[REVISED] National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

17th century – birth of the plumbing profession in the Philippines.

 Intramuros – Walled city – established by the Spaniards as a model community.

 Friar Engineers who built the government buildings incorporated European standards in their
plumbing installations.

18th & 19th century

 Filipino plumbers – assigned the task of maintaining, repairing, and/or remodeling PLUMBING
SYSTEMS in all “pueblos” or towns (including churches, and government bldgs.)
 Ilustrados – recognized plumbers / elite group – act as consultants of plumber journeymen

20th Century

 Governor General Harrison – issued a letter of instruction on proper waste disposal

1902 – PLUMBING TRADE was recognized by the government.

 CITY OF MANILA – was the model community.

 Master Plumber John F. Hass – became the First Chief of the DPCI (Division of Plumbing
Construction and Inspection).
 Thru the initiative of the Filipino Master Plumbers – a plumbing code based on the Plumbing
Code of the United States – was incorporated into the building code for the CITY OF MANILA.

1935 – NAMPAP with SEC and DPS

 National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) - was organized by

- Also registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
 Department of Public Services (DPS) of the City of Manila – was created by an Act of Congress
(Initiated by NAMPAP)
 MANILA CITY ORDINANCE 2411 – known as “The Plumbing Code for the City of Manila”
o The practice of plumbing was eventually placed under the Department of Public
Services, Manila.
 National Government – adopted the Plumbing Code of Manila.
o NAMPAP – spearheaded the enactment of a law regulating the practice of master
plumbing in the Philippines.

1954 – 3rd Congress of the Republic of the Philippines

 Third Congress of the Republic of the Philippines – approved after the third reading HOUSE
BILL NO. 962 (in its 2nd session)
 House Bill no 962 – Became the REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1378 (R.A. 1378) – “PLUMBING LAW”

June 18, 1955

 R.A. 1378 – known as the “Plumbing law of the Philippines”

- Was signed by President Ramon Magsaysay.
January 28, 1959

 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines – prepared by NAMPAP.

- Approved by Malacanang.
 National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority (NAWASA)
- NAMPAP assisted the passage of the law

1966-1969

 Board of Examiners for Master Plumbers & NAMPAP – prepared a Curriculum of Plumbing
Engineers
- Approved by DOE (Department of Education
 First introduced at the Feati University

November 28, 1967

 First Amendment to the NPC – was approved. (National Plumbing Code)

 “Asbestos-Cement Pipe” – approved as a plumbing material.

1972 (before MARTIAL LAW)

 R.A. 6541 – known as the “Building Code of the Philippines”

- Was passed with the National Plumbing code of 1959 as referral code in full text.

1996

 JAIME M. CABASE – NAMPAP President

- He spearheaded the Updating of the Revised National Plumbing Code.

October 1999

 NAMPAP submitted the Draft Code to BOMP (Board of Master Plumbers).

 Engr. Fortunato H. Amosco – Chaired the BOMP
 Hermogenes Pobre – Chairman of PRC (Professional Regulation Commission)
- PRC adopted the Revised Plumbing Code of 1999

December 21, 1999

 President Joseph Ejercito Estrada – approved the Plumbing Code of 1999.

- pursuant to Section 4 of R.A. 1378
 R.A.1378 – “Plumbing Law”

SECTION 4 – The Board shall administer the provisions of this Act; issue, suspend or revoke certificates
of registration of master plumbers; and administer oaths in connection with such certificates of
registration.
TYPES OF WATER CLOSET ACCORDING TO:

1. FLUSHING

- Flush Tank
- Direct Flush Valve (DFV)

*Flushing – shall be done through automatic flushing tanks

- Flushometer Valves shall be self-closing type discharging a
predetermined quantity of water
- No manually-controlled flushometer valve shall be used to flush
group urinals

2. FLUSH TANK TYPES (CHIL)

- Integral Flush Tank

- Close Coupled Flush Tank
- Low Flush Tank
- High Flush Tank

3. MOUNTING

- Floor Mounted
- Wall Hung

4. FLUSHING ACTION

- Wash Down
- Reverse Trap
- Siphon Jet
- Siphon Vertex
- Direct Flush Valve

PLUMBING FIXTURES (SSB)

1. Soil Fixtures – includes urinals, school sinks, bidets

- Wall Hung
- Pedestal
- Through
- Stall
 2. Scullery Fixtures (Kitchen Sinks, Pantry sinks)
- Stainless Steel
- Cast Iron Enamel
- Formed Steel coated with porcelain Enamel
- Single/Double/Triple well or Deep/Shallow Well

2.1 LAVATORIES
- Pedestal
- Wall Hung
- Pullman/Counter
- Through
3. Bathing Fixtures

DOMESTIC WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. Water Service Entrance

2. Water Meter
3. Distribution Main
4. Fixture Branches
5. Riser
6. Valves and Control
7. Storage Tanks

OCCUPANCY – MINIMUM WATER CLOSET – No. of USERS

 Elementary Schools
- 1 (Family)
 Assembly Places (Theaters and Auditorium)
- 1 (1-100 Males)
- 2 (101 – 200 Males)
- 3 (201 – 400 Males) + 1 (every 500 males na dadagdag)
- 3 (1 – 50 Females)
- 4 (51 – 100 Females)
- 8 (101 – 200 Females) + 2 (every 300 females na dadagdag)

 Dormitories
- 1 (per 10 males) + 1 (every additional 25 males)
- 1 (per 8 females) + 1 (every additional 20 females)
 Industrial
- 1 (1-10 persons)
- 2 (11-25 persons)
- 3 (26 – 50 persons)
- 4 (51 – 75 persons)
- 5 (76 – 100 persons) + 1 (every additional 30 persons)
SETTING OF URINALS (SOIL FIXTURE)

- Urinal center to side wall – 0.30m (minimum)

- Urinal center to urinals center – 0.60m (minimum)

SETTING OF WATER CLOSET (SOIL FIXTURE)

- Water closet center to side wall – 0.375m (minimum)

- Water closet center to water closet center – 0.750m (minimum)

SETTING OF BIDET (BATHING FIXTURE)

- Bidet center to side wall – 0.375m (minimum)

- Bidet center to bidet center – 0.750m (minimum)

SETTING OF FLOOR DRAINS (BATHING FIXTURE)

- Shower Receptor, dams, curbs – at least 25.4mm lower than the outside floor
- Drain from threshold - 51mm < x <228 mm

SETTING OF SHOWER BATHS/COMPARTMENTS

- Minimum interior area – 0.6m^2

- Encompasses – 762 mm diameter circle
- Point above the shower drain with no protrusions – 1.78m
- Drains for gang shower room – 4.9m apart

GENERAL RULES IN DESIGN (SANITARY PIPING LAYOUT)

- Pipes should take the shortest possible distance route (to the house sewer or the
terminating point of the sanitary system)
- Control components (clean-outs, traps, vents) should be located strategically to ensure
efficient circulation

SUBSYSTEM OF SANITARY SYSTEM

- Waste Collection System

- Ventilation System

MINIMUM SLOPE OF SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES

- Minimum slope/pitch of horizontal drainage pipe – 2% or 20mm/m (0.25”/’)

- Pipes 102mm diameter or larger may have a slope of not less than 1% (10mm/m or
0.125”/’) – impractical due to depth of street sewer/ adverse struc. Plan / irreg. bldg. plans

DWV System

 D rain – drainage system

 W aste – waste collection system
 V ent – ventilation system
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT OF SIZES OF SANITARY LINES:

 DISCHARGE CAPACITY

ITEM NO LITERS/ SEC (GPM) FIXTURE UNIT

1 ~ 0.47 L/s ( ~ 7.5 gpm) 1
2 0.5 to 0.95 (8 – 15 gpm) 2
3 1 – 1.89 (16 – 30 gpm) 4
4 1.95 to 3.15 (31 to 50 6
gpm)

 FU (fixture unit) rating of plumbing fixtures – based on the size of the required trap
 a LAVATORY discharges 0.47 L/s

 MAXIMUM TRAP LOADING

ITEM No. PIPE SIZE FIXTURE UNIT

1 32 mm 1
2 38 mm 3
3 51 mm 4
4 76 mm 6
5 108 mm 8

ESSENTIAL PARTS OF THE SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

 DRAIN/FLOOR DRAIN – receives the discharge waste material

 Branch/Branch Line –any part of the piping system other than the main, riser, or stack
 Waste pipe – conveys only wastewater or liquid waste water (free from fecal matter)
o Size of water pipe / soil pipe – depend on the amount of waste it carries
 Vent Pipe – used for ensuring the circulation of air and relieving negative pressure (exerted on
trap seals)
 Stack – vertical main pipe – extending through one or more stories
 Trap – fitting/device that provides a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air.

TYPES OF PERMISSIBLE TRAPS

 Common P-Trap (outlet goes to the wall)

 Running Trap
 Drum Trap
 Deep Seal P-Trap
 Stand Trap
TYPES OF PROHIBITED TRAPS

 Traps with movable parts/concealed interior partitions

 No fixture shall be double-trapped
 S-Trap (outlet goes to floor)

TRAPS REQUIREMENT

 Only 1 trap shall be permitted on a trap arm.

 1 trap – centrally located – may serve 3 single compartment sinks – adjacent to each other –
where waste outlets are not more than 0.75m. Apart.
 Each fixture trap – shall have a trap seal of water (51mm < x < 102mm)
 Trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to which it is connected.

INSTALLATION OF TRAPS

 HORIZONTAL DISTANCE OF TRAP ARMS

TRAP ARM DIAMETER DISTANCE TO VENT

32 mm 0.76 m
38 mm 1.07 m
51 mm 1.52 m
76 mm 1.83 m
102 mm & larger 3.05 m
NOTE: In no case shall the trap distance be less than 2 times the diameter arm

 VERTICAL DISTANCE between a fixture outlet tailpiece and the trap weir – shall not exceed
0.60m in length

MINIMUM SIZES OF TRAPS OF COMMON PLUMBING FIXTUREs

ITEM NO. FIXTURE TRAP & TRAP ARM DRAINAGE FIXTURE

SIZE UNITS
1 BATHTUBS 38 mm 2
2 BIDETS 38 mm 2
3 FLOOR DRAINS 51 mm 2
4 SHOWER, SINGLE 51 mm 2
STALL
5 SINK (RESIDENTIAL) 38 mm 2
6 Urinal, wall mounted , 51 mm 3
integral trap
7 Wash Basin (single) 32 mm 1
8 Water Closet (private 76 mm 4
installation)
9 Water closet (public 76mm 6
installation
INTERCEPTORS, CLARIFIERS, AND SEPARATORS

 INTERCEPTORS – a device designed and installed - to separate and retain undesirable matters
from normal wastes
o Permits normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge into disposal terminal by gravity.
o Shall have a water seal of not less than 152 mm deep.
 CLARIFIERS – settling tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal of SOLIDS
being deposited by sedimentation.
 SEPARATORS

CHANGE IN DIRECTION OF PIPLINES

 Wye Pipes
 Long Sweeps
 Elbow Pipes – sharp curves.

P-TRAP PARTS
MINIMUM TRAP ARM SPAN – 6”

REQUIREMENTS

 CLEAN OUTS – a pipe with a cap that provides access to the sewer line so that blockages can be
removed.
o At the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line
o At each run of piping more than 15 meters in total developed length
 SIZE OF CLEAN-OUTS:

SIZE OF PIPE SIZE OF CLEANOUT THREADS PER 25.4 mm

38mm 38mm 11-1/2 or (11.5 mm)
51mm 38mm 11-1/2
64mm 64mm 8
76mm 64mm 8
102mm & larger 89mm 8
 Size of clean-out shall be in conformity with the size of pipe served.

VENTS AND VENTING SYSTEM

 Ventilation- portion of the drainage pipe installation – intended to MAINTAIN A BALANCED

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE inside the system.
 Vent Pipe – opening or pipe used for ENSURING THE CIRCULATION OF AIR in a plumbing system
(to relieve NEGATIVE PRESSURE exerted on trap seals)
 Soil Stack – COLLECTS AND DISCHARGES WASTES from the adjacently connected soil pipes
DOWN to the soil pipes DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO THE SEPTIC TANK..
 Main Soil and Waste Vent – portion of the soil stack ABOVE the highest installed fixture branch
extending through the roof
o portion where waste doesn’t travel through continues to the roof
 VSTR (Vent Stack Through Roof) – penetrating the roof
 Main Vent – PRINCIPAL ARTERY of the venting system of which VENT BRANCHES ARE
CONNECTED
o A.K.A “Collecting Vent Line” – serves as support to the main soil and waste vent
 Individual Vent (Back Vent) – a pipe installed to VENT A FIXTURE TRAP, that connects with the
vent system above the fixture served or terminates in the open air.
 Unit, Common, or Dual Vent – arrangement of venting so INSTALLED that one vent pipe sill
SERVE TWO TRAPS.
 Relief Vent – a vertical vent line that provides additional circulation of air (between the
DRAINAGE and VENT SYSTEM) - to act as an AUXILIARY VENT (on a system such as “YOKE VENT”
connection between the soil and vent stacks.
 Yoke Vent (By-Pass Vent) – pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack below the floor,
preventing pressure changes in the stacks.
 Circuit Vent – group vent pipe which starts in from of the extreme (highest) fixture connection
on a horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack.
  Looped Vent – vertical vent connection on a horizontal soil or waste pipe branch at a point
downstream of the last fixture connection.
 Wet Vent – potion of a vent pipe through which wastewater also flows
 Local Vent – pipe to convey foul air from a plumbing fixture or a room to the outer air
 Utility Vent – used for basement or underground public restroom wherein a vent stack may not
be possible to extend 3 meters above the ground, as it may constitute a hazard.
 Dry Vent- a vent that doesn’t carry LIQUID OR WASTER-BORNE WASTES
 Vent Stack – vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air to and from ANY
PART of the soil, waste of the drainage system
o Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR) – uppermost end above the roof

VENTS REQUIREMENT

 Each trap shall be PROTECTED against SIPHONAGE and BACK-PRESSURE

SIZES OF VENTS

 Sizes of VENT PIPING shall be determined from its LENGTH and the TOTAL NUMBER OF FIXTURE
UNITS
 DIAMETER of an individual vent (32mm < x > 1/2 diameter of the drain to which it is connected)

INSTALLATION OF VENTS

 Grades and Connections – all horizontal or branch vents shall be free from drops or sags
o Shall be graded and connected to drip back by GRAVITY to the drainage pipe it serves
o Each vent shall RISE VERTICALLY 152 mm above the highest level rim of the fixtures
o All vent pips shall extend undiminished in size ALL THE ROOF
o Shall be reconnected to the soil / waste stack vent at A POINT BELOW THE ROOF
 VSTR shall be increased 1 pipe size above the connection
o 2 fixtures having same level inlet openings; may be served by A COMMON VERTICAL
VENT PIPE connected to an approved double branching fitting.
 Vent termination - VSTR shall terminate vertically not less than 150 mm above the roof nor less
than 300 mm from any vertical surface nearby.
o Each vent pipe or stack through roof (SVTR) shall extend its flashing all around the stack
vent shall terminate vertically (0.15m < x < 0.3m above the roof)
o EACH VENT OPENING SHALL TERMINATE:
 Not less than 3m from any openable window
 Not less than 0.9 m above any openable window
 Not less than 0.9 m away from any lot line, alley and street boundary lines.
o Vertical vent pipes shall extend 3m distant from any part of the rood that is used for
human activities and shall extend NOT LESS THAN 2.10 m above such roof

SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS

 TRAP SEAL LOSS – direct effect of the Minus and Plus Pressure inside the system due to
INADEQUATE VENTILATION OF TRAPS
o Attributed to the following conditions:
  Siphonage – direct or momentum
 Back pressure
 Capillary Action
 Evaporation – caused by extreme temperatures, idleness
 Wind effects – strong winds blow the trap seal.
 Retardation of Flow – due to the effect of ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE and/or GRAVITY
 Deterioration of Materials – due to the formation of acids

PRIVATE SEWAE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS

 Disposal Phase- final stage of the plumbing process:

o Used water and water-carried wastes are brought to VARIOUS DISPOSAL OUTLETS
 Septic Tanks – a watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to receive the
discharge of sewage from a building sewer.
o Separate SOLIDS from the LIQUID, digest organic matter, and store digested solids
through period of detention
 Allow clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal.
 Sludge – solid organic matter that are DENSER than water
o Settle at the BOTTOM OF THE SEPTIC TANK
 Scum – lighter organic material that rise to the surface of water
 Effluent – liquid content of sewage
 BACTERIA IN SEPTIC TANK
o Aerobic – relies in OXYGEN to survive
o Anaerobic – can survive in places WITHOUT OXYGEN
 MINIMUM DIMENSIONS: (1500x900x1200)
o L – 1500mm
o W – 900 mm
o Depth 1200
 SINGLE CHAMBER SEPTIC TANK
 DESIGN CRITERIA (SEPTIC TANK)
o PLANS
 Should show all dimensions, reinforcing, structural calculations, and such other
pertinent data as needed.
o QUALITY OF DESIGN
 Shall be such as to produce a clarified EFFLUENT of acceptable standards and
shall provide ADEQUATE SPACE for sludge and scum accumulations
o MATERIALS
 Constructed of DURABLE MATERIALS, not subject to excessive CORROSION or
DECAY (shall be watertight – waterproof)
 Cement (most common)
 Pre-fabricated Cast Iron
o COMPARTMENTS
 First: not less than 2/3 capacity of the TOTAL capacity of tank
 Net less than 2 cu. m LIQUID CAPACITY
 0.9m x 1.5m (width x long)
  Liquid depth ( 0.6m < X < 1.8m)
 Second: Max capacity 1/3 Total capacity of tank
 Minimum of 1 cu. m LIQUID CAPACITY
o In septic tanks having OVER 6 cu.m capacity, the SECONDARY
COMPARTMENT should be not less than 1.5m in LENGTH
o Maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the digestion chamber
to collect the sludge and make it easily accessible from the
manhole
o SIZES OF PIPE INLET & OUTLET AND THEIR VERTICAL LEGS
 Inlet and Outlet Pipes- diameter size NOT LESS THAN the sewer pipe.
 Vertical Legs of inlet and outlet pipes – diameter size not less than the sewer
pipe NOR LESS THAN 104.6mm
o LENGTH AND LOCATION OF INLET AND OUTLET
 Shall extend 101.6mm above and at least 304.8mm below the water surface
 Invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50.8 mm above the invert
of the outlet pipe
o PARTITION (between compartments)
 Inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank inlet, but in no case less than
104.6mm in diameter, shall be installed in the inlet compartment side of the
baffle. Wooden baffles are prohibited.
o Air Space
 Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid depth
 Cover of Septic Tank shall be at least 50.8mm above the back vent openings
o STRUCTURE
 Shall be capable of supporting and earth load of not less than 14.4kpa
o CAPACITY
 The capacity of septic tanks is DETERMINED by the:
 No of bedrooms / apartment units in dwelling occupancies
 Estimated waste/sewage design flow rate
 Number of fixture units of all plumbing fixtures
 Capacity of any 1 septic tank and its drainage system – shall be LIMITED by the
soil structure classification in its drainage field
o LOCATION
 Shall not be located underneath the house
 @ least 1.5 m from the bldg./ structure
 @ least 1.5 m from property line
 @ least 15.2m away from the nearest water supply well or water
streams
 @ least 3 m. from nearby trees

TERMINOLOGIES

 PVCSP – polyvinyl chloride Steel Pipe

 PE – Polyethylene
 CPVC – Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
  PB – Polybutylene
 CPE – chlorinated Polyethylene
 HB – Hose Bibb
 CIP – Cast Iron Pipe

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3 DEGREES/GRADES OF WASTE WATER

 Grey Water – waste water with the exception of human wastes.

o From laundries, wash basis, sinks, tubs, etc.
 Black Water – water + solid and liquid human wastes.
 Storm Water – rainwater only.

CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERS

 Storm Sewers – required for roof areas, to collect STORMWATER and discharge it.
 Sanitary Sewers- carries regular sanitary wastes only
o Depth: 3 meters (tributaries)
 Combination Public Sewers – oldest variety
o Carries both STORM and SANITARY WASTES

SEWERS REQUIRED:

- Drainage pipes of all buildings shall be connected to the PUBLIC SEWER

o If not, they shall be connected to an APPROVED PRIVATED SEWAGE DISPOSAL
SYSTEM.

DAMAGE TO PUBLIC SEWER OR PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM:

- it is unlawful to discharge any ASHES, CINDERS, SOLIDS, RAGS, FLAMMABLE, POISONOUS,

EXPLOSIVE LIQUIDS / GASES, OILS, GREASE, and other things whatsoever which would
CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE PUBLIC SEWER or PRIVATE DISPOSAL SYSTEM.
- No rain, surface or subsurface waters shall DISCHARGE into any excreta drainage system.

INSTALLATION OF SEWER

- Building sewers shall be run in PRACTICAL ALIGNMENT at a UNIFORM SLOP of not less than
2% or 21mm/m toward the point of disposal
- EXCEPTION: when impractical due to depth of street sewer, to obtain a slope of 2%,
o sewers 102mm and 152 mm in diameter (may have a slope of not less than 1%
(10.5 mm/m)
o Sewers 203 mm dia and larger may have a slope of not less than 0.5% (5.3mm/m)
- Building sewer or materials which are not approved for use within a building shall not be
laid in the same trench as water pipes unless:
o The bottom of the water pipe is 0.3M above the top of the sewer pipe.
o
- Water pipe is placed on a solid shelf excavated at one side of the common trench with a
minimum horizontal distance of at least 0.3m from the sewer or drain pipe.
o

- Water pips crossing sewer or drainage pipe of clay which are not approved for use within a
building shall be laid a minimum of 0.3m clear ABOVE the sewer or drain pipe.
o Water pipe joint shall be installed not less than 3 meters away from sewer line
o
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS

 DISPOSAL FIELDS
o
 Seepage
pits
o
  Cesspool

o
 Privies

STORM WATER DRAINAGE

 Downspout and gutter sizes – based upon the MAX.DEPTH of RAINFALL per HOUR falling upon a
GIVEN ROOF AREA in m^2.
o A 102mm/hr Rainfall Intensity – used around Metro Manila
 Gutter Size – dependent on the slope of the horizontal pipe
 Downspout – may be of a ROUND PIPE
o SQUARE PIPE shall be sized to enclose its EQUIVALENT ROUND PIPE
o RECTANGULAR PIPE – have @ leasat the same cross-sectional area as its equivalent
round pipe (ratio of its SIDE shall not exceed 3 to 1)
  Downspouts for high-rise buildings – must be stronger PIPE MATERIALS to resist the HIGH
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
o Shall be installed within a pipe chase
o Have no intermediate branch from the roof to the ground.

RAINWATER PIPES

 Roof Drains – be equipped with DOME-TYPE strainers extending 102 mm above the surface of
the roof surface
o Minimum total net inlet area of 1 – ½ TIMES the area of the OUTLET PIPE to which it is
connected.
 Roof deck strainers – shall be approved FLAT SURFACE TYPE
o INLET AREA not less than 2 times the area I of the OUTLET PIPE to which the drain is
connected.

THREE MAJOR SYSTEMS OF COLLECTING STORM WATER

 Independent System (Separate System)

o Brings collected water directly to the water reservoirs.
 Combined System
o Combines STORM WATER with SANITARY WASTES
 Natural System
o Without using any ROOF GUTTERS OR DOWNSPOUNTS
 Rainwater is collected in CISTERNS.

ROOFING ELEMENTS TO COLLECT RAINWATER

 Gutter- located along the ENTIRE PERIMETER of the roof.

 Downspout – located every 8 to 10 meters and at EVERY CORNER of the roof
o To avoid CLOGGING OF PIPES – best to locate them every 4-6 m.
 Strainer (Roof drain) – used to prevent clogging of pipes.
 Catch Basin – downspout should terminate in a catch basin (can serve more than one
downspout)
o Delivers WATER to the SEWERS in the street via GRAVITY.
 o

 Storm Line – connects to each catch basin

PIPE SIZE CALCULATION FOR WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

 Data Required
o STEP 1
o Pressure at water main (street)
o Minimum Daily Service Pressure in the area
 Min. pressure at water main = 103kPa (15 psi)
 Max pressure at water main = 551 kPa (80 psi)
o Total fixture load in the system in WSFU
 Water Supply Fixture Unit (WFSU)
 Numerical weighing factor to ACCOUNT for WATER DEMAND of various
plumbing fixtures
  An index number to put all fixtures on a common basis

Number of Water Supply Fixture Units

Type of Fixture (WSFU)
Private Use Public Use
Bar Sink 1 2
Bathtub (w/ or w/o 2 4
Shower over)
Bidet 2 4
Drinking Fountain 1 2
(each faucet)
Hose Bibb 3 5
Laundry Tub or 2 4
Clothes Washer
Lavatory 1 2
Shower (each head) 2 4
Sink (kitchen or 2 4
dishwasher)
Urinal (wall or stall - 5
type)
Water Closet – 3 5
Flush Tank
Water Closet – 3 6
Flush Valve (19mm)
Water Closet – 6 10
Flush Valve (25mm)
o Estimate water demand based on predominant flushing mechanism
o Plot the total WSFU in Chart A-2 or A-3 to get the demand load in liters per second (lps)
o Estimate the supply demand for the building main and the principal branches and risers
of the system
 By totaling the fixture units and then reading the corresponding ordinate from
Chart A-2 or A-3, whichever is applicable
 


o Tables for estimating demand load as provided by the INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL
for supply systems for FLUSH VALVES and FLUSH TANKS



o Height of the topmost fixture from the water main (street level)
o Length of piping measured from the water main (street) up to the farthest and topmost
fixture
o Fixture pressure required of the top most fixture (STEP 2)
  Find the pressure required in the system to provide the minimum fixture
pressure to the uppermost fixture
 Decide what is the desirable minimum pressure that should be maintained at
the highest fixture in the supply system
 if the highest group of the fixtures contains – FLUSHOMETER VALVES
 pressure for the group should not be LESS THAN 103.42 kPa (15psi)
 for FLASH TANK SUPPLIES – pressure may not be less than 55.16 kPa (8psi)


o Local information regarding the use of pipes with respect to durability and to decrease
in capacity with length of service.
o LOSS IN STATIC PRESSURE (STEP 3)
 Calculate the static head by multiplying the elevation of the highest fixture
above the water main street by 9.79 kPa/m
 STATIC HEAD = 9.79 Kpa/m x (height of topmost fixture)
o PRESSURE LOSS IN WATER METER (STEP 4)
 Using the demand load, determine the PRESSURE LOSS in WATER METER
 If the bldg. supply is to be metered, obtain information regarding FRICTION LOSS
relative the the RATE OF FLOW for meters in the range of sizes likely to be used.
 Friction losses for disk type meters may be obtained from CHART A-1


o PRESSURE AVAILABLE IN SUPPLY PIPES (STEP 5) – calculate the pressure available for
friction loss in the supply pipes
 Subtract the sum of loss in static pressure and the pressure to be maintained at
the highest fixture from the average minimum daily service pressure
 The result will be the pressure available for friction loss in the supply pipes, if no
water meter is used
 If a METER is to be installed
 The friction loss in the meter for the estimated max. demand should
also be subtracted from the service pressure to determine pressure loss
available for friction loss in the supply pipes.
 Pa = Pressure at water main – (A + B)
 Pa = Pressure at water main – (A + B + C)
o Pa – pressure available for friction loss
o A – minimum fixture pressure requirement
o B – static head or loss in static pressure
o C – pressure loss at water meter
o Developed length of pipes (STEP 6)
 Determine the dev. Length of the supply pipe, including the equivalent length of
pipe for the fittings
 Det. The dev. Length of pipe (horizontal and vertical) measured from the
water main (street) up to the farthest and topmost fixture.
 If Close estimates are desired, compute with the air of table a-2; the
equivalent length of pipe for all fittings in the line from the water
 (street) main to the highest fixture, and add the sum to the developed
length.


 If a piping diagram is not available, use 20% to 50% of the developed length of
pipe as the equivalent length of pipes for fittings
o TOTAL EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF PIPES (STEP 7)
 Calculate the total equivalent length of the pipes
 TEL = DL + DL’
o TEL = Total Equivalent Length of Pipes
o DL = Developed length of piping
o DL’ = equivalent length of pipes for fittings
o AVERAGE PERMISSIBLE FRICTION LOSS
 Calculate the average permissible friction loss per 30.4m length of pipe
 The pressure available for friction loss in kPa divided by the developed length of
pipe from the water (street) main to the highest fixture times 30.4m (100ft)
 Will be the average permissible friction loss per 30.4m length of pipe
 Pf = (Pa / TEL) x 30.4m
 Pa = pressure available for friction loss
 TEL = total equivalent length of pipes
o APPROXIMATE PIPE SIZE (STEP 9)
 Using the demand load and the average permissible friction loss, determine an
approximate pipe size that is closest to the velocity of 3 m/s.
  Knowing the permissible friction loss per 30.4m of pipe and the total demand,
the diameter of the building supply pipe may be obtained from charts A-4, A-5,
A-6, or A-7, whichever is applicable
 USE CHARTS
 A-5
 A-6
 A-7
 The diameter of the pipe on or next above the coordinate point corresponding
to the estimated total demand and the permissible friction loss will be the size
needed up to the first branch from the building supply pipe.
 CHART A – 5 > For ferrous pipes with only the most favorable water supply as
regards to corrosion and caking.
 Chart A – 6 and A-7 > if the water is hard for or corrosive.

SAMPLE PROJECT 2 – STORY RESIDENTIAL HOUSE

 Ground Floor
o Fixture Load
 WC – 1x3 wsfu = 3wsfu
 Lav – 1x1 wsfu = 1 wsfu
 KF – 1x2 wsfu = 2wsfu
 HB = 3x4 wsfu = 9 wsfu
 TOTAL WSFU = 15 WSFU
 Fixture demand = 0.825 lps (FROM CHART A-3)
 Fixture Demand = 1.01 lps (FROM TABLE 2.1) yung green

PIPES AND FITTINGS

 Asbestos pipe- made of asbestos fibers and Portland cement

o Used as soil, waste, ventilation pipe, and downspout
 Bell/Hub – portion of the pipe which for a short distance is sufficiently enlarged to receive the
END OF ANOTHER PIPE of the same diameter – purpose of making a caulked or push-on joint.
 Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe – made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon
o Installed where acid wastes are being discharged
o brittle
 Cast Iron Pipe – most popular and generally specified material for drainage
o Durable, conveniently installed (for less than 25-storey)
o Commercial Length: 600mm
o Diameters: 500mm – 150mm
 Brass Pipe – most expensive
o Made of an alloy of zinc (15%) and copper (85%)
o Resistant to acids and has a smooth interior surface
 
 Spigot – end of the pipe that fits into a bell
 Hub =
 Two Types
 SV TYPE – used for BUILDING installations
 XV TYPE – extra duty; for UNDERGROUND INSTALLATIONS
 Four Varieties
 Standard Pipe
 Single Hub Pipe
 Double Hub pipe
 Hubless Pipe
o Caulked Joint
 Caulk is used to seal the gaps and cracks that exist between two adjoining
materials.


 Caulking Iron – used upon pouring of MOLTEN LEAD TO ENSURE AIR BUBBLES in
the material are removed
 

 Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe
o Better than steel pipe for plumbing installation resistant to acid waste
 Copper Pipe
o Durable and extremely corrosive resistant
o Easy to install
o Smooth interior surface
 Plastic Synthetic Pipe
o Developed in Germany in 1935
o Most are produced from synthetic resins
 TWO TYPES:
 RIGID
o PVC
o CPVC
o UPVC
o ABS
o PP
o SR
 FLEXIBLE
o PE
 In coil form; 30m long
o PB
 In coil form; 30m to 150m long
 Copper Pipe
o Durable and extremely corrosive resistant
o Easy to install
o Smooth interior surface
o Three Classifications: K, L, M
 Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
o Light in weight, slightly flexible, and could take slight soil movement without danger or
cracking
o May be softened/damaged by excessive hot water or chemical flow
 Lead Pipe
 o Highly resistant to Acid
o Poisonous and Injurious: is therefore not recommended to convey water for human
consumption
 Vitrified Clay Pipe
o One of the oldest materials used for sewer times.
o Highly resistant to most acids
o Brittle


TYPE OF FITTINGS

o Coupling/socket


o Extension Piece / Nipple


o Reducer


o Reducing Elbow


 o

OTHER WATER SERVICE FITTINGS

o Corporation Stop


o Curb Stop


o Curb Stop Box


o Meter Stop
 
o Water Meter

SANITARY FITTINGS

o
 o
 PLUMBING MATERIALS
o Stillson Wrench (UK)


o End Pipe Wrench
 
 A tool fast and easy grip used on constructed spaces or close to a wall
where pipes alter their course ( where they bend a 90 degree angle)
o WRENCHES – tool operated by hand and is made for tightening or loosening bolts,
anything that needs to turn
 Spanner – called in English.
o Torque Wrench


 Used in No Hub soil pipe installation
 Used to ensure tight, leak free joints
 The drive tightness with a fast ratchet until the wrench clicks for an accurate 60
pound torque for every application.
o Pipe Cutters – hand tool for cutting or tubing, one end of the tool which partially
encircles the pipe carries one or more sharp wheels.
o Allen Wrench


 A wrench screws with hexagonally shaped recess in its head
o Locking Pliers
 
 Mole grips (mole wrench) or vise-grips
 These are pliers that can be locked into position using an over-center
action
o Offset Wrench


o Strap Wrench


o Hex Wrench


 A wrench with a HEXAGONAL JAW
o Adjustable Spud Wrench
 

o
 Available in sets and fir nearly all tub, tub and shower values
 Hexagonal on both ends and hollow core to fit over faucet stem handles
o

o
o Monkey Wrench


 A tool which resembles a pipe wrench, except for its smooth jaws. Used to hold
or turn a hardware having flat surfaces
o
 For tightening taps without isolating the water supply
 Adjustable jaws allow for access to both the pipe union nut

o
o ADJUSTABLE WRENCH


o

o
o
o

o
 A tool used to make watertight joints between flexible copper tubing and fitting
or valve.
o TUBE BENDER
 Used to bend flexible copper tubing without distortion
o

o
o

o
o

o
o
o Pipe Reamer
 A tapered bit having SHARP, SPIRAL FLUTED EDGES Along the shaft, used to
enlarge an opening
 SPIRAL RATCHET PIPE REAMER




o
o HACKSAW - tool for cutting plastic and metal pipe
 Uses blade with 16 teeth per inch for saving 1/8 to ¼ inch tubing and thin-
walled pipe.
o SLEDGE HAMMER
 Used for the heavier jobs, such as driving stakes or to break up concrete


o

o
o

o
o
o

o
o
o Ball Peen Hammer
 Hammer designed for metalwork

o
 A tool consisting of a rubber suction cup attached to a handle
 Clear the trap of minor obstruction
o DRAIN CLEANERS
 Tool used to clean, declogging, obstruction and maintain the efficient function
of piping system
o

o
o F-clamp
 Used in wood working while more permanent attached is being made with
screws


 Also known as BAR CLAMP
o
o

o
o SCREWDRIVER
 Tool with handle and shank, with a tampered wedge-shaped tip which fits into
the recess in the head of a crew

o
o

o
o CHAMBER POT
 A.K.A. (ARINOLA)
 Honey pot
 PO (pot de chamber)
 Bowl-shaped container with a handle, kept in the bedroom under a bed used as
toilet at night.
 

 TECHNICAL DRAWINGS
o Pipe and Fitting Symbols



 o ABBREVIATIONS
 CI – Cast Iron
 CL – Centerline
 CO – Cleanout
 CW – Cold Water
 COP – Copper
 DW – Dishwasher
 FD – Floor Drain
 GAL. I – Galvanized Iron
 HB – Hose Bibb
 HW – Hot Water
 LT – Laundry Tray
 LAV – Lavatory
 MC – Medicine Cabinet
 PLAS – Plastic
 PLBG – Plumbing
 WC – Water Closet
 WH – Water Healer
 WS – Water Softener
 PIPING SYMBOL
o _____________ Drain or Waste above Ground
o ___ ___ ___ ___ Drain or Waste below Ground
o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Vent
o ____ SD _____ Storm Drain
o ____ _ ____ _ ____ Cold Water
o _____ SW _____ Soft Cold Water
o _ _ _ ____ _ _ _ ___ Hot Water
o _____ S _____ Sprinkler Main
o ____O____O____ Sprinkler branch and head
o ____G____G____ Gas
o ______ A _______Air compressor
o ________V ________ vacuum
o _____S.CI _________ Sewer – Cast Iron
o _____S.CT ________ Sewer – Clay Tile
o _____S.P_________ Sewer - Plastic
 CONSIDERATION IN CHOOSING PIPES
o Resistance to external and internal contact with foreign matters
o Quality and Durability
 TERMINOLOGY
o Crimping – joining two pieces of metal or other ductile material by deforming one of
them to hold other