dankt
dann, than,
denn then
das,
that
dass
Daume(n) [m] thumb
Däum(ling) thimble
denken; think;
dachte; thought;
(ge)dacht thought
dick thick
Dieb [m]; thief;
Diebe thieves
Diele [f] thill
Ding [n] thing

Distel [f] thistle
doch though
Dorn [m] thorn
Draht [m] thread
Drang throng
(Ge)dränge [n] throng

drehen; throw;
drehte; thrown;
(ge)dreht thrown
drei three
dreschen; thrash;
drosch; thrashed;
(ge)droschen thrashed
dreschen; thresh;
drosch; threshed;
(ge)droschen threshed
Dross(el) [f] throat
dünn thin
durch thorough
durch through
Durst [m] thirst
Eid [m] oath
Erde [f] Earth
Feder [f] feather
Heide [f] heath
Heide [f] heath
Herd [m] hearth

Leder [n] leather
leid loath
Mund [m] mouth

nieder nether
Norde(n) [m];
north
nord-
Pfad [m] path
Schade(n) [m] scathe
Schmied [m] smith
Schmiede [f] smithy
Schwade swath
sieden; seethe;
sott; sod/seethed;
(ge)sotten sodden/seethed
Süde(n) [m],
south
süd-
Tod [m] death
weder whether
wider with
wieder with
German t ~ English th
Monat [m] month

Motte [f] moth
tauen; thaw;
taute; thawed;
(ge)taut thawed
tausend thousand
Wert;
worth
wert
Proto-Germanic Liquid Consonants
Proto-Germanic *l
German l, ll ~ English ∅, l (∅)
solch- such
welch- which
walken; walk;
walkte; walked;
(ge)walkt walked
Proto-Germanic *r, *z
Proto-Germanic *z developed into Proto-West Germanic *r. Both languages exhibit some tendency to drop the original *r.
German ∅ ~ English r
da there
Welt [f] world

wo where
German r ~ English ∅
mir me
Sprache [f] speech
sprechen; speak;
sprach; spoke;
(ge)sprochen spoken
wider with
wieder with
wir we
Zwirn [m] twine
Proto-Germanic Nasal Consonants
Proto-Germanic *m
German m, mm ~ English mb
Daume(n) [m] thumb
Däum(ling) thimble
Krume [f] crumb
Krümel [m] crumb

krümeln; crumble;
krümelte; crumbled;
(ge)krümelt crumbled
mümmeln; mumble;
mümmelte; mumbled;
(ge)mümmelt mumbled
nehmen;
nahm;
nimb(le)
(ge)nommen
nehmen;
nahm;
numb
(ge)nommen
schlummern; slumber;
schlummerte; slumbered;
(ge)schlummert slumbered
Zimmer [n] timber
German n ~ English m
Besen besom
Boden [m] bottom
Busen [m] bosom
Faden [m] fathom
Proto-Germanic *n
German ∅, n ~ English ∅, n
Both languages exhibit some tendency to drop the original *n.
ander- (det.) other
Bürde burde(n)
Bürde burde(n)
Dunst [m] dust
a,
ein- (det.)
an
Ellboge(n) [m] elbow
Ellenboge(n) [m] elbow
Felse(n) [m] fell

Gans [f]; goose;
Gänse [pl.] geese
Knoten [m] knot

König [m] king
mein my
Mund [m] mouth
Natter [f] adder
Rabe [m] raven
Stern [m] star
tagen; dawn;
tagte; dawned;
(ge)tagt dawned
unser our
Waffe [f] weapon
Wunsch [m] wish
wünschen; wish;
wünschte; wished;
(ge)wünscht wished
Proto-Germanic Semivowels
Proto-Germanic *w
German Ø ~ English w
Aue [f] ewe

brauen; brew;
braute; brewed;
(ge)braut brewed
Eule [f] owl
hauen; hew;
hieb/haute; hewed;
(ge)hauen hewn/hewed
kauen; chew;
kaute; chewed;
(ge)kaut chewed
Klaue [f] claw
Krähe [f] crow
roh raw
Schnee [m] snow
speien; spew;
spie; spewed;
(ge)spien/(ge)spieen spewed
streuen; strew;
streute; strewed;
(ge)streut strewn/strewed
Stroh [n] straw
Tau [m] dew
Proto-Germanic Consonant Clusters
Proto-Germanic *liquid + velar stop

German lg ~ English llow
Proto-Germanic *z developed into Proto-West Germanic *r.
Balg bellow(s)
Felge fallow
folgen; follow;
folgte; followed;
(ge)folgt followed
schwelgen; swallow;
schwelgte; swallowed;
(ge)schwelgt swallowed
Talg tallow
German lg ~ English lly
Balg belly
Felge felly
German rg ~ English ro, rough, rrow
Berg [m] barrow

borgen; borrow;
borgte; borrowed;
(ge)borgt borrowed
Burg [f] boro/borough
Morgen [m];
(to)morrow
morgen
Sorge [f] sorrow
German rg ~ English ry, rry
bergen; bury;
barg; buried;
(ge)borgen buried
karg chary
würgen; worry;
würgte; worried;
(ge)würgt worried
German rk ~ English rrow
Mark [n] marrow
Proto-Germanic *stop + liquid or nasal
German gel ~ English l

Standard German cognate Modern German cognate
Hagel [m] hail

Nagel [m] nail
Schnegel [m] (biol.) snail
Segel [m] sail

segeln; sail;
segelte; sailed;
(ge)segelt sailed
Vogel [m] fowl
German gen ~ English n
Regen [m] rain
German ger ~ English r
Lager [n] lair
German ter, tter ~ English ther
Mutter [f] mother

Vater [m] father
Wetter [n] weather
German tr ~ English dr
tragen; drag;
trug; dragged;
(ge)tragen dragged
tragen; draw;
trug; drew;
(ge)tragen drawn
tränken; drench;
tränkte; drenched;
(ge)tränkt drenched
Traum [m] dream
traurig dreary
trinken; drink;
trank; drank;
(ge)trunken drunk
Tropfen [m] drop
Proto-Germanic *sibilant + nasal
German schm ~ English sm
schmal small
schmeißen; smite;
schmiss; smote;
(ge)schmissen smitten/smited
schmerzen; smart;
schmerzte; smarted;
(ge)schmerzt smarted
Schmied [m] smith
Schmiede [f] smithy
schmieren; smear;
schmierte; smeared;
(ge)schmiert smeared
schmuggeln; smuggle;
schmuggelte; smuggled;
(ge)schmuggelt smuggled
Schmutz smut
schmutzig smutty
German schn ~ English sn
Schnee [m] snow
Schnegel [m] snail
Schnur [f] snare
Proto-Germanic *gj
German ck ~ English dg
Brücke [f] bridge

Ecke [f] edge
Hecke [f] hedge
Mücke [f] midge
Rücken [m] ridge
Proto-Germanic *ht
German cht ~ English ght
acht eight
Bucht [f] bight
dicht tight
(Ge)fecht fight
fechten, fight,
focht, fought,
(ge)fochten fought
Flucht [f] flight
flüchtig flighty
Furcht [f] fright

(Ge)wicht [n] weight
(Ge)sicht [n] sight
Knecht [m] knight

leicht light
Licht [n] light
Macht [f] might
Nacht [f] night
nächtlich nightly
nicht nought
Pflicht [f] plight
Recht [n],
right
recht
Schlacht [f] (on)slaught
schlecht slight
schlicht slight
Sicht [f] sight
Tochter [f] daughter
Proto-Germanic *hw
German ∅ ~ English gh /∅/
nah nigh
German ch ~ English gh /∅/
durch thorough
durch through
nach nigh
Nachbar [m] neighbor
German w /v/ ~ English wh /ʍ/

Wal [m] whale

wann when
was what
weder whether
Weile [f] while
weiß white
Weizen [m] wheat
welch- which
Welpe [m] whelp
wenn when
wie why
wo where
Proto-Germanic *lik
German lich ~ English ly
gütlich goodly
jährlich yearly
männlich manly
nächtlich nightly
täglich daily
tödlich deadly
weiblich wifely
Proto-Germanic *lw
German lb ~ English llow
gelb yellow
Schwalbe [f] swallow (bird)
Proto-Germanic *mb
German mm ~ English mb
dumm dumb
Kamm [m] comb
klimmen; climb;
klomm; clomb/climbed;
(ge)klommen clumb/climbed
Lamm [n] lamb
Proto-Germanic *mf
German nf ~ English f, v
fünf five
sanft soft
Proto-Germanic *rs
German rsch ~ English ss

Standard German cognate Modern English cognates
Arsch [m] ass
Barsch [m] bass (fish)
Proto-Germanic *sk
German sch ~ English sc, sk
Schabe scab
Schade(n) [m] scathe
schrappen; scrape;
schrappte; scraped;
(ge)schrappt scraped
Schürze [n] skirt
Proto-Germanic *sl
German schl ~ English sl
Schlacht [f] (on)slaught

schlecht slight
Schlehe [f] sloe
Schleim [m] slime
schlicht slight
schlicht slight
schlummern; slumber;
schlummerte; slumbered;
(ge)schlummert slumbered
Proto-Germanic *sw
German schw ~ English sw
Schwade swath
Schwalbe [f] swallow (bird)
Schwan [m] swan
Schwarm [m] swarm
schwärmen; swarm;
schwärmte; swarmed;
(ge)schwärmt swarmed
Schwein [n] swine
Schweiß [m] sweat
schwelgen; swallow;
schwelgte; swallowed;
(ge)schwelgt swallowed
schwellen; swell;
schwoll; swelled;
(ge)schwollen swollen/swelled
Schwert [n] sword
schwimmen; swim;
schwamm; swam;
(ge)schwommen swum
schwören; swear;
schwor; swore;
(ge)schworen sworn
Proto-Germanic *wr
German r ~ English wr
rächen; wreak;
rächte; wrought/wreaked;
(ge)rächt wrought/wreaked
Recke [m]
wretch
(in legends) [m]
reißen; write;
riss; wrote;
(ge)rissen written
ringen; wring;
rang; wrang/wrung/wringed;
(ge)rungen wrung/wringed
Rist [m]
wrist
(physiol., otherwise rare)
wrist
ritzen; write;
ritzte; wrote;
(ge)ritzt written
Proto-Germanic *∅
German d, t ~ English Ø
Axt [f] ax/axe

Hüfte [f] hip
Mond [m] moon
Saft [m] sap
saftig sappy
st is English f, always in cases at the end of a word:
Meaning of German cognate Old English Cognate

æf,
off af,
of
æf,
off af,
of
half healf
if ġif
deaf dēaf
female,
wīflīċ
feminine
pondence always occurs between vowels (though in English, this may be only an orthographic silent e). English f and v are therefore in com
and have developed from the same source.
Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate
to deprive,
berēafian
to rob,
to bereave
beaver beofor
even (flat and smooth) efen
to give giefan
grave græf
to have
to lift
autumn hærfest
to notch,
to nick ceorfan
to live
liver lifer
love lufu
to praise,
to compliment so. lofian
navel nafela
upper,
senior,
ofer
chief;
over,
above
raven hræfn
ointment,
sealf
salve
to scrape,
to shave
sċafan
to push,
to shove
sċūfan
sieve
seven seofon
silver seolfor
to die steorfan
pigeon,
*dūfe
dove
bad,
evil, yfel
sick
above,
about, ofer
over
to weave wefan
urther demonstrated by words where English f (word-final) alternates with v (word-medial) in inflection.

thief þēof
calf cælf
loaf hlāf
foliage lēaf
body līf
lovable,
dear,
darling,
sweet, leof
good-hearted,
kind
sheaf sċēaf
staff stæf
woman wīf

eald,
old
ald
beard beard
to keep,
to maintain,
behealdan
to retrain
ready rǣde
bedu,
prayer bed
bed bedd
request bedu
to ask,
to request
biddan
blade blæd
bride brȳd
broad brād
bread brēad
brood brōd
wire þrǣd
vain,
īdel
conceited
flood flōd
fodder fōdor
to be effective,
ġieldan
to count (be valid)
to glide glīdan
to glide glīdan
god god
belt gyrdel
good gōd
friendly gōdlīċ
to hold healdan
hard heard
refuge,
shelter, hord
day care
hundred hundred
hat hōd
to beware (of) so./sth.,
hēdan
to tend (a herd/flock)
cold cald
to guide,
to lead, lǣdan
to run sth.
ladder hlǣder
leader lǣdere
perpendicular,
plummet,
lēad
solder,
sounding lead
mountain pasture mǣd
mildew
mead medu
with mid
means,
middel
median (average value);
middle
courage mōd
courageous mōdiġ
need nīed
adder,
nǣdre
viper
to guess,
to advise rǣdan
to ride (an animal) rīdan
to save hreddan
red rēad
sowing, sǣd,
seed sēd
full,
lush,
sæd
to be full (food)
shadow sċeadu
shadow sċeadu
shadow sċeadu
shoulder sċuldra
crushed grain,
scrēad
small shot
sword sweord
side sīde
city stede
steady,
continuous
mare stōd
day dæġ
to meet;
to dawn dagian
daily dæġlīċ
valley dæl
brave,
plucky
dǣd,
deed
dēd
dew dēaw
deaf dēaf
to dive
pigeon,
*dūfe
dove
threshing floor, denn,
barn for threshing denu
dīc,
pond
dīċ
dough dāh
part,
dāl
fraction
to divide,
to share dǣlan
deep dēop
dīor,
animal
dēor
daughter dohtor
death dēaþ
deadly dēadlīċ
amazing,
great;
dol
crazy (obs.)
gate duru
dead dēad
drop dropa
to drop;
to drip
to drip
efficient,
capable,
hard,
dyhtiġ
competent,
big
to do dōn
door duru
under under
judgement,
ordāl
verdict
to preside over sth.,
to prevail, wealdan
to rule
to wait,
to maintain
weardian
to wade wadan
wide wīd
weorold,
world worold,
woruld
to bet,
to wager
weddian
weddian
widewe,
widow
wuduwe
time tīd
seasonal,
timely
eye ēage
to cover,
to occupy,
beleċġan
to belay
ǣniġ,
some
āni
fly (animal) flēoġe
to fly
fleeting,
superficial,
fleeing
to connect fēġan
to yawn ġinian
ġearn,
yarn
ġern
garden,
ġeard
yard
yellow ġeolu
money ġild
to be effective,
ġieldan
to count (be valid)
holy hāliġ
honey huniġ
hungry hungriġ
strong,
sturdy, cræftiġ
vigorous
to lay leċġan
to lie
to lie
powerful,
mihtiġ
mighty
milky
to like
to groom; plēon;
to nurse, pleġan
to tend so./sth.
rye ryġe
juicy sæpiġ
to say seċġan
shabby
sunny *sunniġ
steady,
continuous
day dæġ
daily dæġlīċ
efficient,
dyhtiġ
capable,
hard,
dyhtiġ
competent,
big
sad drēoriġ
path,
weġ
way
seasonal,
timely
stuff,
things
to bend,
to bow būgan
bow boga
shoulder joint (animal) bōh
own,
āgen
proper
elbow elboga
elbow elboga
plow plōh
sagu,
saw
saga
to meet;
to dawn dagian
dough dāh
to carry,
to bear,
dragan
dragan
to wear
trough,
trog
trench
to weigh wegan
German and English exhibit two kinds of changes from *k. In German, *k can remain k or become ch (/x/), while in English, *k can remain
bæċ,
stream
beċe
pale,
wan, blǣċ
sallow
breach, briċe,
crack, bryċe
fracture
beech bēċe
roof
to last,
to pass sth. to so.,

rǣċan
to reach,
to suffice
swylc,
such
swilċ
language,
spǣċ
speech
pond dīċ
to be awake, wæċċan,
to watch over so./sth. weċċan
which hwilċ
sow bæc
pale, blāc,
wan, blǣc
sallow
to need,
to require,
brūcan
to use
break brecan
swamp,
brōc
marsh
book bōc
oak āc
brash,
cheeky, freca
insulting
same,
ġelīc
very similar
ioc,
yoke ġioc,
ġeoc
bone
to boil,
to cook
to crash,
to crack, cracian
to creak
cake ceace
pool lacu
leek,
lēac
allium
lark (bird) lāwerce
milk meolc
milky
to avenge,
to take revenge wrecan
rake, racu,
grill raca
to calculate,
to reckon
to smell rēocan
matter,
sacu
cause
to speak specan
stork storc
stroke
to stroke strīcan
to stroke,
strācian
to pet,
to fondle
stroke,
strica
line
to dive
weak,
wāc
soft
wice,
week
wicu
sign tācn
bæċ,
pastry
beċe
bench benċ
bierċe,
birch
birċe
ċeorl
select (sb) (usage note: the present

form is very rare)
finch finċ
to hatch,
to give birth to
beetle ċeafor
meager,
barren, ċeariġ
poor
ċyrn
to chew ċēowan
to chew ċēowan
U-turn
chin ċinn
cryċċ,
crutch
criċċ
ċele,
coolness ċiele,
ċyle
stench,
odor, stenċ
smell
to stretch
piece styċċe
to water drenċan
to pinch

monkey,
apa
ape
on, ūp,
upon, upp
up
to grab,
to grip,
grīpan
to take effect
harp hearpe
heap hēap
to help helpan
to help helpan
help help
to hope hopian
hip hype
to walk,
to run
hlēapan
to walk,
to run
spoon
open open
to scuffle,
to tuffle
mature,
rīpe
ripe
juice sæp
juicy sæpiġ
to accomplish sth.,
sċieppan
to manage,
to cope with sth.

sharp; sċarp,
hot, sċearp
spicy (food)
ship sċip
stēop- (prefix),
step- (prefix)
stēp- (prefix)
deep dēop
weapon wǣpen
to throw weorpan
to throw weorpan
apple æppel
to hop hoppian
crop,
cropp
goitre
path pæþ
to groom,
to nurse, plegian
to tend so./sth.
plow plōh
to pluck,
to pick
quagmire,
pōl
mudhole
hull,
torso,
trunk
to stamp
to stamp
stæppan,
to trudge steppan
to stoff,
to plug,
stoppian
to darn (sewing)
stump
brave,
plucky
drop dropa
to drop;
to drip
to drip
out,
out of, ūt
from
to bite bītan
better betera
that þæt
that þæt
to eat (of a person) etan
barrel,
fæt
keg,
drum, fæt
cask,
vat
to eat (of an animal) fretan
foot fōt
gutter
semolina grēot
big,
huge, grēat
large
greet grētan
hate hete
to hate hatian
hornet hyrnet
kettle
lump, clūd;
dumpling clūt,
clod
lump, clūd;
dumpling clūt,
clod
to let lǣtan
lot,
hlot
fate
to measure metan
nut hnutu
to tip,
to tear wrītan
wrītan
backside,
buttocks
to shit sċītan
to throw smītan
to shoot sċēotan
sweat swāt
chair setl
to sit sittan
to forget forgietan
what hwæt
water wæter
twilight,
dusk
mordant;
marinade
to fart
to grunt grunnettan
heart heorte
heat hǣte
to scratch wrītan
salt,
salt
sealt
filth,
dirt,
smut
filthy,
dirty,
smutty
apron sċyrte
apron
to place,
to put,
to set, settan
to sit down
to sit sittan
stilt
to fall down,
to dash,
to throw
wart wearte
wheat hwǣte
joke witt
root wyrt
chewy,
tōh
tough
number,
talu
figure
to count tellan
to count tellan
tame tam
pliers,
pincers, tange
tongs
delicate,
teart
tender
bridle tēam
fence tūn
tick
toe tā
ten tīen
to live on sth. teran
sign tācn
time tīd
seasonal,
timely
to tug,
to drag sth.,
teran
to wrench
stuff,
things
room timber
tin tin
merlon,
tind
roof terrace
tit (of an animal)

to,
tō
too
to,
tō
too
to jerk tucian
to jerk tucian
tinder tynder
tongue tunge
twig twīg
two twā
to pinch
to blink,
to wink
turmoil,
strife,
discord
twelve twelf
eleven
barrel,
keg,
fæt
drum, cask,
vat
yard,
garden;
hof
court,
palace
shovel sċofl
twelve twelf
sh exhibits two kinds of changes from *h. In English, *h can become a gh / ∅/, or it can become gh /f/. This yields two possible rules of cor
still,
þēah
yet
high hēah
powerful,
mihtiġ
mighty
efficient,
capable,
hard,
dyhtiġ
competent,
big
Meaning of German word Old English cognate
to whisper,
to aspirate
Meaning of German word Old English cognate
to pant
hlehhan,
to laugh hliehhan
chewy,
tōh
tough

to freeze,
to be cold frēosan
boulder,
cliff
holly,
pod,
case
our ūre
iron īren
choose;
chose;
chosen
hare hara
hazel hæsl
bath bæþ
to bathe baþian
brother brōþor
þār,
there þǣr,
þēr
roof þæċ
thank; þancian,
thanked; þoncian
thanked
þan,
then þon,
þanne
that þæt
thumb þūma
thumbstall þȳmel
to think þencan
to think þencan
thick þicce
thief þēof
plank,
hallway, þille
foyer
thing þing
thistle þistel
still,
þēah
yet
thorn þorn
wire þrǣd
urge,
drive
jostle,
throng
to rotate,
to spin, þrāwan
to turn
þrī,
three
þrīe
to thresh,
to thrash
þrescan
to thresh,
to thrash
þrescan
throttle (mech.);
throat of game þrote
(hunter's jargon)
thin þynne
through þuruh
through þurh
þurst,
thirst
þyrst
oath āþ
Earth eorþe
feather feþer
heath,
hǣþ
hǣþ
moor
stove,
heorþ
cooker
leather leþer
weary,
lāþ
sorry (anguish)
mouth mūþ
down,
niþer
low
north norþ
path pæþ
damage,
harm
smith smiþ
smithy
swath;
swæþ
waft
to simmer,
to seethe sēoþan
south sūþ
death dēaþ
neither hwæþer
against wiþ
again wiþ
month mōnaþ
moth moþþe
to thaw þāwian
thousand þūsend
worth weorþ
such swilċ
which hwilċ
to churn,
to tumble sth.;
wealcan
to knead (coll.)
h languages exhibit some tendency to drop the original *r.
þār,
there þǣr,
þēr
world worold
where hwær
me mē
language,
spǣċ
speech
to speak specan
against wiþ
again wiþ
we wē
thread twīn
thumb þūma
thumbstall þȳmel
crumb cruma
crumb cruma
to crumble
to nibble
to take,
to seize;
to receive
to take,
to seize;
to receive
to slumber,
to doze
room timber
besema,
broom
besma
ground botm
breast bōsm
thread fæþm
other ōþer
burden;
byrden
byrden
weight
damp,
haze, dust
mist
a,
ān
an
elbow elboga
elbow elboga
boulder,
cliff
goose gōs
knot cnotta
king cyning
my mīn
mouth mūþ
grass-snake nǣdre
raven hræfn
star steorra
to meet;
to dawn dagian
our ūre
weapon wǣpen
wish wȳsċan
to wish wȳsċan
ewe ēowu
to brew brēowan
owl ūle
to beat,
to hit,
hēawan
to hew (in stone)
to chew ċēowan
claw clawu
crow crāwe
hrǣw,
hrēaw,
raw
hrēow,
hrā
snow snāw
to spit (sth.),
to vomit
spīwan
to spread,
to strew
strēawian
straw strēaw
dēaw,
dew
dēaw
hide,
bælġ
bellows
felly,
fealh
rim
to follow fylġan
to indulge (in sth.),
to wallow swelgan
tallow,
suet
hide,
bælġ
bellows
felly,
rim
mountain beorg
to borrow,
borġian
borġian
to lend
castle,
burh
fortification
morning;
tomorrow
worry,
concern, sorh
sorrow
to recover so./sth.,
to rescue,
to save so./sth.
meager,
barren, ċeariġ
poor
to strangle,
wyrġan
to gag,
to retch
marrow mearh
hail hæġl
nail næġl
snæġl,
slug
sneġl
seġl,
sail
seġel
to sail seġlian
bird fugol
reġn,
rain
rēn
lair,
leġer
camp
mother
father
weather
to carry,
to bear,
dragan
to wear
to carry,
to bear,
dragan
to wear
to water drenċan
dream drēam
sad drēoriġ
to drink drincan
drop dropa
narrow smæl
to throw smītan
to hurt smeortan
to hurt smeortan
smith smiþ
smithy
to smear
to smuggle smūgan
filth,
dirt,
smut
filthy,
dirty,
smutty
snow snāw
slug sneġl
cord,
string
bridge bryċġ
corner,
eċġ
edge
hedge heċġ
midge,
gnat,
mosquito
back,
hryċġ
ridge
eight æhta
bay,
bight,
bight
dense,
tight
fight feoht
to fence,
to fight
feohtan
flight flyht
fleeting,
superficial,
fleeing
fear fryhtu
weight wiht
face
servant cniht
easy, lēoht,
light līht
light lēoht
might, meaht,
power miht
night niht
nocturnal,
nihtlīċ
nightly
not nōwiht
duty pliht
right riht
killing,
sleht
battle
bad sliht
plain,
sliht
simple
sight
daughter dohtor
near neah
through þuruh
through þurh
after nēah
neighbor nēahġebūr
whale hwæl
when
what hwæt
neither hwæþer
while hwīl
white hwīt
wheat hwǣte
hwilc,
which
hwilċ
puppy,
hwelp
cub
if,
hwænne
when
hwȳ,
how
hwī
where hwær
friendly gōdlīċ
yearly ġēarlīc
male,
manly,
masculine
nocturnal,
nihtlīċ
nightly
daily dæġlīċ
deadly dēadlīċ
female,
wīflīċ
feminine
yellow ġeolu
swallow (bird) swealwe
dumb dumb
comb camb
to climb climban
lamb,
lamb
lomb
five fif
soft sēfte
ears,
arse
ærs
perch bærs
scabies
damage,
harm
to scrape
apron
killing,
battle
bad sliht
sloe slāh
slime slīm
plain,
sliht
sliht
simple
to slumber,
to doze
swath;
swæþ
waft
swallow (bird) swealwe
swan,
swan
swon
swarm swearm
to swarm,
to adore,
to gush
swine swīn
sweat swāt
to indulge (in sth.),
to wallow swelgan
to swell swellan
sword sweord
to swim swimman
to swear by/on so./sth. (NOT: to

swerian
curse)
to avenge,
to take revenge wrecan
wræċċa,
valiant
wreċċa
to tip,
to tear wrītan
to wrestle wringan
back of the hand,
wrist
instep,
wrist
withers
to carve,
to scratch wrītan
axe æx
hip hype
moon mōna
juice sæp
juicy sæpiġ
Old Norse Cognate Proto-Germanic root
af *ab
af *ab
halfr *halbaz
ef,
*jabai
if
daufr *daubaz
y an orthographic silent e). English f and v are therefore in complementary distribution,
Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
*biraubōną
*bebruz
jafn *ebnaz
gefa *gebaną
gröf *grabą
hafa *habjaną
hafa *habjaną
*harbistaz
*kerbaną
lifa *libjaną
lifr *librō
*lubō
lofa *lubōną
nafli *nabalô
*uber
hrafn *hrabnaz
*salbō
*skabaną
*skeubaną
*sebun
silfr *silubrą
*sterbaną
dúfa *dūbǭ
*ubilaz
*uber
vefa *webaną
word-medial) in inflection.

þjófr *þeubaz
kalfr *kalbaz
hleifr *hlaibaz
lauf *laubą
líf *lībą
ljúfr *leubaz
*skauba-
stafr *stabaz
víf *wībą

*aldaz
*bardaz
*bihaldaną
*bedō,
*bedą,
*gabedą
*badją
*bedō
*bidjaną
*bladą
*brūdiz
*braidaz
*braudą
*brōduz
*þrēduz
*īdalaz
*flōduz
*fōdrą
*geldaną
*glīdaną
*glīdaną
*gudą
*gurdilaz
*gōdaz
*gōdalīkaz
halda *haldaną
*harduz
*huzdą
*hundaradą
*hōdaz
*hōdijaną
kaldr *kaldaz
*laidijaną
*hlaidrijō
*laudą
*mēdwō
*milidawwaz
*meduz
*midi
*midlą
*mōdaz
*mōdagaz
*naudiz
*nadrǭ
*rēdaną
*rīdaną
*hradjaną
*raudaz
*sēdiz
*sadaz
*skadwaz
*skadwaz
*skadwaz
*skuldrô
*skraudō
*swerdą
*sīdǭ
*stadiz
*stōdą
*dagaz
*dagāną
dalr *dalą
dapr *dapraz
*dēdiz
*dawwaz,
*dawwą
daufr *daubaz
*dūkaną
dúfa *dūbǭ
*danjō
*dīkaz
*daigaz
*dailą
deila *dailijaną
djúpr *deupaz
dýr,
*deuzą
djór
*duhtēr
dauðr *dauþuz
*dulaz
dyrr *durz
*daudaz
dropi *drupô
*duhtiz
*dōną
dyrr *durz
undir *under
*uzdailiją
valda *waldaną
*wardāną
*wadaną
*wīdaz
verǫld *weraldiz
*wadjōną
*wadjōną
*widuwǭ
*tīdiz
*augô
*ainagaz
*fleugǭ
*fleuganą
*fōgijaną
*ginōną
*garną
*gardaz
*gelwaz
*geldą
*geldaną
*hailagaz
*hunagą
*hungragaz
*lagjaną
*ligjaną
*leuganą
*mahtīgaz
*maganą
*plehaną,
*plegōną
*rugiz
*sagjaną
*dagaz
*duhtiz
*duhtiz
*dreuzagaz
*wegaz
*teugą
*beuganą
bogi *bugô
*bōguz
eiginn *aiganaz
ǫlbogi *alinabugô
ǫlbogi *alinabugô
*plōgaz
sǫg *sagō
*dagāną
*daigaz
draga *draganą
draga *draganą
trog *trugaz
*weganą
remain k or become ch (/x/), while in English, *k can remain k or become ch (/tʃ/).
*bakiz
*blaikaz
*brukiz
*bōkijǭ
*þaką
*raikijaną
*swalīkaz
*sprēkō
*dīkaz
*wakjaną
*hwilīkaz
bak *baką
*blaikaz
*brūkaną
*brekaną
*brōkaz
bók *bōks
eik *aiks
*frekô
líkr *galīkaz
*juką
*knukô
*kukōną
*krakōną
kaka *kakǭ
*lakō,
lœkr
*lōkiz
laukr *laukaz
*laiwarikǭ
mjǫlk *meluks
reka *wrekaną
rǫk, *rakō,
reka *rekô
*rekanōną
rjúka *reukaną
sǫk *sakō
*sprekaną
storkr *sturkaz
*straikaz
*strīkaną
*straikōną
*strikiz
*dūkaną
veikr *waikwaz
vika *wikǭ
teikn *taikną
*bakiz
*bankiz
*birkijǭ
*karilaz
*keusaną
*finkiz
*kebrô
*karagaz
*kernǭ
*kewwaną
*kewwaną
*kinnuz
*krukjō
*kaliz
*stankwiz
*strakjaną
*stukkiją
*drankijaną
*twikkijaną

api *apô
upp *upp
grípa *grīpaną
harpa *harpǭ
*haupaz
hjalpa *helpaną
hjalpa *helpaną
hjalp *helpō
*hupōną
*hupiz
*hlaupaną
hlaupa *hlaupaną
opinn *upanaz
*ruppōną
*sapą
*skapjaną
*skarpaz
*skipą
stjúp- (prefix) *steupa- (prefix)
djúpr *deupaz
*wēpną
*werpaną
*werpaną
*aplaz
hoppa *huppōną
*kruppaz
*paþaz
*plehaną,
*plegōną
*plōgaz
plukka,
plokka
*plukkōną
*pōlaz
*stapjaną
*stuppōną
*stumpaz
dapr *dapraz
dropi *drupô
út *ūt
bíta *bītaną
betri *batizô
þat *þat
þat *þat
eta *etaną
fat *fatą
fat *fatą
*fraetaną
fótr *fōts
grjót *greutą
*grautaz
*grōtijaną
hatr *hataz
hata *hatōną
*hurznutō
ketill *katilaz
*klūtaz
*klūtaz
láta *lētaną
hlutr *hlutą
meta *metaną
hnot *hnuts
rita *wrītaną
rita *wrītaną
skíta *skītaną
*smītaną
*skeutaną
*swait-
sjǫtull *setlaz
sitja *sitjaną
*fragetaną
*hwat
*watōr
beita *baitō
freta,
frata *fertaną
*grunnatjaną
hjarta *hertô
*haitį̄
rita *wrītaną
salt *saltą
*skurtijǭ
skyrta *skurtijǭ
setja *satjaną
sitja *sitjaną
*sturtijaną
*wartǭ
*hwaitijaz
*witją
*wrōts
*tanhuz
tala *talō
telja *taljaną
telja *taljaną
tamr *tamaz
tǫng
taumr *taumaz
tún *tūną
tá *taihwǭ
*tehun
*teraną
teikn *taikną
*tīdiz
*teraną
*teugą
timbr *timrą
tin *tiną
*tindaz
*tō,
*ta
*tō,
*ta
*tukkōną
*tukkōną
*tundrą
tunga *tungǭ
*twīgą
*twai
*twikkijaną
*twalif
ellifu *ainalif
fat *fatą
hof *hufą
*skuflō
*twalif
/, or it can become gh /f/. This yields two possible rules of correspondence.
þó *þauh
hár *hauhaz
*mahtīgaz
*duhtiz

*hlahjaną
*tanhuz
frjósa *freusaną
fell,
*falisaz
fjall
*hulisaz
*unseraz
*īsarną
*keusaną
heri *hasô
*hasalaz
bað *baþą
baða *baþōną
bróðir *brōþēr
þar,
þær *þar
*þaką
*þankōną
*þan
þat *þat
*þūmô
*þūmilaz
*þankijaną
*þankijaną
þykkr *þekuz
þjófr *þeubaz
*þiljǭ
þing *þingą
þistill *þistilaz
*þauh
þorn *þurnuz
*þrēduz
*þrēaną
þrír *þrīz
*þreskaną
*þreskaną
þunnr *þunnuz
*þurhw
*þurhw
þorsti *þurstuz
eiðr *aiþaz
jǫrð *erþō
fjǫðr *feþrō
heiðr *haiþī
heiðr *haiþī
*herþaz
leðr *leþrą
leiðr *laiþaz
muðr *munþaz
niðr *niþer
norðr *nurþrą
*paþaz
skaði *skaþô
smiðr *smiþaz
smiðja *smiþjǭ
sjóða *seuþaną
suðr *sunþrą
dauðr *dauþuz
*hwaþeraz
mánaðr *mēnōþs
þúsund *þūsundī
verðr,
*werþaz
verð
*swalīkaz
*hwilīkaz
*walkaną
þar,
þær *þar
*weraldiz
*hwar
*miz
*sprēkō
*sprekaną
*wīz
*twiʀn
*þūmô
*þūmilaz
*krumô,
*krūmô
*krumô,
*krūmô
*nemaną
*nemaną
*slūm-
timbr *timrą
*besamô
*butmaz
*bōsmaz
faðmr *faþmaz
*anþeraz
*burþį ̄;
*burþinjō
*dustą,
dust *dunstą
einn *ainaz
ǫlbogi *alinabugô
ǫlbogi *alinabugô
fell,
*falisaz
fjall
gás *gans
knútr
konungr *kuningaz
mínn *mīnaz
muðr *munþaz
*nadrǭ
hrafn *hrabnaz
*sternǭ
*dagāną
*unseraz
*wēpną
*wunskijaną
*wunskijaną
ær *awiz
*brewwaną
*uwwalǭ
*hawwaną
*kewwaną
kló *klawō
*krāwō
hrár *hrawaz
snær *snaiwaz
spýja *spīwaną
strá *strawjaną
strá *strawą
*dawwaz,
*dawwą
*balgiz
*falgō
fylgja *fulgijaną
svelga *swelganą
*talgaz
*balgiz
*felgō
Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root}
*bergaz
*burgōną
*burgōną
*burgz
*murginaz
*surgō
*berganą
*karagaz
*wurgijaną
*mazgą
*haglaz
*naglaz
*snagilaz
*seglą
*seglōną,
*siglijaną
*fuglaz
*regną
*legrą
móðir *mōdēr
faðir *fadēr
*wedrą
draga *draganą
draga *draganą
*drankijaną
draumr *draumaz
*dreuzagaz
*drinkaną
dropi *drupô
smalr *smalaz
*smītaną
*smertaną
*smertaną
smiðr *smiþaz
smiðja *smiþjǭ
smyrja *smirwijaną
smjúga *smeuganą
snær *snaiwaz
*snagilaz
snara *snarhǭ
*brugjǭ
*agjō
*hagjō
*hrugjaz
*ahtōu
*buhtiz
*þinhtaz
*fehtaną
*fluhtiz
*wihtiz
*sihtiz
*knehtaz
*linhtaz
*leuhtą
*mahtiz
*nahts
*plihtiz
*rehtaz
*slihtaz
*slihtaz
*sihtiz
*duhtēr
*nēhw
*þurhw
*þurhw
*nēhw
*nēhwagabūrô
*hwalaz
*hwat
*hwaþeraz
*hwīlō
*hwītaz
*hwaitijaz
*hwilīkaz
*hwelpaz
*hwī
*hwar
*gōdalīkaz
*gelwaz
*swalwǭ
*dumbaz
kambr *kambaz
*klimbaną
lamb *lambaz
*fimf
*samftijaz
ars *arsaz
*barsaz
skabb *skabbaz
skaði *skaþô
skrapa
skyrta *skurtijǭ
*slihtaz
slím *slīmą
*slihtaz
*slihtaz
*slūm-
*swalwǭ
*swanaz
*swarmaz
*swīną
*swait-
*swelganą
*swellaną
*swerdą
*swimmaną
*swarjaną
*wrekaną
*wrakjô
*wrītaną
*wringaną
*wristuz
*wristuz
*wrītaną
øx *akwisī
*hupiz
*mēnô
*sapą
Irregular and Singleton Cognates
StandardGerman cognate Modern English cognate
eve;
Abend [m]
even
achtzig eighty
Alp [m] elf
Alp(traum) [m] elf
Ameise [f] ant

Amsel [f] ouzel
Arsch [m] arse
baden; bask;
badete; basked;
(ge)badet basked
beid- (det.) both
Blut [n] blood
bluten; bleed;
blutete; bled;
(ge)blutet bled
blutig bloody
Bräutigam [m] brideg(r)oom
Brodem [m]
breath
(chiefly)
Bube boy
Donner [m] thunder
Donnerstag [m] Thursday

dreißig thirty
dreizehn thirteen
dröge dry
Eibe [f] yew
Eiland [n] i(s)land
Elch [m] elk
euch you
fassen; fetch;
fasste; fetched;
(ge)fasst fetched
Freitag [m] Friday
Füchsin vixen
fünfzehn fifteen
fünfzig fifty
Furche [f] furrow
gehen; go;
ging; (went);
(ge)gangen gone
genug enough
Graf [m] (she)riff
Habicht [m] hawk
Hafen [m] haven

Hanf [m] hemp
Haupt- (prefix);
Haupt [n] (chiefly) head
(ver)heeren; harry;
(ver)heerte; harried;
(ver)heert harried
Hengst [m] hench(man)
Hirsch [m] hart

ich I
jetzt yet
keck quick
clod;
Kloß [m]
cloud
können; - (can);
konnte; could;
(ge)konnt couth/could
könnend cunning (adj.)
Krippe [f] crib
Landschaft [f] landscape
lauwarm lukewarm
Lenz [m] Lent
machen; make;
machte; made;
(ge)macht made
maid;
Magd [f]
maid(en)
manch- (det.) many
mischen; mix;
mischte; mixed;
(ge)mischt mixed
Molch [m] mole

Montag [m] Monday
mürbe mellow
nackt naked
nagen; gnaw;
nagte; gnawed;
(ge)nagt gnawed
Natter [f] adder
neunzig ninety
nicht not
rau;
rough
rauh
Reich [n] (bishop)ric
Rogen [m] roe (fish eggs)
Ross [n] (often chiefly) horse
saugen; suck;
saugte; sucked;
(ge)saugt sucked
schichten; shift;
schichtete; shifted;
(ge)schichtet shifted
schlagen; slay;
schlug; slew;
(ge)schlagen slain
schmoren; smother;
schmorte; smothered;
(ge)schmort smothered
Schwester [f] sister

sechzig sixty
selten seldom
siebzig seventy
sollen; - (shall);
sollte; should;
(ge)sollt should
Sonntag [m] Sunday
Spinne [f] spider
Steige [f] sty
Stiel stalk
Sünde [f] sin

süß sweet
Tracht [f] draught/draft
treffen; drub;
traf; drubbed;
(ge)troffen drubbed
treten; tread;
trat; trod/tread;
(ge)treten trodden/tread
uns us
vierzehn fourteen
vierzig forty
Wicht [m] whit
wirbeln; whirl;
wirbelte; whirled;
(ge)wirbelt whirled
zäh tough
Zahn [m]; tooth;
Zähne [pl.] teeth
zeigen; teach;
zeigte; taught;
(ge)zeigt taught
zittern; dither;
zitterte; dithered;
(ge)zittert dithered
zwanzig twenty
Zwerg [m] dwarf

ǣfen,
evening
ēfen
eighty
nightmare ælf
nightmare ælf
ant ǣmette
blackbird ōsle
ears,
arse
ærs
to bathe
both bā þā
blood blōd
to bleed blēdan
bloody blōdiġ
bridegroom brȳdguma
vapor,
brǣþ
strong smell
boy,
knave,
jack
thunder þunor
Thursday þursdæġ
thirty þrītiġ
thirteen þreotīene
drȳġe,
dull
drīġe
īw,
yew
ēow
īeġland,
island
īġland
elh,
elk eolh,
elch
you ēow
to grab,
to grasp feċċan
Friday frīġedæġ
vixen fixen
fifteen fīftīene
fifty fīftiġ
furrow furh
to go gān
enough ġenōg
count (nobility) ġerēfa
hawk
harbor hæfen
hemp
main,
major, hēafod
chief;
head
to devastate herian
to devastate herian
stallion hengest
heorot,
deer
heort
I
currently,
now
bold,
cwic
perky
lump, clūd;
dumpling clod
to be able to cunnan
able to do
cribb,
crib
crib
landscape,
countryside,
scenery
lukewarm
spring lencten
to do,
to make macian
maidservant mæġden
some maniġ
to mix *mixian
salamander,
newt
Monday mōnandæġ
tender,
meru
soft
naked nacod
to gnaw gnagan
grass-snake nǣdre
ninety
not nāht
rough rūh
empire,
rīce
realm
roe (fish eggs)
horse hors
to suck sūcan
to stack,
to layer
to hit,
to slay
slēan
to braise
sister
sixty sixtiġ
rare,
seldan
seldom
seventy
to be supposed to sċulan
Sunday sunnandæġ
spider
stī,
hen-coop
stiġ
stalk, a long, fairly thin, protrusion stalu
sin synn
swōt;
sweet
swēte
garb
to hit so./sth.,
to strike sth., drepan
to meet so.
tread tredan
us ūs
fourteen fēowertīene
forty
gnome wiht
to swirl,
to whirl
chewy,
tōh
tough
tooth tōþ
to show tǣċan
to shiver,
to tremble,
to vibrate
twenty twēntiġ
dwarf dweorg
*ēbanþs
*ahtōutēhundą
alfr *albiz
alfr *albiz
*ēmaitijǭ
*amslǭ
ars *arsaz
baðask *baþōną
báðir
*blōþą
*blōþijaną
*brūdigumô
*brēþiz
*þunraz
*Þunras dagaz
*þrīz tigiwiz
þrettán *þritehun
*drūgiz
*īhwaz
eyland *awjōlandą
*elhaz
*izwiz
*fatōną
*Frijjōz dagaz
*fuhsinjō
*fimftehun
*fimf tigiwiz
*furhs
gá *gāną
*ganōgaz
greifi *grēfijô
haukr *habukaz
hǫfn *habnō
*hanapiz
*haubudą
herja *harjōną
herja *harjōną
*hangistaz
hjǫrtr *herutaz
*ek
*kwikwaz
*klūtaz
kunna *kunnaną
krubba *kribjǭ
*langatīnaz
*makōn
*magaþs
*managaz
*miskijaną
*mēniniz dagaz
*marwaz
*nakwadaz
gnaga *gnaganą
*nadrǭ
*newuntēhundą
*rūhwaz
ríki *rīkiją
*hrugnaz
hross *hrussą
*sūkaną,
*sūganą
*skiftijaną
slá *slahaną
systir *swestēr
*sehs tigiwiz
sjaldan *seldana
*sebuntēhundą
*skulaną
*sunnōniz dagaz
*spinþrô
stía,
stí
*sundī
*swōtuz
*drahtuz
drepa *drepaną
*trudaną
oss *uns
fjórtán *fedurtehun
*fedwōr tigiwiz
*wihtiz
*hwerbaną
*tanhuz
*tanþs
*taikijaną
*twai tigiwiz
*dwergaz
Archaic, Dialectical, Obsolete, Poetic, Rare, or Regional Cognates
Cases where either the German or the English or both members of the cognate pair are considered archaic, obsolete, rare, r
mark
Standard German cognate Modern English Cognate
Aar* [m] er(ne)

after-* (prefix) after
Alb* [m]; elf;

Alben* elves
Ameise [f] emmet*
auch eke
Bär* boar
baußen* but
Bille* bill*
bleiben; beleave*;
blieb; beleft*;
(ge)blieben beleft*
blid*,
blied*
blithe
Bolle* bowl
Bube bub*
Degen [m] thane*
dein thine*
dir thee*
Dorf [n] thorp*
Driss* dirt
drucken; thrutch*;
druckte; thrutched*;
(ge)druckt thrutched*
drücken; thrutch*;
drückte; thrutched*;
(ge)drückt thrutched*
du thou*
edel athel*
Erend* errand
Fachs* fax*
fegen; fay*;
fegte; fayed*;
(ge)fegt fayed*
Feim* foam
feren*/fähren*; ferry;
ferte*/fährte*; ferried;
(ge)fert*/(ge)fährt* ferried
Föhre* [f] fir
Friede(n) [m],
frith*
Friede [m]
Frosch [m] frosh*
fürder(hin)* (chiefly) further
gar yar*
Geiß* [f] goat
Graf [m] reeve*
grimm* grim
gürten*; gird*;
gürtete*; girt*/girded*;
(ge)gürtet* girt*/girded*
Heilige [m/f/n] hallow*

Helm [m] helm*
Holz [n] holt*

Holz [n] holt*
ihr ye*
jen- (det.) yon*
Käu/Keu* jaw
kennen; ken*;
kannte; kent*/kenned*;
(ge)kannt kent*/kenned*
Kiesel [m] chisel
kiesen*; choose;
kor*; chose;
(ge)koren* chosen
kipfen*; chip;
kipfte*; chipped;
(ge)kipft* chipped
Knabe [m] knave*
Kobe(n)* cove
kund couth*
Lachs [m] lax*
Last [f] last*
Laube* leave
Leiche [f] lich*
leid loath*/loth*
leiden; lithe*;
litt; lode*/lithed*;
(ge)litten lidden*/lithed*
lesen; lease*;
las; leased*;
(ge)lesen leased*
Leute [pl.] lede*
lind lithe
lindern; lithe*;
linderte; lithed*;
(ge)lindert lithed*
List list*
(ge)lüsten; list*;
(ge)lüstete; listed*;
gelüstet listed*
Meil mole
Morgen [m] ; morn*;
morgen morrow*
müssen; mote*;
musste; must*;
(ge)musst must*
Neid [m] nithe*
Neid [m] nithe*
Obst [n] ovest*
Rahm [m] ream*

rahmen; roam;
rahmte; roamed;
(ge)rahmt roamed
Rat rede*
rauben; reave*;
raubte; reft*/reaved*;
(ge)raubt reft*/reaved*
Recke* wretch
reihen; wry*;
reihte; wried*;
(ge)reiht wried*
röten; rud*;
rötete; rudded*;
(ge)rötet rudded*
(ge)ruhen (chiefly); reck*;
(ge)ruhte; recked*;
(ge)ruht recked*
Sage saw*
Sang* [m] song
Scheitel shed*
Scheitel shed*
Schinde* skin
Schlacht [f] slaught*
schneiden; snithe*;
schnitt; snothe*/snithed*;
(ge)schnitten snithen*/snithed*
sehrig* sorry
Seil [n] sole*
sonder sunder* (adj.)
Stimme steven*
Suhle sole*
summ(ige)* some
taugen; dow*;
taugte; dought*/dowed*;
(ge)taugt dought*/dowed*
Ufer [n] over*
Wagen [m] wain*

Wagen [m] wain*
Wald [m] wald*/weald*/wold*
walten wald*
Wecken* [m] wedge
wehren; wear*;
wehrte; wore*/weared*;
(ge)wehrt worn*/weared*
werben; wharve*;
warb; whorf*/wharved*;
(ge)worben whorven*/wharved*
werden; worth*;
wurde; worth*/worthed*;
(ge)worden worth*/worthen*/worthed*
Wicht [m] wight*
Wiebel* weevil
Wisch* whisk
wissen ; wit*/wot*;
wusste; wist*;
(ge)wusst wist*
Wurm [m] wyrm*
Zagel* tail
Zähre* tear
Zähre* tear
zeisen*; tease;
zeiste*; teased;
(ge)zeist* teased
Zeitung [f] tiding*
zittern; didder*;
zitterte; diddered*;
(ge)zittert diddered*
zween* twain*
zwei twain*
zwink(er)n; twink*;
zwink(er)t; twinked*;
(ge)zwink(er)t twinked*
gional Cognates
s of the cognate pair are considered archaic, obsolete, rare, regional, or dialectical in that language. Cases where the word is not in everyd
marked with an asterisk (*).
Meaning of German cognate Meaning of English cognate
eagle erne
after- (prefix) after
elf (often malignant) elf
ant ant
also also
boar boar
outside but
any of various bladed or pointed

axe
hand weapons
to leave behind,
to abandon;
to remain
to be left,
to remain
glad, happy,
happy; cheerful;
cheerful indifferent,
careless
bulb bowl
boy,
knave,
jack
epee,
rapier,
hero (arch.), a rank of nobility
warrior (arch.)
your your
you you
hamlet, hamlet,
village, village
town
shit dirt
to crowd,
to trouble,
to print
to thrust
to press, to crowd,
to push to trouble,
to thrust
you you
noble, noble,
elegant illustrious
order,
task,
errand
contract,
errand
hair (head) hair (head)
to sweep; to cleanse;
to polish to clean out
a heap of layered grain foam
to row,
to sail to ferry
pine fir
peace, peace,
tranquility sanctuary
frog frog
henceforth further
cooked, quick and agile (naut);
done (food), easy to hand, reef and steer (naut)
even
goat goat
count (nobility) any of several local officials, with

varying responsibilities
grim
to bind with a cord, to bind with a cord,
to encircle with a belt to encircle with a belt
saint saint
helmet helmet
a woody hill,
wood
wood
copse
you [plural] you [plural]
that that
jaw,
jaw
donkey jowl
to know to know
gravel gravel
to choose to choose
to snip sth. to chip
boy knave
stable,
shed,
cove
nook,
pigsty
familiar,
known
agreeable
salmon salmon
load,
cargo,
load
a measure of weight
permission;
permission
farewell,
departure
corpse corpse
averse,
sorry (anguish)
disinclined
to suffer,
to go
to brook;
to go
to permit
to read (e.g. a book),
to gather
to gather (e.g. berries)
person,
people,
people
nation,
holdings
mild, mild,
gentle slim,
adaptable
to alleviate, to become calm,
to ease, to make soft,
to relieve to make mild

cunning, cunning;
trick art,
skill
to be pleasing to;
to desire
to desire
spot,
stain, mole
blemish
morning,
morning
tomorrow
to have to to have to
envy,
envy
envy
hatred
fruit mast and acorns of the oak
cream cream
to strive to roam
advice; help;
council advice;
counsel;
decision;
a plan
to plunder,
to rob to rob,
to deprive
valiant wretch
to tack, to clothe,
to crimp to cover,
to hide
redness,
to redden blush
to deign, to heed,
to condescend to concern,
to think
legend,
tale, saying
fable
chant,
song
singing
distinction,
dividing line,
hair parting
hair parting,
hair parting
top of head
fruit peel skin
killing, killing,
battle slaughter
to cut,
to trim, to cut
to slice
sore,
sad, sorry
painful
rope,
A wooden band or yoke put around
the neck of an ox or a cow in the stall
cable,
wire
special, sundry,
set apart separate,
different
voice voice
mire,
a dirty pond of standing water
wallow
some some
to be worth,
to be fit to be of use;
to thrive
shore, shore,
riverbank riverbank
car,
wagon
wagon
vehicle
forest forest
to prevail, to govern,
to dominate to inherit
loaf,
wedge
roll
to defend,
to fight to defend
to recruit, to turn,
to advertize to turn over
to be;
to become
to become
gnome a living creature

beetle,
weevil
chafer
wisp;
whisk
sheet of paper
to know,
to know
to be aware of
worm dragon
tail tail
tear tear
tear tear
to pluck,
to pull apart to tease
newspaper news
to shiver, to rattle;
to tremble, to shiver
to vibrate
two two
two two
to blink, to twinkle;
to wink to wink
ectical in that language. Cases where the word is not in everyday use in the contemporary, dominant form of the language are
risk (*).
Old English cognate Old Norse cognate
earn ǫrn
æfter
ælf alfr
ǣmette
ēac
bār
būtan
bill,
bil
belīfan
blīþe
bolla,
bolli
bolle
þegn,
þegen
þegn
þīn þínn
þē
þrop,
þorp þorp
drit drit
þryċċan
þryċċan
æþele aðall
ǣrende
feax fax
fām
ferian
fura,
furh
fýri
friþ friðr
frosċ
ġearu
gāt geit
ġerēfa greifi
grim
gyrdan
helm hjalmr
holt holt
holt holt
ġē
enn,
ġeon
inn
cennan kenna
ċisel
cnafa
cofa kofi
cūþ
leax lax
hlæst
lēaf lauf
līċ
lāþ leiðr
līþan líða
līþan líða
lesan lesa
leode;
leod
līþan líða
list list
māl,
mǣl
mōtan
nīþ níð
nīþ níð
ofett,
ofet
rēam
ræd
reafian
wræċċa,
wreċċa
wrēon
rudian
saga sǫg
sang,
sǫngr
song
scēada
scēada
skinne
snīþan sníða
sāriġ
sāl seil
sundor- sundr
stefn
sol
sum sumr
dugan duga
ōfer,
ōbr
wæġn
wæġn
weald
wealdan valda
wecg
werian verja
hweorfan
wiht vítr
visk
witan vita
wyrm
tæġl,
tagl
tæġel
tǣr,
tár
tár
tēar
tǣsan
twēġen
twēġen
ontemporary, dominant form of the language are
Proto-Germanic root
*arô
*after
*albiz
*ēmaitijǭ
*auk
*bairaz
*bilją
*bilībaną
*blīþiz
*bullô,
*bullǭ
*þegnaz
*þīnaz
*þiz
*þurpą
*dritą
*þrukjaną
*þrukjaną
*þū
*aþalaz
*ārundī
*fahsą
*faimaz
*farjaną
*furhō
*friþuz
*fruskaz
*furþeraz
*garwaz
*gaits
*grēfijô
*grimmaz
*gurdijaną
*helmaz
*hultą
*hultą
*jūz
*jainaz
*kannijaną
*kisil
*keusaną
*knabô
*kubô
*kunþaz
*lahsaz
*hlastuz
*laubą
*līką
*laiþaz
*līþaną
*līþaną
*lesaną
*liudiz
*līþaną
*listiz
*mailą
*murginaz
*mōtaną
*nīþą
*nīþą
*ubatją
*raumaz
*rēdaz
*raubōną
*wrakjô
*wrīhaną
*rudjaną
*rōkijaną
*sagō,
*sagǭ
*sangwaz
*skaidilō
*skaidilō
*skinþą
*snīþaną
*sairagaz
*sailą
*sundraz
*stebnō,
*stamnijō
*sulą
*sumaz
*duganą
*ōferaz
*wagnaz
*wagnaz
*walþuz
*waldaną
*wagjaz
*warjaną
*hwerbaną
*wihtiz
*wiskaz
*witaną
*wurmiz
*taglą
*tahrą
*tahrą
*taisijan
*twai
*twai
Borrowings into Old German and Old English
While there are borrowings from Latin present in Proto-Germanic (e.g. 'mile' and 'pound'), this section lists borrowings fr
German. Thus, these Latin borrowings have occurred early enough that they are no longer recognizably foreign, and largely
form.
Latin Borrowings into Old German and Old English
Abt [m] abbot

Almosen [n] alms
Altar [m] altar
Bischof [m] bishop
Engel [m] angel
falsch 0
Fieber [n] fever
Kohl cabbage
Kohl cabbage
Kopf [m] cup

Kufe coop
Kugel [f] cowl
Kupfer [n] copper
Markt [m] market
Mönch [m] monk
Münster [n] minster

Nonne [f] nun
opfern; offer;
opferte; offered;
(ge)opfert offered
Pech [n] pitch
Pfeffer [m] pepper
Pflanze [f] plant
Pflaster [n] plaster
Schrein [m] shrine
Tafel [f] table
Teufel [m] devil
Wanne [f] fan

manic (e.g. 'mile' and 'pound'), this section lists borrowings from Latin occurring after the Proto-Germanic stage and up to the stages of O
ough that they are no longer recognizably foreign, and largely appear to obey the sound changes that occurred as the two languages evolv
form.
abbot abbat
alms ælmesse
alter,
altar
altar
bishop biscop
angel enċġel
false,
fals
wrong
fever fefor
cāl,
cole cāul,
cāwel
cāl,
kale cāul,
cāwel
head cuppe
vat,
tub
hood,
cūle
cowl
coper,
copper
copor
market market
monk
minster mynster
nun nunne
to sacrifice offrian
pitch;
bad luck,
piċ
misfortune
pepper piper
plant plante
band-aid,
plaster, plaster
pavement
shrine
table, tabele,
slab, tabul,
board tabule,
tabula
devil deofol
tub fann
ring after the Proto-Germanic stage and up to the stages of Old English and Old High
y the sound changes that occurred as the two languages evolved to the contemporary
Old Norse cognate Late Latin root
abbās
eleēmosyna
altare
episcopus
angelus
falsus
febris
caulis
caulis
cuppa
cūpa
cucullus
cuprum
mercātus
monachus
monastērium
nonna
offerō
pix
piper
planta
emplastrum
scrīnium
tabula
diabolus
vannus
I want to find a job here in Germany ich will einen beruf heir in deutschland zu finden
Ich möchte hier in Deutschland einen Job finden
i am happy to be here ich bin gluchlich hier sein
Ich bin froh hier zu sein
i would like to stay here ???
Ich würde gerne hier bleiben
i like to stay here ich mag hier zu bleiben
or ich bleibe gerne hier
infinitive
wollen will/willst/will/wollen/wollt/wollen
dürfen darft/darfst/darft/dürfen/dürft/dürfen
mögen mag/magst/mag/mögen/mögt/mögen
sollen sollt/sollst/solt/sollen/sollt/sollen
müssen muss/musst/muss/müssen/müsst/müssen
können kann/kannst/kann...
perfect
haben gewollt want
haben gedarft may
habe gemocht like
haben gesollt should
haben gemusst must
haben gekonnt can

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Regular cognates with matching consonant values

Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate

Aal [m] eel eel

Bäcker [m] baker baker

Bauer bower birdcage

(am) best(en) (adj.);

bitter bitter bitter

Bock [m] buck buck

Finger [m] finger finger

Fohle(n) [n] foal foal

Hammer [m] hammer hammer

Hand [f] hand hand

lang long long

leisten; last; to perform,

Mehl [n] meal flour

Name [m] name name

Reihe [f] row row

(ver)rottete; rotted; to rot

Schilling [m] shilling a denomination of currency

schimmerte; shimmered; to shimmer

See [f] sea sea

spinnen; spin; to spin yarn;

stören; stir; to bother so.,

störte; stirred; to disturb so./sth.,

(ge)stört stirred to perturb so./sth.

Strand [m] strand beach

ver- (prefix) for- (prefix)

verloren forlorn lost

Werk [n] work work

Wiesel [n] weasel weasel

Winter [m] winter winter

wirken; work; to appear to be sth.,

wirkte; worked,; to be effective

[1] The etymology of unruly also mentions un + rule + y.

Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root

eall allr *allaz

earm armr *armaz

æsce aska *askǭ

bacan baka *bakaną

bæcere bakari *bakārijaz

bēr bára *bērō

bera bera *berô

berstan bresta *brestaną

bindan binda *bindaną

borian bora *burōną

endian enda *andijōną

faran fara *faraną

feallan falla *fallaną

fellan fella *fallijaną

fūl fúll *fūlaz

finger fingr *fingraz

flēon flýja *fleuhaną

heall hǫll *hallō

hōn hanga *hanhaną

hūs hús *hūsą

hāl heill *hailaz

hāl heill *hailaz