Dr.

Khairedin
Mustafa Nussayrat
CE 434
STEEL STRUCTURES
JORDAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Connection Methods:
Typical examples of structural steel works
connections method:
1-Beam-to-column connections: Bolted
endplate + welded connections
2-Beam-to-beam connections: Endplate type
beam splice (plate-to-plate connection).
3-Column bases: Bolted base plate
connection.
4-Column-to-Column: Splice plate + welded
connections
Example of beam-to-column connections:
Extended End Plate Moment Connection

This connection is the end plate moment

connection. It is made by shop-welding a
plate to the end of a beam and field-bolting
it to a column or to another beam. The four
bolts around the tension flange transmit the
flange force into the column. Additional
bolts may be needed in deeper sections. A
bolt may also be added near the neutral axis
of the beam to prevent gaps between the
plates
Example of Beam-to-beam connections:
Beam Splice Moment Connection

This is a beam splice moment connection.

The flange plates and bolts in this beam
splice must be capable of transferring all
the flange force from one side to the other.
The web plate and bolts may help to resist
moment, but their primary function is to
transfer shear across the splice. This
moment connection has flange plates on
the outside only. In some connections it
may be necessary to have plates inside the
flanges as well.
Example of Column bases: Pipe Column
Base Plate

A round pipe column sits atop a wide flange

and is fastened with a rectangular end plate
having four bolts. Even though all the bolts lie
outside the round section, this is generally
designed as a pinned connection. The column
delivers a concentrated load to the beam and a
bearing stiffener is used on the web.
 Example of Column-to-Column:
Welded Column Splice

An all-welded column splice. The web plate

is shop-welded to the lower column, then
the upper column is lowered into the
connection and field-welded.
The web bolts are just for fit-up and
erection.
Welding is the process of fusion of two metal
surfaces together by heating them in a forge.
Welds made with good forge are really strong and
delicate, and it’s very hard to detect the welding
mark with the naked eye. Welding is useful for a
wide spectrum of industries due to the distinct
properties that this process can alone offer.
There are different types of
welding. Each welding
process is distinct in
application and properties.
There are varieties like :
1-arc welding
2- gas welding, and
3-plasma welding.

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 Arc Welding Basics
One of the most popular and common types of welding in use
today is arc welding. Yet the average layman walking the
street has little understanding of this welding process other
seeing the blinding light flashing from a construction job site
they may walking past at rush hour. Welding is basically just
a fusion process for joining metals. The metals are simply
melted together by intense heat and fuse as one piece. If done
correctly, welding makes the joining of two pieces of metal
with the same strength as single solid piece. A welding joint
is superior to gluing because through the welding process,
the metals are actually melted together instead using the
bonding properties of glue to hold them together.
CLASSIFICATION OF WELDS (‫)تصنيف اللحامات‬
Classification are based on :
1- The type of welds made
2- The position of the welds
3- The types of the Joints

Type of Weld :
1- Fillet welds
2- groove welds
3- plug welds
4- slot welds
 The structure of the welding symbol

The horizontal line--called the

reference line--is the anchor to
which all the other welding
symbols are tied. The instructions
for making the weld are strung ( ‫نظم‬
‫ ) في سلسلة‬along the reference line.
An arrow connects the reference
line to the joint that is to be welded.
In the example above, the arrow is
shown growing out of the right end
of the reference line and heading
down and to the right, but many
other combinations are allowed.
 Fillet Welds

The fillet weld (pronounced "FILL-it," not "fil-LAY") is

used to make lap joints, corner joints, and T joints. As its
symbol suggests, the fillet weld is roughly triangular in
cross-section, although its shape is not always a right
triangle or an isosceles triangle. Weld metal is deposited in a
corner formed by the fit-up of the two members and
penetrates and fuses with the base metal to form the joint.
(Note: for the sake of graphical clarity, the drawings below
do not show the penetration of the weld metal.
Recognize, however, that the degree of penetration is
important in determining the quality of the weld.)
 Groove Welds

The groove weld is commonly used to make edge-to-edge

joints, although it is also often used in corner joints, T joints,
and joints between curved and flat pieces. As suggested by the
variety of groove weld symbols, there are many ways to make a
groove weld, the differences depending primarily on the
geometry of the parts to be joined and the preparation of their
edges. Weld metal is deposited within the groove and penetrates
and fuses with the base metal to form the joint. (Note: for the
sake of graphical clarity, the drawings below generally do not
show the penetration of the weld metal. Recognize, however,
that the degree of penetration is important in determining the
quality of the weld.)
The various types of groove weld are:
1- The square groove weld

2- The V-groove
3- The bevel groove weld 4- The U-groove weld

5- The J-groove weld The flare-V groove weld

Plug and Slot Welds
Welding
Position
Welding
Position
 FILLET WELDS
The picture below shows the use of a fillet weld gage. If a weld is
convex, you only need to use the end of the gage shown under
convex. Be sure to measure both legs
 Ratio of a Fillet weld Leg to the throat

On a right triangle the hypotenuse forms a 45 degree angle. If you split the center of the
face (hypotenuse) and go from there to the root you have another right triangle. If you then
take the leg size and multiply it times the COSINE of the Angle which for a 45 degree
angle is 0.707 and multiply that times the leg, you get the throat thickness.

This only works for joints that are at 90 degrees and have flat or convex faces. Here are
some facts (unless I am wrong which is possible)

1) an equal leg fillet weld in a 90 degree joint the width of the face is 2 times that of the
throat. So if you can only measure the face AND the leg sizes are equal you can
approximate the throat.

2) If you can only measure the smallest leg, the throat will be 0.707 times that dimension.

3) You can only use a throat gage on a flat or concave weld. If a throat dimension is called
for and the weld is convex, you must calculate the throat.
This failure surface supports the
full shearing force. Also notice that
this effective area "supports" two
fillet welds. That is while the
failure surface shown supports the
full load, that load is transferred to
two equal size fillet welds, each
seeing half of the applied
force. Consequently, to avoid base
metal failure, the base metal
strength must be TWICE that of the
each weld, or you could say to
avoid weld failure, the welds must
each be only half as strong as the
base metal.
 STRENGTH OF WELDS

★ The stress in a fillet weld is usually said to equal the load divided by
The effective throat area of the weld.

★Transverse Fillet welds are stronger than ones loaded parallel to the weld`s
Axis:
1. They are more uniformly stressed over their entire lengths,
2. Failure occurs at angles other than 45 degree, giving them larger effective
throat area.
 LRFD REQUIRMENTS
The Design Strength of a Particular weld is Taken as Lower value of

Ф Fw OR Ф FBM
Where :
Fw : nominal strength of the weld : 0.60 FEXX & Ф = 0.75

FBm : nominal strength of the base material: FBm =Fy & Ф = 0.90
The Design Shear Strength of Member being connected is Taken as:
Ф Fn Ans

Where : Ф = 0.75 ,
Fn = 0.60 Fu and
Ans = the net area subjected to shear
E60XX : E= Electrode, 60 minimum tensile strength of weld ksi
XX type of Coating
 LRFD REQUIRMENTS

1. The minimum length of fillet weld ≥ 4*tw

2. The maximum size of fillet weld tw = t - 0.25
3. For thicker material tw ≤ t – 1/16
4. For plate with t = 0.25 in or more tw = t – 1/16
Minimum Size of Fillet Welds
Material Thickness of thicker part joined Minimum Size of welds
in (mm)
To ¼ (6) inclusive 1/8 (3)
¼ (6) ≤ t ≤ ½ (13) 3/16 (5)
1/2 (13) ≤ t ≤ 3/4 (19) ¼ (6)

T > 3/4 (19) 5/16 (8)

EXAMPLES
DESIGN OF FILLET WELDS FOR TRUSS MEMBERS
 For the angle shown in Fig. 14.17
Fillet weld in P1= Ф te E L1
Trusses
P2= Ф te E L2
P = P1 + P2
Moment about line L1
P2 * e = P* e1
L2 * e = L* e1
L2 = (L* e1) / e
L1 = (L* e2) / e
SHEAR AND TORSION
ELASITC METHOD
The Force Caused by Torsion can be Computed From
The Following Familiar Expression :

f = (T*d)/J

Where:
T : torsion
d: distance from the center of gravity of the weld
J: the polar moment of inertia
Also fh=(T*v)/J and fh=(T*h)/J
Note that the use of a 1-in weld simplifies the units because 1 in
of length of weld is 1 in2 , and the computed stress are said to
be either kips per square inch or kips per inch of length
SHEAR & BENDING
Note That the maximum shearing stress and the
maximum bending stress occur at different locations

It is not necessary to combine the two stresses at any point

EXAMPLES: