Impulse and Momentum

Linear Momentum, Impulse

Impulse-Momentum Theorem
Conservation of Linear Momentum
Linear Momentum 𝑝
• The linear momentum of an object is the product of the object’s
mass times its velocity: 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
• Plural of momentum is “momenta”
• The net force (vector sum of all forces) acting on a particle equals
the time rate of change of momentum of the particle.
Newton’s second Law in terms of momentum, 𝐹 = ∆𝑝 ∆𝑡
Based from the equation, a rapid change in momentum requires a large
net force, while a gradual change in momentum requires less net force.
𝑚
• SI Unit: 𝑘𝑔 ∙
𝑠
Impulse (𝐽)
Impulse
• The impulse of a force is the product of the average force and the
time interval during which the force acts: 𝐽 = 𝐹∆𝑡
• SI Unit: 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠
Linear Momentum 𝑝 and Impulse (𝐽)
• An impulse causes a change in momentum: the change of momentum
produced by an impulse is equal to the impulse in both magnitude
and direction. Thus,
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
𝐹∆t = m 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑜

Newton’s second Law in terms of momentum,

∆𝑝
𝐹= ∆𝑡 → 𝐹∆t = ∆𝑝
𝐹∆t = ∆ 𝑚𝑣 , 𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
∴ 𝐹∆t = m 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑜 𝑜𝑟
𝐽 = 𝑝2 − 𝑝1
Ex. 1 You throw a ball with a mass of 0.40 kg against a brick wall. It hits
the wall moving horizontally to the left at 30m/s and rebounds
horizontally to the right at 20m/s
Find the impulse of the net force on the ball during its collision with the
wall.
𝑝1 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 = 0.40 −30 = −12𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚/𝑠
𝑝2 = 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 0.40 20 = 8.0 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚/𝑠
𝐽 = 𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = 8 − 12 = 20𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚/𝑠

(a) If the ball is in contact with the wall for 0.010 s, find the average
horizontal force that the wall exerts on the ball during the impact.
𝐽 20 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠
𝐹= = = 2000𝑁
∆𝑡 0.010𝑠
Ex. 2 A soccer ball has a mass of 0.40 kg. Initially it is moving to the
left at 20m/s but then it is kicked. After the kick it is moving at 45°
upward and to the right with speed 30m/s (Fig. 8.7a). Find the impulse
of the net force and the average net force, assuming a collision time
∆𝑡 = 0.010𝑠, and the magnitude and direction of the net force.
𝐽𝑥 = 𝑝2𝑥 − 𝑝1𝑥 → m 𝑣2𝑥 − 𝑣1𝑥
= 0.40𝑘𝑔 21.2 − (−20) 𝑚/𝑠
𝐽𝑥 = 16.5 N ∙ 𝑠
𝐽𝑦 = 0.40𝑘𝑔 21.2 − 0 𝑚 𝑠 = 8.5N ∙ 𝑠
𝐽𝑥 16.5 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠 𝐽𝑦 8.5 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠
𝐹𝑥 = = = 1650𝑁 ; 𝐹𝑦 = = = 850𝑁
∆𝑡 0.010𝑠 ∆𝑡 0.010𝑠
𝐹 = 1650 2 + (850)2 = 1.90 × 103 𝑁
−1
850
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 27°
1650
 Impulse-Momentum Theorem
The change in momentum of a particle during a time
interval equals the impulse of the net force that acts
on the particle during that interval.
  
  vf  vo
 F  ma a
t
 mv f  mv o
 F  t

 
  
 F t  mvf  mvo
 Rain comes down with a velocity of -15 m/s and hits the roof of a
car. The mass of rain per second that strikes the roof of the car is 0.060
kg/s. Assuming that rain comes to rest upon striking the car, find the
average force exerted by the rain on the roof.

   
 F t  mvf  mvo
  m 
F    v o
 t 


F  0.060 kg s  15 m s  0.90 N
Conservation of Linear Momentum
If the net external force acting on a system of object is
zero, the vector sum of the momenta of the object will
remain constant.
• The concept of momentum is particularly important in
situations in which we have two or more bodies that
interact.

• Internal forces– Forces that objects within the system

exert on each other.
• External forces – Forces exerted on objects by agents
external to the system.
*There are no external forces when we have an isolated
system.
*If the vector sum of the external forces on a system is
zero, the total momentum of the system is constant.
 Conservation of Linear Momentum
𝑑𝑃
𝐹𝐵 𝑜𝑛 𝐴 + 𝐹𝐴 𝑜𝑛 𝐵 = = 0𝑃 = 𝑝𝐴 + 𝑝𝐵
𝑑𝑡

Ex. 1
A
Ex. 2. A marksman holds a rifle of mass 3.0 kg loosely, so it can
recoil freely. He fires a bullet of mass 5.0 g horizontally with a
velocity relative to the ground of 300m/s What is the recoil velocity
of the rifle? What are the final momentum and kinetic energy of
the bullet and rifle? What is the final momentum of the bullet and
riffle?
 Momentum Conservation and
Collisions
• The vector sum of the momenta just before the event equals
the vector sum of the momenta just after the event. The
vector sum of the momenta of the objects involved does not
change during the collision or explosion.
• Two types of collision
• Elastic – two colliding objects separates after collision.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑚𝐴 𝒗𝐴1 + 𝑚𝐵 𝒗𝐵1 = 𝑚𝐴 𝒗𝐴2 + 𝑚𝐵 𝒗𝑩2
• Inelastic – the colliding objects sticks/stays together and move as
one object after the collision and therefore moves with the same
final velocity. (𝒗𝐴2 = 𝒗𝐵2 = 𝒗2 )
𝑚𝐴 𝒗𝐴1 + 𝑚𝐵 𝒗𝐵1 = (𝑚𝐴 +𝑚𝐵 )𝒗2
Momentum Conservation and Collisions
Ex 3: Two skaters with different masses move towards each other on a
frictionless ice. Skater A (0.3kg) is skating with a velocity of 1.5m/s south,
and skater B (0.5kg) is initially moving with a velocity of 1.0m/s east. After
they collide, skater A moves away with a final velocity of 2.0 m/s. What is the
final velocity of skater B? What is the change in momentum of skater A and
B?
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑚𝐴 𝒗𝑨1 + 𝑚𝐵 𝒗𝐵1 = 𝑚𝐴 𝒗2 + 𝑚𝐵 𝒗𝑩2
𝒗𝑩2 = (𝑚𝐴 𝒗𝑨1 + 𝑚𝐵 𝒗𝐵1 − 𝑚𝐴 𝒗2 )/𝑚𝐵
𝒗𝑩2 = −1.1𝑚/𝑠
∆𝑷𝐴 = 𝑚 𝒗2 − 𝒗1 → 0.3𝑘𝑔 2 − −1.5 𝑚/𝑠
∆𝑷𝐴 = 1.05 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚/𝑠
∆𝑷𝐵 = −1.05𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚/𝑠
Momentum Conservation and Collisions
Ex 4: Apply the same scenario from ex 3, but this time, the gliders
remained together after the collision.
(𝑚𝐴 𝒗𝑨1 + 𝑚𝐵 𝒗𝐵1 ) = (𝑚𝐴 +𝑚𝐵 )𝒗𝑩2
(𝑚𝐴 𝒗𝑨1 + 𝑚𝐵 𝒗𝐵1 )
𝒗𝑩2 =
(𝑚𝐴 +𝑚𝐵 )
𝒗𝑩2 = 0.06
∆𝑷𝐴 = 0.47 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚/𝑠
∆𝑷𝐵 = −0.47 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚/𝑠
Sample Problems
1. a) What is the magnitude of the momentum of a 10,000kg truck whose speed is 12m/s?
b) What speed would a 2,00kg SUV have to attain in order to have the same momentum
as the truck?
2. In a certain men’s track and field event, the shotput has a mass of 7.30kg and is released
with a speed of 15.0 m/s at 40.0° above the horizontal over a man’s straight left leg. What
are the initial horizontal and vertical components of the momentum of this shotput?
3. A 0.045kg golf ball initially at rest is given a speed of 25.0m/s when a club strikes. If the
club and the ball are in contact for 2.0ms, what average force acts on the ball?
4. A 0.160kg hockey puck is moving on an icy, frictionless, horizontal surface. At t=0, the
puck is moving to the right at 3.0 m/s. Calculate the velocity of the puck (magnitude and
direction) after a force of 25.0N directed to the right has been applied for 0.05s.
5. On a frictionless, horizontal air table, puck A (with mass 0.250kg) is moving towards puck
B (with mass 0.350kg), which is initially at rest. After the collision, puck A has a velocity of
0.120 m/s to the left, and puck B has a velocity of 0.650 m/s to the right. What was the
speed of puck A before the collision?
6. On a very muddy football field, a 110kg linebacker tackles an 85kg halfback. Immediately
before the collision, the linebacker is slipping with a velocity of 8.8 m/s north and the
halfback is sliding with a velocity of 7.2 m/s east. What is the velocity (magnitude and
direction) at which two players move together immediately after the collision?