Bd – V – WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY FITTINGS

Salient Features

‰ Storage tank details

‰ G.I.Pipes, Standard dimensions, weight, tolerance
‰ No. of connections of various diameter of branch pipe that can be fed from main line that will
together have same discharge as main line
‰ Specifications of potable U.P.V.C. Pipes
‰ Kitchen, Storage, Cooking work top (Otta), Work tops, - Details of heights required, with sketch
‰ Details of connections with sketches of different types of Wash Hand Basin.
‰ Bathrooms - General guide lines sketches of different sizes of bathrooms with reference to
accessories minimum fixture clearance for Bathrooms.
‰ Standard specifications & Sketches of Synthetic Metal (SYMET) bath assests
‰ Water closets - Salient points to be kept in mind during provision of squatting pans, trap, size of
W. C., water tap, slope of floor, ventilation, siting of appliances with sketches of W.C. and
fixtures, different types of W. C. Pans, Flushing Cisterns, accessories like Soap Trays, Soap
Dishes, Paper Holder etc.
‰ Sketches showing soil pipe connections at Ground and 1st Floor
‰ Conventional three fixture toilet arrangements and sketches
‰ Plumbing details - Water supply to residences, water supply in kitchen Design of waste water
plumbing
‰ Systems of waste water drainage
‰ Drainage pipes, Waste Pipes, A.C. Pipes, Notes & Sketches & details of UPVC SWR Pipes
with Jointing details
‰ Storm water drainage - Notes & design of Rain Water Pipes, disposal of Storm Water, Rain or
Surface water
‰ Ventilating Pipe, Manholes - Notes & Sketches of different types of Manholes
‰ Septic Tank - Sketches, Notes & Table showing different sizes and capacities of Septic Tank
‰ Designing secondary treatment works of affluent from septic tank
‰ Do’s & Don’ts
‰ Drainage in to public sewer

The notes attached herewith are for information only.

The Rates of the DSR have no bearing on the notes
enclosed herewith.
In case of any dispute regarding interpretation of item
it’s specifications etc. the reference to original
specifications shall be made.

323
Storage tank details :-
The minimum capacity of the over head Storage tank should be from half to full requirement
of the day plus a free board of 0.30 mt. (minimum). The inlet pipe should not be less than 20 mm in
bore & should be so fixed that the bottom of pipe is 25 mm above the top water level. The tank shall
be covered with close fitting, dust tight, insect & fly proof lid. Storage tank will be provided with stop
valve or stop tap at every out let other than over flow pipe. The out let pipe should be fixed 50 to 75
mm above the bottom of the tank. The wash out or drain pipe should be flush at the bottom of the
tank at its lowest point. Which shall be laid right up to the mouth of rain water pipe. Its open end
shall be fitted with mosquito proof coupling. When water is supplied to over head tank by gravity a
float valve is provided for automatic stopping of supply to the tank.

324
GaIvanized iron tubes used in Water, supply lines (Conforming to I.S:1239 (Part=1) 1979

Nominal Out-Side Wall Thickness Calculated Sockets

Bore diameter nominal Weight
And Galvanized tube
series

mini- maxi- Plain Screwed mini- max-

mum mum Socketed end. mum mum
mm mm mm mm SWG Kg. Mt. / Kg. / Mt./ mm mm
mt. Tonne mt. Tonne

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
15 L 21.0 21.4 2.00 14 1.00 1000 1.01 990 - -
M 21.0 21.8 2.65 12 1.27 787 1.28 781 27.0 7.0
H 21.0 21.8 3.25 10 1.50 667 1.51 662
20 L 26.4 26.9 2.35 13 1.47 680 1.48 676
M 26.5 27.3 2.65 12 1.64 610 1.65 606 32.5 39.0
H 26.5 27.3 3.25 10 1.96 510 1.47 508
25 L 33.2 33.8 2.65 12 2.09 478 2.11 474
M 33.3 34.2 3.25 10 2.52 397 2.54 394 39.5 46.0
H 33.3 34.2 4.05 8 3.05 328 3.07 326
32 L 41.9 42.5 2.65 12 2.69 372 2.72 368
M 42.0 42.9 3.25 10 3.24 309 3.27 306 49.0 51.0
H 42.0 42.9 4.05 8 3.94 254 3.97 252
40 L 47.8 48.4 2.90 11 3.37 297 3.41 293
M 47.9 48.8 3.25 10 3.73 268 3.77 265 56.0 51.0
H 47.9 48.8 4.05 8 4.55 220 4.59 218
50 L 59.6 60.2 2.90 11 4.26 235 4.33 231
M 59.7 60.8 3.65 9 5.25 190 5.32 188 68.0 60.0
H 59.7 60.8 4.50 7 6.32 158 6.39 156
65 L 75.2 76.0 3.25 10 5.99 167 6.11 164
M 75.3 76.6 3.65 9 6.70 149 6.82 147 84.0 69.0
H 75.3 76.6 3.65 7 8.09 124 8.21 122
80 L 87.9 88.7 3.25 10 7.04 142 7.21 139
M 88.0 89.5 4.05 8 8.70 115 8.87 113 98.0 75.0
H 88.0 89.5 4.85 6 10.32 97 10.52 95
100 L 113.0 113.9 3.65 9 10.18 98 10.49 95
H 113.1 115.0 4.50 7 12.39 81 12.69 79 124.0 87.0
N 113.1 115.0 5.40 5 14.69 68 14.99 67

325
TOLERANCE :-

a) Thickness :- 1 Light tubes + Not limited

- 8 Percent
2 Medium + Not limited
- 10 Percent

b) Weight 1 Single tube + 10%

(light) - 8%
2 Single tube + 10%
(Medium and Heavy)
3 For quantities : + 10%
per Load of
10 tonnes (Light) :
4 For quantities + 7.5%
per load of -10 tonnes
(Medium and Heavy)

No. of connections of various sizes that can be fed from main line that will together have same
discharge as main line.

Dia. of Diameter of Branch pipe in mm. Formula

Delivery main
Main 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100

15 1
20 3 1
25 6 2 1
32 10 3 1.7 1
40 16 6 2.7 1.6 1 Number Required
50 32 12 5.6 3.2 2 1 = 5
65
80
100
56
88
181
20
32
66
10
16
32
5.6
8.9
18
3.6
5.6
11
1.7
2.7
5.6
1
1.6
3.2
1
2 1
[ Dia. of Larger pipe
Dia of smaller pipe ]
Note :- i) Water supply pipes shall be laid on other side of street where sewage pipes are
laid, also water pipes shall be laid as remote as possible from electrical cables.

ii) All G.I., U.P.V.C., C.I. pipe lines, water closets, wash hand basin, water tap, valves
shall be tested for Leak Proofness at Contractor’s cost by adopting approved test
procedure.

326
 Specifications for UPVC pipes for potable water supplies
The mean outside diameter, outside diameter at any point and wall thickness or plumbing pipes
shall be as given below.

DIMENSIONS OF UNPLASTIClZED PVC PLAIN END PIPES

FOR PLUMBING WORK IN BUILDING
All dimensions in millimeteres.

NOMINAL OUTSIDE MEAN OUTSIDE DIAMETER OUTSIDE DIAMETERAT WALL THICKNESS

DIAMETER ANY POINT

Min Max Min Max Min Max

20 20.0 20.3 19.5 20.5 2.8 3.3
25 25.0 25.3 24.5 25.5 2.9 3.4
32 32.0 32.3 31.5 32.5 3.4 3.9
40 40.0 40.3 39.5 40.5 3.6 4.2
50 50.0 50.3 49.4 50.6 3.7 4.3

327
The minimum socket length, the mean inside diameter at midpoint of socket and other details in the
case of bell end/ socket end pipes shall comply with those given in table below.

TABLE DIMENSIONS OF THE SOCKET END/BELL END PIPES

All dimensions in millimetres.

NOMINAL MINIMUM SOCKET MEAN SOCKET INTERNAL

SIZE LENGTH DIAMETERAT MID-POINT
OF SOCKET LENGTH

Min Max
(1) (2) (3) (4)
16 14.0 16.1 16.3
20 16.0 20.1 20.3
25 19.0 25.1 25.3
32 22.0 32.1 32.3
40 26.0 40.1 40.3
50 31.0 50.1 50.3
63 37.5 63.1 63.3
75 43.5 75.1 75.3
90 51.0 90.1 90.3
110 61.0 110.1 110.4
125 68.5 125.1 125.4
140 76.0 140.2 140.5
160 86.0 160.2 160.5
180 96.0 180.2 180.5
200 106.0 200.3 200.6
225 118.5 225.3 225.7
250 131.0 250.4 250.8
280 146.0 280.4 280.9
315 163.5 315.4 316.0
355 183.5 355.4 356.0
400 206.0 400.4 401:0
450 231.0 450.4 451.0
500 256.0 500.4 501.0
560 286.0 560.4 561.0
630 321.0 630.4 631.0

328
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Visual Appearance - The internal and external surfaces of the pipe shall be smooth and clean, and
free from groovings and other defects. The end shall be cleanly cut and shall be square with the
axis of the pipe or chamfered at one or both ends. Slight shallow longitudinal grooves or irregulari-
ties in the wall thickness shall be permissible provided the wall thickness remains within the per-
missible limits.

Opacity - The wall of the socket portion and the wall of the plain pipe shall not transmit more than
0.2 percent of the visible light falling on them when tested in accordance with IS: 12235 (Part 3) -
1986.

Effect on Water - The pipes shall not have any detrimental effect on the composition of the water
flowing through them. When tested by the method described in IS : 12235 (Part 4) - 1986, IS: 12235
(Part 10) - 1986 and IS :12235 (Part II)- 1986 , the quantities of lead, dialkyl tin C4 and higher
homologues (measured as tin), and any other toxic substances extracted from the internal walls of
the pipes shall not exceed the following concentrations in the test solution :

Lead (first extraction)
Lead (third extraction)
Dialkyl tin C4 and higher
homologues measured
as tin (third extraction)
1.0 mg/litre (1.0 part per million by mass)
0.3 mg/litre (0.3 part per million by mass)
0.02 mg/litre (0.02 part per million by mass)

Cadmium - For all three extracts, the cadmium concentration shall not be greater than 0.001 mg/1
Mercury - For all three extracts, the mercury concentration shall not be greater than 0.001 mg/1
Other toxic substances 0.01 mg/litre (0.01 part per million by mass)
(third extraction)

The manufacturer, for the purpose of these tests, shall disclose all the toxic substances present.

Reversion Test - When tested by the method described in IS : 12235 (Part 5) - 1986, a length of
pipe of approximately 300 mm shall not alter in length by more than 5 percent. In the case of bell
end pipes, this test shall be carried out on the plain portion of pipe taken at least 100 mm away from
the root of the socket.

329
Stress Relief Test - This test shall be carried out for bell end pipes only. When tested by the
method described in IS : 12235 (Part 6) - 1986 the test specimens shall not show blisters, excessive
delamination or cracking or signs of weld line splitting. The weld line or lines may become pronounced
during the test, but this shall not be deemed to constitute failure.

Special care shall be taken in examining the spide line (weld line), where no cracks or delaminations
shall enetrate to a depth greater than 20 percent of the wall thickness at that point. The assessment
of the depth of penetration of cracks or delaminations shall be carried out by sectioning the specimen
at spide line and measuring the depth to which these defects penetrate the wall thickness of the
pipe. Dial gauge or shadow graph (profile projector) should be used for measuring the depth of
penetration.

Resistance to Sulphuric Acid - When tested by the method described in IS : 12235 (Part 7) -
1986, the mass of specimen shall neither increase by more than 0.32 g nor decrease by more than
0.013 g. The effect of the acid an the surface appearance of the specimen (roughening, bleaching
or blackening) shall be ignored.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Hydrostatic Characteristics - When subjected to internal hydrostatic pressure test in accordance
with the procedure given in IS : 12235 (Part 8) - 1986, the pipes shall not burst during the prescribed
test duration. The temperatures, duration of test and stresses for the test shall conform to the
requirements given in Table below.

TABLE REOUIREMENTS OF PIPES FOR

INTERNAL HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TEST

TEST TEST TEST DURATION INDUCED

TEMPERATURE (MINIMUM HOLDING TIME) STRESS

(1) (2) (3) (4)

O
C h MPa (kgf/cm2)

Type test 60 1000 10 (100)

Acceptance test 27 1 36 (360)

330
Acceptance test at 27 OC as given in Table shaII not apply to plumb in g pipes. For plumbing pipes,
the test pressure for the acceptance test at 27OC shall be 3.6 MPa for 1 hour, as these pipes are
designed with a higher wall thickness for rigidity and not for providing a higher working pressure.

Impact Strength at 0OC - When tested by the method described in IS : 12235 (Part 9) - 1986 the
pipe samples shall not fracture or crack through its complete wall thickness. In the case of bell end
pipes, this test shall be carried out on the plain portion of the pipe taken at least 100 mm away from
the root of the socket.

SUPPLY OF PIPES - The pipes shall be supplied in straight lengths of 4, 5 and 6 metres with a
tolerance of + 10 mm and - 0 mm. The pipes may be supplied in other lengths where so agreed to
between the manufacturer and the purchaser.

MARKING - Each pipe shall be clearly and indelibly marked at intervals of not more than 3 metres
in colour as indicated below. The marking shall show the following
a) Manufacturer’s name or trade-mark,
b) Outside diameter,
c) Class of pipe and pressure rating,
d) Batch number, and
e) The word ‘plumbing’ in the case of plumbing pipes.

The information shall be marked in colour as indicated below for different classes of pipes:

Class of pipe Colour

Class 1 Red

Class 2 Blue

Class 3 Green

Class 4 Yellow

In the case of plumbing pipes, the information shall be marked in pink colour.

each pipe may also be marked with the Standard Mark.

331
Kitchen:- The Kitchen is the most used area where house-wives have to spend maximum time in
different activities like preparation of meals, food preservation, storage of food, utensils, dining, &
laundering etc.

Hence careful planning is especially important. This requires proper selection of appliances and
storage units and convenient arrangement area.

Arrangement:- It will be important to keep basic working area compact & consideration shall be
given to the possibility of more than one person working there. The arrangement shall vary according
to the size and shape of space available, but the relationship among the functions in the different
work areas shall not be ignored.

Storage:- The design of the kitchen shall be functional in the sense of minimizing reaching and
stooping. The facility shall not be higher than a user can reach with both feet flat on the floor.
Adequate space to store items, such that they may be easily seen, reached, grasped and taken
down and put back without strain, storage space shall be sufficiently flexible to permit its adjustment
to varying amounts, size and kind of food & utensils. It shall be preferred to provide adjustable
shelvings.

It is recommended to avoid storage facility above the cooking top.

Cooking work tops :- (otta) :- The height of work top shall permit a comfortable working postures.
The cooking top where gas stoves are employed, the height of finished level shall not be more than
750 mm from finished floor level & incase of other stoves like kerosene stove it shall not be less
than 700 mm. Due consideration shall be given for storage of bottled gas cylinder. If need, the floor
level under cooking top shall be lowered to accommodate the height of the gas cylinder. Normally
height of (14kg) bottled gas cylinder does not-exceed more than 725 mm. with coller & holding
rings. The hole in otta through which gas pipe is connected to gas cylinder & gas stove, shall be
minimum of 3 cm. dia. so that cleaning of hole can be done with a brush. The space above the
counter up to height of 50 cm. shall be of water proof material to prevent walls from staining.

Worktops :- Height of work top shall not be more than 800 mm from finished floor level & depth
shall not be more than 600 mm. The width of cooking as well as work top shall not be less than 900
mm.

332
The diagram showing kitchen heights of cooking otta top, work & storage, sink etc given below

333
The details of connections of wash hand basin are given as below showing weir over flow, slotted
waste, bottle trap connections & pedastal. Since different types of basins are available, bottle trap
shall be connected to waste pipe by telescopic pipe for mobility.

The typical arrangement of wash hand

basin, showing location at which, W.H.B,
Towelrail, Shelf, Mirror light at different
heights is shown, in diagram given below.

Mirror :- It is common practice to install

mirror / medicine cabinet above W.H.B.
The minimum size of mirror shall not be
less than 0.2 mt & each side not less than
450 mm. The bottom line of mirror shall
not be less than 1200 mm from finished
floor level. The bulb, tube over the mirror
shall be 15 cm. above top rim of the
mirror.

334
When more than one wash hand basin is to be provided details showing minimum separation
distances are given in figure given below.

It will be desirable to provide minimum

500 mm distance from adjacent wall
to the central axis of basin & width 600
mm from front edge to the opposite
obstruction point to perform various
activities. Also it is desirable to provide
distance of 900 mm between rentral
axis of two adjacent basins for smooth
performance of activates.

Attention shall be given for fixing outlets of hot & cold water taps, stop valves. The manufacturers
instructions shall-be properly followed before W.H.B is fixed. The line diagram showing details of
waste fittings brackets for basin & sink are given below.

335
336
337
BATH ROOMS :-

Bath room is a space where washing face, hands and hairs, bathing, ablutions and grooming and
also such activities as hand laundering and infant care is carried out, often it is used as dressing
room.

Design of bath rooms shall include planning for optimum convenience and privacy for all members
of house hold. It shall have adequate provision for storage and equipment and ease of cleaning.

General Guidelines tabulated below :

1) Illumination :- Lighting shall be adequate for all activities performed. Direct source
of light shall be provided with high strip windows. Clear storey
windows and skylight, luminous ceiling and artificial lighting are
recommended.

2) Ventilator :- Good ventilation shall be essential to reduce humidity and to displace

odours, care shall be exercised in its selection and placement of
windows as ventilation, exhaust fans for ventilation are recommended.

Materials :- All surface materials used in bath room shall have moisture resistance
finishes and non slippery floors.

Safety :- Grab bar shall be used vertically for bath tub and shower and shall
be adequate size and security fastened to sturdy background or studs.
Floor finish shall be non skid. Door lock that opens automatically
from inside & outside shall be installed in case of emergency. Light
switches shall be located out of reach of bath and shower.

Miscellaneous The bath room shall be planned for hygienic purpose in addition to
activities other activities such as infant bath, laundry, washing cloth, storage
of water etc. Floor space shall be left in every bathroom, for portable
accessories. The two fixture, three fixture plans are given separately.

338
339
 The minimum fixture clearance of Indian
W.C. and Bath is given on Left side.

The heights at which Toilet fixtures and

accessories located are given below.
MINIMUM FIXTURE CLEARANCE IN INDIAN W C & BATH

340
 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
(SYMET BATH ASSETS)
(SYNTHETIC METAL BATH ASSETS)

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal WASTE COUPLING 31 mm, of 79 mm length and 62

mm breadth, having approx. weight of 45 gms with 1.25" B.S.P. threads.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal WASTE COUPLING 38 mm, of 83 mm length and 77

mm breadth, having approx. weight of 65 gms with 1.5" B.S.P. threads.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal BOTTLE TRAP 31 mm single piece moulded with
height of 270 mm, effective length of Tail pipe from the centre of the waste coupling 230 mm, water
seal of minimum 25 mm, provision for regular and easy flushing of waste deposits, having approx.
weight of 270 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal BOTTLE TRAP 38mm single piece moulded with height
of 270 mm, effective length of Tail pipe from the centre of the waste coupling 230 mm, water seal of
minimum 25mm,provision for regular and easy flushing of waste deposits, having approx. weight
of 285 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal GRATING BOOM 100 mm dia. size, height 12mm
boomed shape having approx. weight of 25 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal GRATING BOOM 125 mm dia, height 15mm boomed
shape having approx,. weight of 40 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal GRATING BOOM WITH WASTE HOLE 125 mm dia,
height 15mm with waste hole having approx. weight of 40gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal GRATING ROUND 140 mm dia. height 11 mm dome
shape having approx. weight of 50 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal GRATING SQUARE 150mm with 100mm dia. of the
inner hinged round grating, dome shape having approx. weight of 110 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal GRATING SQUARE 150mm with 100mm dia. of
the inner hinged round grating , Dome shape with waste hole having approx. weight of 108 gms.

341
342
Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal GRATING SQUARE FITTINGS, suitable for Cement
Grating Square 150 MM having dia. 98 mm, height of 62 mm, made in two parts for smell and
mosquito proof with water seal of minimum 25mm and gross weight of approx. 92 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal GRATING SQUARE (SLIT). 150 mm square with a
height of 8 mm and approx. weight of 100 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal BIB COCK standard 15mm size deluxe handles, 86
mm long and 97mm high with 12mm seat dia. and replaceable washers, having approx, weight of
90 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal BIB COCK FANCY 15mm size with deluxe handles,
126 mm long and 110 mm high with 12mm seat dia. and replaceable washers, having approx
weight 105 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal BIB COCK LONG BODY 15mm size with deluxe handles,
185mm long and 110mm high with 12mm seat dia. and replaceable washers, having approx. weight
of 120 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal FLANGE 15mm size, 56mm dia. suitable for 15mm
Taps, approx, weight of 5 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal EXTENSION NIPPLE 15mm size with 1/2" B.S.P. threads
length of 70mm and approx. weight of 18gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal PILLAR COCK, 15mm size, with deluxe handles, 107
mm size and 131mm high with 12mm seat dia and replaceable washers, having approx. weight of
120 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal PUSH COCK WITH NIPPLE 15mm. Push cock having
3/4" B.S.P. FEMALE THREADS, 100mm long, 57 mm high, 12mm seat dia, spindle movement of
minimum 5mm, approx. weight of 75 gms and M.S. Nipple having 15mm B.S.P. female threads,
20mm B.S.P. outer threads and duly epoxy coated.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal STOP COCK 15mm. size with deluxe handles, 86mm
long and 89 mm high with 12mm seat dia. and replaceable washers, having approx. weight of 95
gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal STOP COCK 20mm. size with deluxe handles, 89 mm
long and 86mm high with 12mm seat dia. and replaceable washers, having approx, weight of 95
gms.

343
344
Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal ANGLE VALVE 15mm size with deluxe handles, 65mm
wide and 135mm high with 12mm seat dia. and replaceable washers, having approx. weight of
95gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal CONCEALED STOP COCK 15mm size with deluxe
handles, 65mm long and 130mm high with 12mm seat dia. and replaceable washers, with sliding
Flange, having approx. weight of 135 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal CONCEALED STOP COCK 20mm size with dia. and
replaceable washers, with sliding flange, having approx. weight of 135 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal BALL COCK complete with Epoxy Coated Aluminium
Rod & H.D. Ball 15mm Size suitable for L.P./H.P. pressure with length 115, breadth 40mm, piston
travel of minimum 5mm having approx. weight of 60gms. provided with leverage of minimum 230mm
and plastic ball of 114mm dia.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal BALL COCK complete with Epoxy Coated Aluminium
Rod & H.D. Ball 20mm Size suitable for L.P./H.P. pressure with length 125 mm, breadth 43mm,
piston travel of minimum 6.5mm having approx. weight of 95 gms., provided with leverage of minimum
310mm and plastic ball of 127mm dia.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal -BALL COCK complete with Epoxy Coated Aluminium
Rod & H.D. Ball 25mm Size suitable for L.P./H.P. pressure with length 155 mm, breadth 52mm,
piston travel of minimum 8mm, having approx. weight of 1 60gms. provided with leverage of minimum
390 mm and plastic ball of 178mm dia.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal BALL COCK complete with Epoxy Coated Aluminiurn
Rod & H.D. Ball 50 mm Size suitable for L.P./H.P. pressure with length 245 mm , breadth 93mm,
piston travel of minimum 16mm, having approx. weight of 500gms. provided with leverage of
minimum 710mm and plastic ball of 254mm dia.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal SWIVELLING SHOWER 15 mm size, 95mm long, 65

mm, dia. having approx. weight of 45 gms. with approx. 90 holes of 1.2mm dia.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal SHOWER ARM 15mm size with 1/2" B.S.P. threads,
225mm long with a bend of 45 degree (effective length of 210mm) having approx. weight of 40gms.

345
346
Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal URINAL SPREADER 15mm with sizes 95x60x100mm
with 1/2" B.S.P. threads and shape as per IS specifications and approx. weight of 60 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal SHELF WITH TUMBLER size 18" 450mm long and
125mm wide having approx. weight of 330 gms. provided with a tumbler appropriately provisioned.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal LIQUID SOAP CONTAINER 109 mm wide and 125mm
high of the standard shape with bracket of the same material with snap fittings, having approx.
weight of 105 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal SOAP DISH/HOLDER having length of 138mm, breadth
of 112mm, height of 75mm with concealed fitting arrangements and having approx. weight of 110
gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal TOWEL RING in trapezoidal shape, width 200mm,
length 215mm, distance to the wall of minimum of 32mm, approx. weight of 90 gms, with con-
cealed fittings arrangement.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal TOWEL RAIL (18") with total length of 495 mm, width
78mm and effective height of 90mm with concealed fitting arrangements and approx. weight of 170
gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal TOWEL RAIL (24") with total length of 645 mm, width
78 mm and effective height of 90mm with concealed fitting arrangements and approx. weight of
190 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal DOOR handle 125mm having complete length of 125mm,
width 35mm and height of 24 mm, with approx. weight of 24 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal DOOR handle 150mm having complete length of 150mm,
width 35mm and height of 24 mm with approx. weight of 28 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal MORTICE LOCK HANDLE, suitable for mortice locks
of standard make and for doors of thickness form 25mm to 50 mm.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal FLUSH PULL DIA. 65mm with width of 15mm, suitable
for two fingers operations having approx. weight of 20 gms.

Specification of : (SYMET) Synthetic metal FLUSH PULL DIA. 80mm with width of 15mm, suitable
for three fingers operations having approx. weight of 30 gms.

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348
WATER CLOSETS
The design of W.C. shall include planning for optimum
convenience and privacy for all members of family.
Generally, squatting type W.C. Seats/Plans are very
common in rural and urban areas. However, the
provision western type i.e. down flush type of W.C.
seats in toilet is popular in metropolitan towns.
Water closet space should accommodate not only
pan but also provision of water tap, tumbler, wall pegs,
toilet paper holder, flushing valves, cistern high/ low
and storage for cleaning agents. etc.,
Where squatting pans with traps are provided following
points should be kept in mind.
a) The height of W.C. & bath room shall not be less
than 2.20 meters.
b) In W.C., the hole may be left in the beam to
accommodate drain pipe.
c) R.C.C. loft over the W.C./bath shall be provided as
to have clear access. R.C.C. beams running parallel
to R.C.C. loft (access loft should be either deleted or
concealed in the slab) in order to meet with the
requirement of accessibility to the loft. Loft should have
ventilators by way of R.C.C. jali.
d) R.C.C. jamb columns shall be provided when door
frames are provided in one brick thick wall.
e) While fixing frames for toilets etc. take care that
frame levels are also altered in proportion to sunk
flooring lest the frame will be remaining hanging &
may not rest on flooring.
f) The floor or slab may be preferably lower than the
general floor level to accommodate the pan.
g) Floor shall be suitably sloped so that waste water
is drained into the pan, minimum slope of 1:60 is
recommended it shall not be slippery & it shall be
moisture resistant.
h) Tap may be provided in a suitable position (i.e. on
right side) at the height of 25 cms above floor level
Footrests shall be located at an angle of 15O to the
vertical away from pan.
i) It is advisable if mock up flat is prepared at early
stage of work.
Treatment of walls:- The wall to the height of one
metre should of an impervious material and it shall be
easy to clean.

349
VENTILATION :- 1) Ventilators should have an area of not less than 10% of floor area and located
in an exterior wall.

2) Where flushing cisterns are provided it should have 10 litres capacity discharging at rate of
5 litres in 3 seconds.

The height of cistern above floor level

is 2.4 m for Indian type W.C. and 0.8
mt for European type W.C.

3) The toilet paper holder for European

W.C. is provided at height 0.45 m.
above seat level i.e. it shall be made
within convenient reach of user.

4) The distance of laying in position of

W.C. pan from back side wall shall be
26 cm for Indian type and 34 cm for
the European type W.C. Pan. As
I.S.2556 part 1 and 15, I.S.2548 part
and 2 I.S. 774 -1984, I.S 7231 (1984),
I.S 2064 : 1993. The height of Anglo-
Indian seat shall be 37 cm from the
floor, height of European W.C. shall be
39 cm from the floor & the height of
wall hung European W.C. shall be 40
cm from the floor.

The line diagram showing typical toilet

outlet is given.

WORK ON SITE:-
Chases and ducts

A check shall be made to see that all holes, chases and duct required for pipe work have been
properly provided.

DELIVERY OF APPLIANCES:-

Before delivery of appliances suitable storage space, which can be retained until assembly period,
should be provided. Upon arrival, all appliances shall be carefully checked to ensure that they are in
accordance with the requirements and free from defects and damage.

350
SITING OF APPLIANCES :-

The outlets of W. C. pans and similar appliances shall be examined to see that outlet ends are
abutting on receiving pipes before joining.

It is also necessary td make sure that the receiving is clear of obstruction. Attention shall be given
to the possibility of movement and settlement from other causes and also to noise transmission.
Overflow shall be so arranged as to give visible warning of discharge and should always have tell to
outlet. When terminating externally, the overflow shall have sufficient projection to throw discharge
clear of wall, But projection shall be limited to avoid on unsightliness.

FIXING OF APPLIANCES :-

A check shall be made to ensure that the necessary facilities have been provided for supporting
wash basins, sinks and flushing cisterns, Where built in type brackets are used, they shall already
have been fixed by building contractor and where the wall fixing types are involved, the wall finish
shall have been arranged to make provision for them. Care shall be taken when fixing sinks, to
ensure that they drain satisfactorily to outlet.

The Typical W.C. arrangement for Indian type W.C and European type
W.C is shown in a diagram.

351
The line diagrams of wall hung type European
W.C. with single syphonic arrangement and
Double symphonic arrangement, W.M. Cistern
are given here with standard distances and
height at which cistern etc. is fixed.

Also diagram of Urinal showing distance and

height to which cistern and supply pipes,
partitions to be provided is given below.

352
353
354
 The sketch showing the pisten type flushing cistern is given below.

The Piston Type Flush conserves the use of water. Details about how it operates is as follows:

When a full 9 It. flush is required, the lever is held down forcing the rubber washer against its
seating and prevent air from entering the syphon and a full flush is obtained 4.5 It. flush is obtained
if the lever is released in the normal way, this breaks the syphonic action only half flush is obtained.

The distance of a cistern for washing down a pan should be 1800 mm. from the top of the pan to the
bottom of the cistern. For the syphonic type of water closet a low level cistern at a distance of 300
mm. between a cistern and commode.

Recommendations to save consumption of water :

1. Use low volume flushing cistern having a capacity of 5 to 7 It. per flush in place of the
present 12.5 It.

2. For urinals, avoid automatic flushing cistern.

3. Use self closing non-concussive taps for bathrooms delivering 0.5 It. per push of the tap.

355
356
The accessories like soap trays, soap dishes, Toilet shelf, paper holder, footrest, syphon, bath tubs
are given below.

357
358
359
360
361
362
S.W. Gully trap : This is a trap provided in a drainage system with a water seal fixed in a suitable
position to collect waste water from the basin, baths and rain water pipes.

It is fixed on a cement concrete foundation 65 cm. square and not less than 10 cm. thick and a brick
masonry chamber 300 x 300 shall be built around it. A.C.I. cover frame 300 x 300 shall be fixed on
top of the brick masonry. The finished top of cover shall be left 4 cm. above the adjoining ground
level so as to exclude the surface water from entering gully trap.

Conventional three-fixture toilet - -Western W.C.

Minimum area of bath and W.C. according to the National Building code is 2.8 sq. metres.

Dimension : 1500 x 1900 mm.

Ventilation area 0.3 m2. Dimension of the opening is 600 x 600 mm.

Sill height 1400 mm.

Size of Western W.C. 430 x 340 mm. located at 450 mm. away from the wall and located at
a level of -10 mm from the +0 level.

Wash basin : Size 450 x 300 mm located at a height of + 800mm from floor level.

Bath : Shower located at a height of + 2100 mm. and 700-750 mm. away from the wall. A
soap niche 200 x 100mm. at +850 mm. Level of bath at - 35 from + 0 level.

363
364
365
 Conventional three-fixture toilet with gully trap and manhole —
Indian W.C. / Orissa pattern W.C.

The typical design of a three-fixture toilet is illustrated here. The sketches are mainly intended to
show the arrangement of sanitary appliances in the minimum area for a toilet as laid down by the
National Building Code so that a convenient arrangement is made taking into account minimum
fixture clearances, the ventilation lighting and conveniences. The greatest economy can be achieved
with least amount of pipe fittings. Selection of suitable materials for the floors, walls, ceilings need
as much attention as type of fixtures, the capacity of the drain pipes used for successful plumbing,
and the design and workmanship.

Water Closet :

The minimum fittings and appliances consist of:

a) A Squatting pan with its trap.

b) Floor suitably sloped so that the waste water is drained into the pan.

c) Ablution tap provided at a height 30 cms. above the floor level. Foot-rests located at an
angle of 15O to the vertical, away from the pan.

The water closet and bathroom shall not have direct communication with a kitchen or a room used
for the preparation of food. The floor level of the water closet and bathroom shall be lower than of
the general floor.

Ventilation : Ventilators should have an area of not less than 10 percent of the floor area and
located in an exterior wall facing a street.

Floor : Floor should be constructed of a material which does not readily absorb moisture, which
can be easily cleaned and which is not slippery in use. It should be sloped away from the toilet door
towards the outlet. A minimum slope of 1 in 60 is recommended. It should be lower than the general
floor level.

Treatment of walls : Walls to a height of at least 1 m. should be of an impervious material such as

cement, terrazzo, glazed tiles, which is easily cleanable.

Flushing Cistern : Flushing cistern with a discharge capacity of 10 litres, discharging at an average
rate of 5 liters in three seconds are recommended. It should be supported on two cast iron mild
steel brackets which are protected by an impervious paint or it can be screwed to the wall and
supplemented by two cast iron wall supports.

366
367
 Plumbing Details
The network of pipes that brings water to the taps and takes away the waste and soil is
known as plumbing. The water supply system consists of the water service pipes, the water
distribution pipes and the necessary connecting pipes, fittings, and control valves. Water from the
municipal main is carried by communication pipes to the watermeter point. From the meter point
the supply pipe takes it to the overhead water tank and from the overhead tank to the residential
taps by means of distribution pipes.
Water supply for residences : The minimum requirement of water used is 200 litres per head per
day out of which 45 litres may be taken for flushing requirements. For L.I.G. and E.W.S. it may be
reduced to 135 litres per head per day. Whole water supply for drinking and culinary purposes must
not be liable to contamination. There should be no cross connection between a pipe conveying
wholesome water and a pipe containing impure water. The design of the pipe work should be such
that there is no possibility of back flow towards the source of supply from any cistern. All pipe work
must be water tight to avoid waste of water and damage to building.
The conveyance and distribution of the water will be through main, which shall be at least
150 cm under roadways and 75 cm incase of footpaths.
For distribution pipes the connections upto 50 mm diameter may be made on water mains
by means of screwed ferrules, provided the size of connections does not exceed 1/3rd size of water
main.
The distribution pipe & under ground service pipe shall be laid at right angles to the main.
Every distribution pipe shall have a stop cock and meter inserted.
Every water storage tank shall be covered with close fitting dust tight, insect and fly (mosquito)
proof lid and shall be provided with suitable ball valve. Every tank shall be provided with an efficient
mosquito proof vent pipe.
Each storage tank shall be provided with a stop valve or stop tap at every out let other than
the over flow pipe.
Outlet pipe shall be fixed 50-75 mm above bottom of the tank fitted with strainer preferably
of copper or UPVC [Non rusting type]. The feed pipe connecting cold water tank with hot water
heater shall not have less than 20 mm bore and it shall leave the cold water tank at a point not less
than 5 cm above the bottom of the tank and shall connect the hot water heater near its bottom. The
feed pipes shall not deliver the cold water to any other connection, but into the hot water cylinder.
Water supply in kitchens : When only one tap is provided in the kitchen, it should be taken directly
off the rising main. It should not be connected to the overhead tank.
If there are two taps in a kitchen, one tap could be directly connected to the fresh water line
and the other to the overhead water tank.
If a geyser is provided, it should be connected to the overhead water tank for its supply and
one tap of the sink in the kitchen should be connected to the geyser for hot water. One tap could get
its water supply from overhead water tank and one tap could be connected to the rising main.

368
 An alternate method of providing hot water to the residence is to have a water heater tank
which is connected directly to the main supply at the ground level where water is heated and sent
to a hot water tank from where it can be pumped to the various floors for providing hot water to
baths, wash basin and kitchen sinks.

DESIGN FOR WASTE WATER PLUMBING

1) Water Closet : (WC)
i) Where squatting pans with traps are provided, following points should be kept in
mind
a) The floor (or slab) may be preferably lower than the general floor level to accommodate
the pan.
b) Floor shall be suitably sloped so that waste water is drained into the pan.
c) Tap may be provided in a suitable position at a height of 20 to 30cm above the floor
level.
2) Where flushing cisterns are provided it should have 10 litre capacity discharging at an rate
of 5 liters in 3 seconds.
3) Urinals :
i) Urinals shall be designed to allow a minimum clear width of 60 cm between partitions.
ii) Top of the bowl shall be about 60 cm from the floor level.
iii) A drain of sufficient width should be provided at the bottom of stall urinals. The drain, if open,
shall be glazed. Half round urinals shall also be considered.
4) Wash Basins :
a) Where basins are fixed in ranges, it is desirable to place them 75 cm centre to centre. The
centreline of the last basin shall be kept at least 40 cm away from the adjacent wall.
b) The top of the rim of wash basins shall be about 75 to 80 cm above the floor level. For
children in school, it varies between 58 to 68 cm.
5) Drinking Fountains :
Where a drinking fountain is meant for school children, it may be fixed at a height between
45 cm to 90 cm.
6) Showers :
Overhead showers may be fixed at a height of 2 m from floor level & It shall be 70 cm. to 75
cm. away from the wall. The valve for the shower shall be of impervious material for a
height of 100 cm. above floor.
7) Bath Rooms :
a) The cold & hot water tap should be at a height of at least 60 cm from floor level. If provided
separately shall not be more than 15 cm. apart & located reasonably away from the outlet
and may project about 20 cm.

369
b) The floor of the bath room shall be constructed of material which does not readily absorb
the moisture, which can be easily cleaned and non-slippery. The floor should be sloped
away from the door towards the outlet with a minimum slope of 1 in 60. The outlet shall be
covered by a brass/ chromium plated / symet grating to prevent any material which is not to
be lost in the drain and to prevent the clogging.

Sanitary Pipe Work within the Premises :

There are four systems for waste water drainage as follows:

a) Two pipe system.

b) One pipe system.

c) Single stack system.

d) Single stack (partially ventilated) system.

a) Two pipe system - In this system the soil and the waste pipes are distinct and separate,
the soil pipes being connected to the building drain direct and the waste pipes connected to
the building drain through a trapped gulley. All traps of soil appliances are completely ventilated
through a ventilating pipe. Likewise traps of all waste appliances are also completely
ventilated through a separate ventilating pipe. Thus it contains one soil pipe, one waste pipe
and two ventilating pipes.

b) One pipe system - In this system of plumbing, the waste from all soil appliances are
connected to one main pipe which is connected to the building sewer. Gulley traps and
waste pipes are completely dispensed with, but all the traps of soil and waste appliances
are all completely ventilated through a single ventilating pipe. Thus it contains one soil cum
waste pipe and one ventilating pipe for both soil and waste appliances.

c) Single stack system - This system of plumbing is the same as one pipe system but
without trap ventilation pipe work. Thus it contains only one soil and waste pipe and no
ventilating pipe.

d) Single stack (partly ventilated) system : This is same as the one pipe system but partially
ventilated. This is a via media between one pipe system and single stack system. This
system contains soil cum waste pipe and one ventilating pipe for soil appliances only.

e) Vent pipe system - The vent pipe or antisiphonage pipe is installed to provide flow of air to
or from a drainage system or to provide circulation of air within such systems to protect
trap.

370
ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES
Asbestos cement pipes are commonly used for house drainage system and they shall conform to
accepted standards . They are not recommended for underground situations. However, asbestos
cement pressure pipes conforming to accepted standards, may be used in underground situations
also. Provided they are designed to withstand when subjected to heavy superimposed loads.
Asbestos cement pipes are not fitted with ears, as are metal ones in order to avoid damage in
transit, but are fixed by means of wall clips or holder bats.

LEAD PIPES
Branch soil pipes from fittings to main soil pipes and branch waste pipes from fittings to main stack
and branch anti-siphonage pipes may be of lead and shall conform to accepted standards

DRAINAGE PIPES
Drainage pipes shall be kept clear of all other services. Provision shall be made during the
construction of the building for the entry of the drainage pipes. In most cases this may be done
conveniently by building sleeves or conduit pipes into or under the structure in appropriate positions.
This will facilitate the installation and maintenance of the services.

Where soil and ventilating pipes are accommodated in ducts, access to cleaning eyes shall be
provided. Any connection to a drain shall be through a gully trap with sealed cover to guard against
ingress of sewer gas, vermin or backflow. Trenches and subways shall be ventilated preferably to
the open air.

All vertical soil, waste, ventilating and anti-siphonage pipes shall be covered on top with a copper or
heavily galvanized iron wire dome or cast iron terminal guards. All UPVC / cast iron pipes which are
to be painted periodically shall be fixed suitably to the wall to give a minimum clearance of 5 cm.

Drainage pipes shall be carried to a height above the buildings as specified for ventilating pipe.

SOIL PIPES
A soil pipe conveying to a drain any solid or liquid filth shall be circular and shall have a minimum
diameter of 100 mm. (Perferably of U PVC material)

Except where it is impracticable, the soil pipe shall be situated outside the building or in suitably
designed pipe shafts and shall be continued upwards without diminution of its diameter, and (except
where it is unavoidable) without any bend or angle, to such a height and position as to afford by
means of its open end a safe outlet for foul air. The position of the open end with its covering shall
be such, as to comply with the conditions relating to ventilating pipe. Even if the pipes are laid in
external chases, the soil pipes shall not be permitted on a wall abutting a street, unless the Authority
is satisfied that it is unavoidable. Where pipe shafts are provided, the cross sectional area shall be
such, as to allow free and unhampered access to the pipes to be installed in the shaft and in no
case shall be cross section be less than a square of one metre side. All pipe shafts shall be
provided with an access door at ground level and facilities for ventilation.

371
Soil pipes, whether inside or outside the building, shall not be connected with any rain-water pipe
and there shall not be any trap in such soil pipe or between it and any drain with which it is connected.

Soil pipes shall prefereably be of UPVC/C.II material. Asbestos cement building pipes may also be
used as soil pipes only above ground level.

The soil pipe shall be strongly supported at the foot upon a bed of concrete and firmly attached to
the walls. It shall be fixed at least 5 cm clear of the finished surface of the wall by means of suitable
clamps of approved type.

WASTE PIPES
Every pipe in a building for carrying off the waste or over-flow water from every bath, wash basin or
sink to a drain shall be of 32 to 50 mm diameter, and shall be trapped immediately beneath such
wash basin or sink by an efficient siphon trap with adequate means for inspection and cleaning.
Such traps shall be ventilated into the external air whenever such ventilation is necessary to preserve
the seal of the trap. Waste pipes, traps, etc. shall be constructed of UPVC, asbestos cement or
other approved material. The over-flow pipe from wash basins, sinks, etc, shall be connected with
the waste pipe immediately above the trap. Vertical pipes carrying off waste water shall have a
minimum diameter of 75 mm.

Every pipe in a building for carrying off waste water to a drain shall be taken through an external wall
of the building by the shortest practicable line, and shall discharge below the grating or surface box
of the chamber but above the grating of a properly trapped gully. The waste pipe shall be continued
upwards without any diminution in its diameter and (except when unavoidable) without any bend or
angle to such a height and position as to afford by means of the open end of the waste pipe, a safe
outlet for foul air, the position of the open end its covering being such as to comply with the condition.

Except where it is impracticable the common waste pipe shall be situated outside the building and
shall be continued upwards without diminution of its diameter (and except where it is unavoidable)
without any bend or angle being formed to such a height and position as to afford by means of the
open end a safe outlet for foul air, the position of the open end and the covering there at being such
as to comply with the conditions set out for ventilating pipe.

The Waste pipe shall be firmly attached to the wall, at least 5 cm clear of it. It the waste pipe is of
cast iron, the pipes shall be secured to the walls with properly fixed holder, bats or equally suitable
and efficient means.

372
373
374
JOINTING
PROCEDURE FOR
RUBBER RING
SOCKETS

1. Cut the PVC pipe with a fine toothed saw to

the required length. Pipe should be cut square.

2. Chamfer the edge of the pipe to be inserted

at an angle of about 15O, about 1/3rd the wall
thickness, using a coarse file.

3. Make sure the spigot and socket are

thorougly clean and dry.

4. lnsert the pipe into the socket without the

seal ring and mark along the pipe, when it is
fully inserted.

5. Fix the rubber ring into the groove without

twisting it.

6. Apply RING jointing lubricant to the

REMEMBER : For even
longer life of the system,
leave a 10 mm gap for
thermal expansion.
chamfered end of the pipe, up to the mark
made on spigot or to the socket end of the
fitting.
7. Push the pipe firmly into the socket till the
gap between the mark on the spigot and socket
is about 10mm to allow for thermal expansion.

375
The sketch showing details of Nahani Trap, Rigid caulked lead; Joint on cast iron pipe, & cement
mortar joint of clay pipe is given below.

376
 RIGID PVC Nahani Trap replaces the
conventional type C.I. Nahani Trap - Its special
design provides an easy flow of waste water
and requires negligible maintenance. It
maintains a water seal of 10 mm. while total
height is 95 mm (4")
The top inlet is of 110 mm dia. on which round
jali can be directly placed. The outlet of 75 mm
dia. is provided to connect with the main
waterline.
RIGID PVC Floor Trap is specially designed
with a single piece outside body and a perfectly
sealed removable type partition which
provides the necessary water seal as well as
facilitates easy cleaning. Additionally, a
threaded plug is also provided on the partition
for rodding purpose. The floor trap is available
in two sizes : 127 mm (5") height with 50 mm
water seal and 100 mm (4") height with 23
mm water seal.
In addition to the top main inlet of 110 mm dia,
3 side inlets of 50 mm dia. each are provided
for connecting waste lines from the wash
basin, washing machine, sink etc, Round jali
can be placed directly on the top of the 110
mm dia, inlet. The outlet of 75 mm dia. is
provided to connect with the main waste water
line.
UPVC P- Trap is one single piece
construction by injection moulded process. P
trap is fitted to WC pan and its outlet can be
directly connected to 110 mm dia PVC soil
line.
P Trap are available in two designs, with air
vent and without air vent.
P Trap maintains a water seal of 60 mm and
its total height is 265 mm.
P Trap has also been tested for flushing.

377
Storm water drainage :- The object of storm water drainage is to collect & carry for suitable
disposal the rain water collected within premises of building.

Water Precipitations, run off :- Rain fall statistics for the areas under consideration shall be
studied to arrive at a suitable figure on basis of which storm water drains could be designed.
Consideration shall be given to effects of special local condition, intensity & duration of rainfall.

Also the impermeability factor that is the proportion of the total rainfall discharging to a surface
water drain after allowing for soakage, evaporation & other losses varies with frequency & duration
of rain fall shall be taken in account in design.

The whole of the rainfall on impervious areas shall be assumed to reach the drains. The allowance
for evaporation time of concentration being made in domestic drainage work. The roof area shall be
taken as horizontal portion of that area.

Rain Water pipes for drainage of roofs

The roof of building shall be so constructed or framed as to permit effective and drainage of rain
water there from by means of sufficient number of rain water pipes of adequate size so arranged,
jointed and fixed as to ensure that the rain water is carried away from the building without causing
dampness in any part of the walls or foundations of the building or those of an adjacent building.

The rain water pipes shall be fixed to the outside of the external walls of the building or in recesses
or chases cut or formed in such external wall or in such other manner as may be approved by the
authority.

The rain water pipe conveying rain water shall discharge directly or by means of channel into or
over inlet to a surface drain or shall discharge freely in compound, but in no case shall it discharge
in closed drain.

Whenever it is not possible to discharge rain water in to or over an inlet to surface drain or in
compound or in sleep drain within 30 mtr. from boundary of premises, such rain water pipe shall
discharge-in-to a gully trap which shall be connected with street drain from storm water & such
gully trap shall have screen & silt catcher incorporated in design.

378
If such street drain is not available within 30 mtr. from boundary of premises, a rain water pipe may
discharge directly in to kerb drain. It shall be taken through pipe out let accross the foot-path if any
without obstructing path.

A rain water pipe shall not discharge into or connect with any soil pipe or its ventilating pipe or any
waste pipe nor shall it discharge in to sewer unless specially permitted to do so by authority, in
which case such discharge in to sewer shall be intercepted by gully trap.

The rain water pipe shall be constructed of the cast iron, asbestos cement, galvanized sheet,
UPVC etc and shall be securely fixed. In above material sanitary grade UPVC pipes conforming I.S.
4985 are durable, easy to handle install and are more suitable.

A table showing sizes of rain water pipe for roof drainage is given below.

STORM WATER DRAINAGE :

Rain water pipes shall be normally sized on the basis of roof areas according to Table below.

Sizing of Rain Water Pipes For Roof Drainage

Dia. of Average Rate of Rainfall in mm/h.

Pipe 50 75 100 125 150 200
(mm) Roof area in m2

50 13.4 8.9 6.6 5.3 4.4 3.3

65 24.1 16.0 12.0 9.6 8.0 6.0
75 40.8 27.0 20.4 16.3 13.6 10.2
100 85.4 57.0 42.7 34.2 28.5 21.3
125 — — 80.5 64.3 53.5 40.0
150 — — — — 83.6 62.7

379
Following points are to be remembered for rain water drainage

i) A bell mouth inlet at the roof surface is found to give better drainage effect.

ii) The convenient spacing of pipes is 6 m.

iii) The strainer fixed to the bell mouth inlet shall have an area 1 ½ to 2 times the area of pipes
which it connects.

iv) The horizontal pipes shall be designed as to give a velocity of flow of not less than 1 m/sec
when running half full, the maximum velocity shall not be more than 2.5 m/sec.

Normally, since the sewer is designed for discharging three times the dry weather flow, flowing
half-full with a minimum self cleansing velocity for various sizes of pipes flowing half full are as
shown in Table given below :-

Relation Between Diameter, Gradient and Discharge for Half Full Pipes with 0.75 m/sec
Velocity

Diameter Gradients Discharge

Mm m3/min

100 1 in 57 0.18
150 1 in 100 0.42
200 1 in 145 0.73
230 1 in 175 0.93
250 1 in 195 1.10
300 1 in 250 1.70

Relation Between Dia, Discharge and Gradient for 2.4 m/sec velocity under Half full Condition

Diameter Gradients Discharge

m3/min

100 1 in 5.6 0.59

150 1 in 9.7 1.32
200 1 in 14 2.40
230 1 in 17 2.98
250 1 in 19 3.60
300 1 in 24.5 5.30

380
Disposal of Storm, Rain or Surface Water : One or more of the following methods are used for
disposal

1. Separate system

2. Combined or partially separate system

3. Discharge into a water course

4. Discharge to storage tanks

5. Diversion of the first washings

The Storm water shall be led off in a suitable open drain to a water course. The open drain, if not
pucca drain through out shall be at least where there is either change in direction or gradient.

Separate system :- All court- yards shall be provided with one or more outlets through which rain
water may pass to storm water system. All rain water shall be diverted in-to the storm water drains
away from any opening connecting with any sewer.

Storm water drains shall be designed for intensity of rain based on local conditions but in no case
they shall be designed for intensity less than 13 mm/hr.

Separate plot shall have separate drain connection made to cover public drain. Such connection to
covered drain shall be made through a pipe at least 3.5 mt in length laid at a gradient not less than
that of connecting drain. There shall be no syphon in the storm water drain serving plot.

Combined or partially separate system

Where levels do not permit connection to public storm water drain, storm water court yards may be
connected to the public sewer provided it is designed to convey combined discharge.

In such cases, surface water shall be let in to soil sewer through trapped gallies in order to avoid
blockage of drain due to silting.

VENTILATING PIPES
The drain intended for carrying waste water and sewage from a building shall be provided with at
least one ventilating pipe situated, as near as practicable, to the building and as far away as possible
from the point at which the drain empties into the sewer or other carrier.

381
Such ventilating pipe shall be carried up vertically from the drain to such a height and in such a
position as to afford by means of the open end of such pipe or vent shaft, a safe outlet for foul air
with the least possible nuisance.

Ventilating pipe or shaft shall be carried to a height of atleast 60 cm above the outer covering of the
roof of the building or, in the case of the window in a gable wall or a dormer window, it shall be
carried up to the ridge of the roof or at least 2 m above the top of the window.

In the case of a flat roof to which access is provided, it shall be carried up to a height of at least 120
cm above the parapet and not less than 2 m above the head of any window within a horizontal
distance of 3 m from the vent pipe and in no case shall it be carried to a height less than 3 m above
plinth level.

In case the adjoining building is taller, the ventilating pipe shall be carried higher than the roof of the
adjacent building, wherever it is possible.

MANHOLES
At every change of alignment gradient or diameter of a drain, there shall be a manhole or inspection
chamber. Bends and junctions in the drains shall be grouped together in manholes as far as possible.
The maximum distance between manholes shall be 30 m. The distance between manhole or
inspection chamber and gully chamber shall not exceed 6 m.

Where the diameter of a drain is increased, the crown of the pipes shall be fixed at the same level
and the necessary slope given in the invert of the manhole chamber. In exceptional cases where
the required fall is not available, connection may be made up to half the difference in the diameter.

Chambers shall be of such size as will allow necessary examination of clearance of drains. The
minimum internal sizes of chambers (between brick faces) shall be as follows :

a) For depth of 0.8 m 0.75 x 0.75 m

or less

b) For depths between 0.8 m 1.2 x 0.9 m

and 2.1 m

c) For depths more than 2.1 m Circular chambers with a minimum diameter of 1.4
m or rectangular chambers with minimum internal
dimensions of 1.2 x 0.9 m are recommended.

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The access shaft shall be corbelled inwards on three sides at the top to reduce its size to that of the
cover frame to be fitted or alternatively the access shaft shall be covered over by a reinforced
concrete slab of suitable dimensions with an opening for manhole cover and frame.

The manhole shall be built on a base of concrete of thickness of at least 15 cm for manhole up to
0.8 m in depth, at least 23 cm for manholes from 0.8 to 2.1 m depth and at least 30 cm for manholes
of greater depth.

The thickness of walls shall be not less than 20 cm (or one brick) up to 1.5 m depth and 30 cm (or
one and a half brick) for depths greater than 1.5 m. The actual thickness in any case shall be
calculated on the basis of engineering design. Typical sections of the manholes are illustrated on
following pages.

DROP MANHOLES
Where it is uneconomic or impracticable to arrange the connection within 60 cm of the invert of the
sewer and manhole, the connection shall be made by constructing a vertical shaft outside the
manhole chamber as shown on following pages. If the difference in level between the incoming
drain and the sewer does not exceed 60 cm, and there is sufficient room in the manhole, the
connecting pipe may be directly brought through the manhole wall and the fall accommodated by
constructing a ramp in the benching of the manhole.

CHANNELS
These shall be semicircular in the bottom half and of diameter equal to the sewer above the horizontal
diameter, the sides shall be extended vertically preferably, to the full vertical diameter, and the top
edge shall be suitably rounded off. The branch channels shall also be similarly constructed with
respect to the benching but at their junction with the main channel an appropriate fall suitably
rounded off in the direction of flow in the main channel shall be given. Channels shall be rendered
smooth and benching shall have slopes towards the channel.

Rungs shall be provided in all manholes over 0.8 m in depth and shall preferably be of cast iron /
R.C.C. and of suitable dimensions. These rungs may be set staggered in two vertical runs which
may be 38 cm apart horizontally. The top rung shall be 45 cm below the manhole cover and the
lowest not more than 30 cm above the benching. The size of manhole covers shall be such that
there shall be a clear opening of at least 53 cm in diameter for manholes exceeding 0.9 m in depth.
Manhole covers and frames shall conform to accepted standards.

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All manholes shall be constructed so as to be watertight under test. No manhole or inspection
chamber shall be permitted inside a building or in any passage therein. Ventilating covers shall not
be used for domestic drains.
All brick work in manhole chambers and shafts shall be carefully built in English bond, the jointing
faces of each brick being well ‘buttered’ with cement mortar before laying, so as to ensure a full
joint. The cement mortar used shall not be weaker than one part of cement to five parts of sand.
All angles shall be rounded to a 7.5 cm radius with cement plaster (using one part of cement to
three parts of sand) 13 mm thick and all rendered internal surfaces shall have a hard impervious
finish obtained by using a steel trowel.
The benching at the sides shall be carried up in such a manner as to provide no lodgement for any
splashings in case of accidental flooding of the chamber.

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385
386
Vent-Pipe for septic tank :-
The height of vent pipe opening may be extended to a height of about 2 m. When the septic tank is
at least 15 m. away from the nearest building and to a height of 2 m. above the top of the building
when it is located closer than 15m.

6. When the disposal of a septic tank effluent is to a seepage pit, the seepags pit may be of any
suitable shape, with the least cross sectional dimension of 90 cm. and not less than 100 cm. in
depth below the invert level of the inlet pipe. The pit may be lined with stone, brick or concrete
blocks with dry open joints which should be backed with at least 7.5 cm of clean coarse aggregate.
In case of pits of large dimensions, the top portion may be narrowed to reduce the size of RCC
cover slabs. The inlet pipe may be taken down a depth of 90 cm. form the top as an anti-mosquito
measure.

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388
 SIZES AND CAPACITIES OF SEPTIC TANKS FOR DIFFERENT USERS

Length Breadth Liquid Depth Liquid Capacity Liquid Capacity per user
No.
of users M Feet M Feet M Feet Cu.M. Cft. Litres Cu.M. Cft. Litres

5 1.20 4 0.60 2.0 0.90 3.0 0.65 24 650 0.13 4.8 130
10 1.80 6 0.60 2.0 0.90 3.0 0.97 36 970 0.09 3.6 90
20 2.50 8 0.75 2.6 1.00 3.6 1.88 70 1880 0.09 3.5 90
30 2.80 9 0.75 2.6 1.20 4.0 2.50 90 2550 0.084 3.0 84
50 3.70 12 0.90 3.0 1.20 4.0 4.0 144 4000 0.080 2.88 80
100 4.30 14 1.20 4.0 1.40 4.6 7.22 252 7220 0.072 2.52 72
200 5.50 18 1.80 6.0 1.40 4.6 13.86 486 13860 0.069 2.43 69

Remark : Above the liquid surface, there should be a free board (Open space) of 300 to 450 mm (10" to 1' 6")

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The length, breadth and depth may be adjusted to some extent according to necessity and site requirements, but the liquid capacity
should not be less than that mentioned above, may be higher. The whole tank is usually, divided into two chambers with a partition wall
having a hole of 150 mm x 150 mm to 300 mm x 300 mm (6" x 6" to 12" x 12") at a height 300 mm to 450 mm (1'.0" to 1'.6") above the floor
at a distance of 1/4 to 1/3 length of the tank from the inlet end small septic tanks may be of one chamber with hanging baffle wall at a
distance of 1/5 to 1/6 length from the inlet end.

The sizes and dimensions of the septic tanks given above are as used in practice.

The sizes and dimensions and capacities of septic tanks for domestic purposes for Housing Colonies and for Hostel and Boarding
Schools as specified by Indian Standard Institution may also be referred.
Designing Secondary Treatment works for treatment of effluent from Septic Tanks.

PRELIMINARY DATA FOR DESIGN

In order to design secondary treatment works of the treatment of effluent from septic tanks , information
on the following items should be collected.

a) Nature of soil and subsoil condition

1) The fullest possible information on the nature of soil and subsoil conditions should
be obtained, as well as the approximate water table and any available records of
flood levels or information as to the variation, seasonal or otherwise, in the water
table.

2) The soil should be explored to a sufficient depth to ascertain the soils horizons and
the soil types, grading, structure and permeability. The external drainage factors,
such as slope of ground and position of surface water drains, if any, should be
ascertained . Exploration of the soil to a significant depth should be made because
casual or visual inspection may fail to reveal unsuitable conditions, such as an
impervious granite layer under sand, or on the other hand suitable conditions, such
as permeable schist overlaid by clay.

3) Soil Types- An approximate field identification of the soils should be made in

accordance with the methods given in IS: 1498-1970. Trial bores or boreholes should
be sunk along the line of the proposed filter and data there from tabulated. In general,
the information obtained from trial bores is more reliable than that from boreholes.
The position of trial bores or boreholes should be shown on the plans together with
sections showing the strata found and the dates on which the water levels were
recorded. Full information should be given as to the structure, type, colour,
permeability, depth and horizons of the soil, as well as any impedances to drainage
such as rock bars.

4) Determination of the soil absorption capacity - A soil absorption test shall be

conducted. The percolation rate, that is time required in minutes for water to fall 25
mm in the test- hole shall be determined. A test in trial pits at more than one place in
the area should be undertaken to permit deriving an average figure for percolation
rate.

5) Site plan showing the proposed or existing buildings as well as reduced ground
levels over the site.

6) Discharge from the septic tank.

7) The position and nature of outfall ditches, wells, tanks or small streams In the vicinity,
if any.

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DETERMINTION OF THE SOIL ABSORPTION CAPACITY

PERCOLATION TEST

Percolation test should he conducted to determine the permeability of the soil at any depth at which
it is intended to dispose of the effluent.

A square or a circular hole with side width or diameter respectively 100 to 300 mm and vertical
sides shall be dugged or bored to the depth of the proposed absorption trench. The bottom and
sides of the holes shall be carefully scratched in order to remove any smeared soil surface and to
provide a natural soil interface into which water may percolate. All the loose material shall be
removed from the hole and coarse sand or fine gravel shall be added for a depth of about 50 mm,
to protect the bottom from scouring and sediment.

Water shall then be poured up to a minimum depth of 300 mm over the gravel. In order to ensure
that the soil is given ample opportunity to swell and to approach the condition it will be in, during the
wettest season of the year, the percolation shall be determined 24 hours after the water is added.
If the water remains in the test hole after the overnight swelling period, the depth shall be adjusted
to 150 mm over the gravel. Then from fixed reference point the drop in water level shall be noted
over a 30 minute period. This drop shall be used to calculate the percolation rate.

If no water remains in the hole, water shall be added to bring the depth of the water in the hole till it
is 150 mm over the gravel. From a fixed reference point, the drop in water level shall be measured
at 30 minutes intervals for 4 hours, re-filling 150 mm over the gravel as necessary. The drop that
occurs during the final 30 minutes period shall be used to calculate the percolation rate. The drops
during prior periods provide information for possible modification of the procedure to suit local
circumstances.

In sandy soils or other porous soils in which the first 150 mm of water seeps away in less than 30
minutes after the overnight swelling period, the time interval between measurement shall be taken
as 10 minutes and the test run for one hour. The drop that occurs during the final 10 minutes shall
be used to calculate the percolation rate.

Porcolation Rate - Based on the final drop, the percolation rate, that is, the time in minutes required
for water to fall 25 mm, shall be calculated.

When assessing the feasibility of a proposed effluent disposal scheme involving absorption of
effluent in soil, consideration should be given to factors such as:

a) The area of land available for the absorption.

b) The risk of prejudicing adjoining property, underground water supplies, swimming,

and wading pools and the like, by seepage from the area.

391
 c) The permeability and depth of the soil on the proposed site for the absorption area.
Percolation tests are useful but the season of the year when the tests are made and
many other factors have to be taken into account when assessing the results of the
tests. Long-term efficiency of an absorption area can be adversely affected by high
concentrations of chlorides and sulphides in the soil.

d) Any seasonal changes in ground water level and absorptive capacity of the site.

e) The climate and its effect on the evaporation from the site for example, distribution
of rainfall, hours of sunshine, prevelance of wind.

f) The effect of seepage and surface water from surrounding areas at higher levels
than the proposed absorption area.

Depending on the position of the subsoil water level, soil and subsoil conditions, the recommended
method of disposal of the effluent is given in Table below.

RECOMMENDED METHOD OF DISPOSAL

FOR SEPTIC TANK EFFLUENT

Position of the Soil and Subsoil Condition

subsoil water
level from Porous Soil with Percolation Rate Dense and clays soil
Ground level with percolation rate
Not exceeding Exceeding 30 min exceeding 60 min.
30 min but not exceeding
60 min.
Within 1.8 m Dispersion trench Dispersion trench Biological filter partly
located partly or located partly or or fully above ground
fully above ground fully above ground level with under-drains
level in a mound level in a mound. or upflow anaerobic
filter and the effluent
led into a surface drain
or used for gardening.
Below 1.8 m Seepage pit or Dispersion trench Subsurface biological
dispersion trench filter with under drains
or upflow anaerobic
filter and the effluent
led into a drain or
used for gardening.

NOTE - Where the above mentioned methods are not feasible and where the effluent has to be
discharged into open drain it should be disinfected.

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SOIL ABSORPTION SYSTEMS

Design of Soil Absorption System :- The allowable rate of application of effluent per unit area of
dispersion trench or seepage pit is limited by the percolation rate of the soil and the values obtainable
from the graph given in map be used for guidance; the allowable rate of effluent application for
certain selected values of percolation rates are given in Table also.

ALLOWABLE RATE OF EFFLUENT APPLICATIONS TO

SOIL ABSORPTION SYSTEM

Percolation Rate Maximum rate of effluent

Min application 1/m2/day

1 or less 204
2 143
3 118
4 102
5 90
10 65
15 52
30 37
45 33
60 26

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NOTE 1- The absorption area for a dispersion trench is the trench bottom area.
NOTE 2- The absorption area for seepage pits is the effective side wall area, effective depth being
measured from 150 mm below Invert level of inlet pipe to the bottom of the pit.
NOTE 3- If the percolation rate exceeds 30 minutes , the soil is unsuitable for soakaways. If the
percolation rate exceeds 60 minutes, the soil is unsuitable for any soil absorption system.
Construction of the Soil Absorption System- Two types of soil absorption system have been
covered :
a) Seepage pit, and
b) Dispersion trench.
Seepage pit - The seepage pit may be of any suitable shape with the least cross-sectional dimension
of 0.90 m and not less than 1.0 m in depth below the invert level of the inlet pipe. The pit may be
lined with stone, brick or concrete blocks with dry open faces which should be backed with at least
75 mm of clean coarse aggregate. The lining above the inlet level should be finished by mortar. In
the case of pits of large dimensions, the top portion shall be narrowed to reduce the size of the
RCC cover slabs. Where no lining is used, specially near trees, the entire pit should be filled with
loose stones. A masonry ring may be constructed at the top of the pit to prevent damage by flooding
of the pit by surface run-off. The inlet pipe may be taken down to a depth of 0.90 m from the top as
an anti-mosquite measure. Illustrations of typical constructions of seepage pit are given.

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Dispersion trench - Dispersion trenches shall be 0.5 to 1.0 m deep and 0.3 to 1.0 m wide excavated
to a slight gradient and shall be provided with 150 to 250 mm of washed gravel or crushed stones.
Open jointed pipes placed inside the. trench shall be made of unglazed earthen-ware clay or concrete
and shall have minimum internal diameter of 75 to 100 mm. Each dispersion trench should not be
longer than 30 m and trenches should not be placed closer than 2.0 m.
The covering for the pipes on the top should be with coarse aggregate of uniform size to a depth of
approximately 150 mm. The aggregate above this level may be graded with aggregate 12 to 15 mm
to prevent ingress of top soil while the free flow of water is in a way retarded. The trench may be
covered with about 300 mm of ordinary soil to form a mound and turfed over. Dispersion trenches
are not recommended in areas where fibrous roots of trees or vegetation are likely to penetrate the
system and cause blockages. The finished top surface may be kept at least 150 mm above ground
level to prevent direct flooding of the trench during rains. Illustration of a typical soil absorption
system through dispersion trenches is given in the sketch below

Location of Subsurface Absorption System - A subsoil dispersion system shall not be closer
than 18 m from any source of drinking water, such as well, to mitigate the possibility of bacterial
pollution of water supply. It shall also be as far removed from the nearest habitable building as
economically feasible but not closer than 6 m, to avoid damage to the structures. The actual distance,
however, shall be based on the soil conditions in relation to both percolation and bearing capacity.
Care should be taken that the ground below the adjacent building is not likely to be affected by the
effluent seeping into the soil. In lime stones or crevice rock formations, the soil absorption system
is not recommended as there may be channels in the formation which may carry contamination
over a long distance, in such case, and generally where suitable conditions do not exist for adoption
of soil absorption systems, the effluent, where feasible should be treated in a biological filter or
upflow anaerobic filters.
It is an advantage if the area available for disposal of effluent is large enough to permit relocation of
absorption trenches when replacement of trenches become necessary.

395
 DO’S AND DON’TS
Door location and fixtures :- If two beds have a common toilet, locate toilet doors at each corner
of the toilet to provide more floor space for all the 3 activities in a toilet.

SLOPE OF FLOOR IN W.C. & BATH :- Maintain a level difference between the outside and inside
of a toilet with the floor of the toilet sloping towards the floor trap of the bath area.

Maintain a level difference again between W.C. area and bath area, so that waste water of the bath
does not get into the W.C. Pan.

396
SLOPE OR FLOOR IN A BATH AND WASH BASIN AREA :- Have a level difference between
wash basin and bathing areas so as to keep the wash basin area dry.

PROJECTION OF TAP AND SHOWER :- Locate the bath tap and the shower at correct heights
as shown in the sketch to provide comfort while bathing and washing.

397
W.C. DOOR AND FLOOR LEVEL :- Never raise the floor level of a W.C. to accommodate drainage
pipes of a W.C. Pan.

• Lower floor level to 25mm from the outer floor level to accommodate W.C. Pan.

• Facilitates easy opening of toilet door and makes provision of accommodating drainage
pipe lines.

DOOR PROJECTION :- Indian toilets tend to remain wet and the splashing of bath water damages
toilet doors. A water proof sheet can protect the doors as shown.

398
LOCATION OF FLUSHING CISTERN :- Locate the flushing cistern above the door level to avoid
accidents.

W.C. LOCATION AND TAP LOCATION :- The minimum dimensions of a W.C. for the low income
group is 1.0 m x 0.9 m. In the small area of a W.C. it is essential to see that the W.C. is not located
wrongly. Otherwise the door opening inwards would be obstructed.

• Likewise the ablution tap located behind an opening door could cause problems.

• Locate the W.C. Pan away from an opening door with an ablution to its right.

399
ABLUTION TAP :- The ablution tap is W.C. should not be too high or low, locate its as shown in the
sketch.

400
Drainage into a public sewer :
Detailed information of the public sewerage can be obtained from the administrative authority, for
determining-
1. The position of the public sewer or sewers in relation to the proposed buildings.
2. The invert level of the public sewer.
3. The system on which the public sewers are designed:-
a) Combined
b) Separate
c) Partially separate
4. The lowest level at which connection may be made to it and the authority in which it is
vested.
5. The material of construction and condition of the sewer if the connection is not to be made
by the administrative authority.
6. The extent to which surcharge in the sewer may influence the drainage system.

Layout
Generally, rain water should be dealt with separately from the sewer and sullage. Sewage and
sullage should be connected to the sewer where it is not possible to drain otherwise, after obtaining
permission of the administrative authority.
The pipe’s should be laid in straight lines as far as possible and with uniform gradients. Abrupt
changes of directions should be avoided. No bends and junctions whatsoever should be permitted
in sewers except at manholes and inspection chambers.
Drains may be laid under the building only when unavoidable and when it is not possible to obtain
otherwise a sufficient fall in the drain.
Where it is necessary to lay a drain under a building, the following conditions should be observed:
1. The pipes should be of cast iron or (SWR grade UPVC)
2. The drains should be laid in a straight line and at a uniform gradient.
3. Means of access in the form of manholes / inspection chambers should be provided at
each end immediately outside the building.
4. In case the pipe or any part of it is laid above the natural surface of the ground, it should be
laid on concrete support, the bottom of which goes at least 15 cms. below the ground
surface.

401
5. It is desirable that drains should not be passed through a living room or kitchen and should
preferably be passed under a staircase room or passage.

6. The distance between the inspection chamber and gully chamber should not exceed 6 m.

7. Before the drainage work of any building is undertaken, a drainage plan should be prepared
to a scale of not less than 1:200 and should show the following:

a) Every floor of the building in which the pipes or drains are to be used.

b) Position of every rnanhole, gully, soil and waste pipe, ventilating pipe, rain water
pipe, watercloset, urinal, latrine, bath lavatory, sink trap or other appliances in the
premises proposed to be connected to any drains. The following colours are
recommended for indicating sewers, waste water pipes, rain water pipes and existing
work:

Sewers Red

Waste water pipes

and rain water pipes Blue

Existing work Black

In addition, a site plan of the premises on which the building is to be situated should be drawn to a
scale of 1:500, noting

a) Adjoining plots and streets with their names.

b) The position of the municipal sewer and the direction of the flow.

c) The invert level of the municipal sewer, the road level, and the connection level of
the proposed drain connecting the building to the sewer.

d) The angle at which the drain from the building joins the sewer.

e) The alignment sizes and gradients of all the drains.

Gradients and Pipe Sizes

The approximate gradient which gives a self cleansing velocity of 0.75 m/sec for the sizes of pipes
likely to be used in building drainage which are underground and are designed for discharge flowing
half full. The sizes shall be determined with reference to discharge and self cleansing velocity.

402
The Gradients of Pipes having discharge, flowing half full are as follows

Diameter Gradient
m.m.

100 1 in 57
150 1 in 100
200 1 in 145
250 1 in 175

Good plumbing demands that pipe lines are laid as straight as possible and that all joints be absolutely
water tight. Where pipes are going to be concealed, extra precaution must be taken to ensure
against leakages. Coat all galvanized iron pipes with anti corrosive paint. The threaded end must
receive 2 coats and a third coat at the time of jointing with sockets. The threaded ends of the pipes
and stop-cocks, can be sealed with teflon or polytrafluoreothylene tape.

Before sealing grouted pipes into walls, a smoke test should be employed, where the smoke comes
out from even a tiny hole. If the pipes have leakages at the joints causing the walls to get soaked,
cut out the affected piece of pipe and replace it.

403