PROTECTION WORK

Salient Features

‰ Notes on pitching on slopes.

‰ Guide lines for Geosynthetics applications in road and bridge works.

The notes attached herewith are for information only.

The Rates of the DSR have no bearing on the notes
enclosed herewith.
In case of any dispute regarding interpretation of
item it’s specifications etc. the reference to original
specifications shall be made.

543
 PROTECTION WORK
PITCHING ON SLOPES
The pitching shall be provided as indicated on the drawings. Stones subject to deterioration by
water or weather shall not be accepted.

The stone shall be sound, hard durable and fairly regular in shape. The largest stones procurable
shall be supplied and in no case shall any fragment weighing less than 40 kg be used unless
otherwise permitted by the Engineer. The sizes of spalls shall be minimum 25 and shall be suitable
to fill the voids in the pitching.

To drain off the seepage water and to prevent erosion of the base material, one or more layers of
graded materials, commonly known as filter medium shall be provided underneath the pitching.
The material for the filter shall consist of sound gravel, stone or brick ballast and coarse sand.

Requirement for filter material

The gradation of the filter material shall satisfy the following requirement:

1) D-15 of filter = 4 to 20 provided that the filter does

D-15 of base material not contain more than 5% of material
finer than 0.075 mm.

2) D-15 of filter = 5 or less

D-85 of base material

3) D-50 of filter material = 25

D-50 of base material

4) The grain size curve of the filter should be roughly parallel to that of the base material.

NOTES :

Filter design may not be required. If embankment consists of CH soil or soils with liquid limit greater
than 30 which are resistant to surface erosion. In this case, if layer of material is used as bedding
for pitching, it shall be well graded and D-85 size shall be atleast twice the maximum void size in
pitching.

D—15 = Size of the sieve which allows 15% by weight of the filter material to pass through it.

If more than one filter layer is required the finer filter shall be at base.

The thickness of filter is generally of the order of 200 mm to 300 mm. where filter is provided in 2
layers, thickness of each layer shall be 150 mm.

544
Aggregate drains shall be placed within the verge/shoulders after completion of the pavement.
Depth, thickness and spacing of the aggregate drains shall be as shown on the plan.

Trenches for aggregate drains shall be excavated to a minimum of 300mm. and to a depth shown
on the plans or ordered by the Engineer. The bottom of the trench shall be sloped to drain and shall
be free from loose particles of soil.

The trench shall be excavated so as to expose clearly the granular pavement courses to be drained.

Aggregates for the drains shall be durable gravel, stone or slag and shall be free from vegetable
matter and other deleterious substances. It shall have the following grading.

Sieve Designation % by weight passing

Mm the Sieve

13.20 100
11.20 92 — 100
5.6 27 — 46
2.8 3 — 16
1.4 0—6

Thickness of aggregate layer shall be as shown on the plans subject to a minimum depth of 200
mm above the bottom of the trench.

545
 PITCHING ON THE RIVER SIDE

For the design of pitching on the river side, the factors to be taken into consideration are size/
weight of the individual stone, it’s shape and gradation, thickness and slope of pitching and type of
filter underneath. The prominent flow characteristics which effects the stability of the pitching is
velocity along the guide bund. Other factors like obliquity of flow, eddy action, waves etc., indeterminate
and may be accounted for by providing adequate margin of safety over the size obtained from
velocity considerations.

SIZE AND WEIGHT OF STONE FOR PITCHING

The size of stone required on the sloping face of guide bunds to withstand erosive action of flow
may be worked out from the following equation.

d = kv2
k = 0.0282 for face slope of 2:1 and
0.0216 for face slope of 3:1
d = Diameter of stone in meters.
V = mean design velocity in mts/sec.

The weight of stone can be determined by assuming spherical stone having a specific gravity of
2.65 (average).

LAUNCHING APRON

Launching apron shall be provided for the protection of toe or bed of river and it shall form a continuous
flexible cover over the slope of the possible scour hole in continuation of pitching upto the point of
deepest scour. The stone in the apron shall be designed to launch along the slope of the scour hole
so as to provide a strong layer that may prevent further scooping out of river bed material.

The size and shape of apron depends upon the size of stone, thickness of launched apron, the
depth of scour and the slope of launched apron. At the junction of slope pitching with launching
apron, a toe wall shall be provided so that the pitching does not rest directly on the apron. It will
protect the sloped pitching from falling during the launching of apron even when the apron is not laid
at low water level.

546
547
SIZE AND WEIGHT OF STONE OF APRON :

The size of stone required for launching apron to resist mean design velocity (average velocity) is
given by the formula.
V = 4.893 (d)1/2
where
V = mean design velocity in mt/sec.
d = average diameter / size of stone

Mean design Minimum size and weight of stone

Velocity mts/sec slope 2:1 slope 3:1

Diameter (d) Weight Diameter (d) Weight
Cm Kg Cm Kg.

Upto 2.5 30 40 30 40
3.0 30 40 30 40
3.5 35 59 30 40
4.0 45 126 35 59
4.5 57 257 44 118
5.0 71 497 54 218

NOTES :

i) No stone weighing less than 40 kg shall however be used.

ii) Where the required size stones are not economically available, cement concrete blocks or
stones in wire crates may be used as isolated stones of equivalent weight. Cement concrete
blocks will be preferred wherever practicable.

THICKNESS OF PITCHING :

The thickness of pitching (t) may be determined from the following formula.
t = 0.06(Q)1/3
Q = Design discharge in m3/Sec.

The thickness of stone pitching computed from the above formula shall be subject to an upper limit
of 1.0 m and a lower limit of 0.3 m.

The Thickness of pitching may be suitably increased in case of guide bunds for bridges across
major rivers.

548
549
 d = Diameter of stone in metre.

The weight of stone can be determined by assuming spherical stones having a specific gravity of
2.65 (average).

For velocities upto 5.0 mt/sec. the size and weight of stone is given as below:

Mean design velocity Minimum size and weight of stone

in mt./sec Diameter cm. Weight kg.

Upto 2.5 30 40
3.0 38 76
3.5 51 184
4.0 67 417
4.5 85 852
5.0 104 1561

NOTE :

1. No stone weighing less than 40 kg shall be used for the apron.

2. Where the required size of stones are economically available cement concrete blocks or
stones in wire crates may be used as isolated stones of equivalent weight. Cement concrete
blocks will be preferred wherever practicable.

SHAPE AND SIZE OF LAUNCHING APRON :

Shallow and wide aprons launch evenly if the scour takes place rapidly. If the scour is gradual, the
effect of width on launching is marginal.

A width of launching apron equal to 1.5 x (Max. anticipated scour depth below LWL) is found
satisfactory. The thickness of launching apron at inner end may be kept as 1.5 t and at outer end
2.25 t.

550
 GUIDELINES FOR GEOSYNTHETICS APPLICATIONS
IN ROAD AND BRIDGE WORKS

1.1 Introduction

Geosynthetic materials are part of accepted Civil Engineering materials, used in natural
environment with enduring structures, enhance its physical and engineering durability and
survivability and provides an Energy, Cost and Time saving option to replace current inefficient
conventional designs in structures related to Roads and Bridges.

These Guidelines and Specification covers the Engineering and Construction requirements
of various Geosynthetic materials specific to key applications in Geotechnical engineering
structures.

1.2 Scope

These Guidelines incorporates use of Geosynthetics pertaining to major applications including

supplying and laying in following works

• Subsurface Drainage for Roads and

• Bridges Reinforced Soil Walls for Roads and Bridge Abutments
• Stabilisation of soft soil using Geosynthetic Reinforcement
• Road Overlay Reinforcement against fatigue and reflection cracking
• Erosion and Slope Protection with reinforced vegetation
• Erosion Protection of waterfront slope with Filtration and Drainage protection.
This document provides application wise approach to the engineering requirements for
above structures, and suggests suitable specification of Geosynthetic materials.

1.3 Classification and Functions

“Geosynthetics” is a term which identifies a family of broad range of products. In it’s

generic classification these denotes various synthetic as well as natural materials and it’s
synthetic composites used in Geotechnical engineering application. It includes Geotextiles,
Geogrids, Geonets, Geomembranes and Geocomposits.

An overview of the present Geosynthetics families is provided in Fig. 1, which associates

the products to their physical aspect.

The functions played by Geosynthetics need to be clearly identified, to specifically address

to it’s performance. Fig. 2 depicts the broadbased functional requirement pertaining to various
Geosynthetic. Table -1 provides the required functions and the suitable Geosynthetics for
several applications.

551
 CLASSIFICATION OF GEOSYNTHETICS BASED ON PHYSICAL ASPECTS
woven planar sheets
GEOCOMPOSITE horizontal drains
GEOTEXTILES nonwoven strips vertical drains
knitted GEOGRIDS monodirectional
bidirectional
synthetics (HDPE, PP,
PVC, EPDM, etc.) BIOMATS (STRAW, COCONUT, COTTEN etc.)
GEOMEMBRANES bituminous
bentonitic BIONETS (JUTE)
GEONETS
GEOMATS
GEOCELLS

Fig. 1. Classification of Geosynthetics

Function Functions Products

Geomembranes
Erosion control
&

Non woven geotex

Biomats/Bionets
Woven geotex
Impermeabilization

Reinforcement

Geocomposites
Separation

Confinement
Protection

Draining
Geogrids
Drainage

Geomats
Products

Geocells
Filtration

Geonets
Applications

Reinforced soil
slopes
• • • • • • •
Reinforced soil • • • •
walls
Stabilisation of • • • • • • •
road bases
Asphalt
reinforcement
• • • •
Railroads
trackbed • • • • • • •
stabilisation
Embankment
on soft soil
• • • • •
Landfills • • • • • • • • •
Drainage • • • • •
Consolidation • • •
of soft soil
Tunnels • • • • • • •
Erosion control
on slopes
• • • • •
Secondary
reinforcement • •
of concrete and
shotcrete
concrete • • • •
waterproofing
Tab.1. Applications, products and functions

552
FUNCTION SYMBOL DESCRIPTION SUITABLE
PRODUCTS
Filtration Allow the passage of fluids geotextiles,
preventing the migration of soil geocomposites
particles.

Drainage Transport of fluids geonets,

geocomposites

Separation Prevent the mixing of two geotextiles,

different soils or materials geocomposites

Protection Avoid damages to a structure, nonwoven geotextiles,

a material or another geonets,
geosynthetic geocomposites

lmpermeabilization Fluid barrier Geomembranes,

geocomposites

Reinforcement of Provide tensile forces in the soil monodirectional

walls/steep slopes mass geogrids, woven
geotextiles

Reinforcement of Increase the bearing capacity bidirectional geogrids,

soft soil geotextiles,
geocomposites

Reinforcement of Provide tensile and fatique bidirectional

concrete, asphalt resistance geogrids

Erosion control or Avoid the detachment and geomats, geocells,

Surfacial transport of soil particles by biomats, bionets
Stabilization rain, runoff and wind; root
anchorage
Confinement Restrain the lateral movement geocells
of a soil mass

Fig. 2 - Functions of Geosynthetics

553
1.4 Terminology for Geosynthetics
Geosynthetics :
Synthetic or natural materials in the form of manufactured sheet, strip or panel, used in
Gootechnical, environmental, hydraulic and transportation engineering applications.
Geotextile :
A permeable, polymeric (synthetic or natural) textile material, in the form of manufactured
sheet (which may be woven, nonwoven or knitted) used in Geotechnical, environmental,
hydraulic and transportation engineering applications.
Woven Geotextile :
A Geotextile produced by interlacing, usually at right angles, two or more sets of fibers,
filaments, tapes or other elements.
Knitted Geotextile :
A Geotextile produced by interloping one or more fibers, yarns, filaments or other elements.
Nonwoven Geotextile :
A Geotextile produced by mechanical (needle punched) bonding of directional or randomly
oriented continuous filament or fibers.
Geomembrane :
An essentially impermeable material, In the form of manufactured sheet, which may be
Polymeric or bentonitic or in composites, used in Geotechnical, environmental, hydraulic
and transportation engineering applications.
Synthetic Geomembrane :
A Geomembrane whose main component is a synthetic polymer, like Polyethylene,
Polypropylene, PVC, EPDM or others.
Bentonitic Geomembrane :
A Geomembrane whose main component is bentonitic clay in powder or granules. This
Geomembrane is commonly called Geosynthetic Clay Liner or GCL.
Geogrid :
A polymeric structure, unidirectional or bidirectional, in the form of extruded manufactured
sheet, consisting of a regular network of integrally connected elements, which may be
linked by extrusion, bonding or interlacing whose openings are larger than the constituents,
used in Geotechnical, environmental, hydraulic and transportation engineering applications.
Mono-Oriented Geogrid :
A Geogrid which possesses a much higher tensile strength in one direction (longitudinal or
transversal) than in the other direction.

554
 Bi-Oriented Geogrid :
A Geogrid which possesses a similar tensile strength In both longitudinal & transversal
directions.
Extruded Geonet :
A polymeric structure, in the form of manufactured extruded meshform in sheet, consisting
of a regular network of integrally connected overlapping ribs, whose openings are usually
larger than the constituents, used in Geotechnical, environmental, hydraulic and
transportation engineering applications.
Geowebs :
A polymeric cellular webform structure, consisting of a regular open network of connected
strips, linked by extrusion or adhesion or other methods, used on Geotechnical,
environmental, hydraulic and transportation general applications.
Geocomposite :
An assembled polymeric material, in the form of manufactured sheet or strip or wraps,
consisting at least of two Geosynthetics among the components, used in Geotechnical,
environmental, hydraulic and transportation general applications.
Biomat :
A permeable, natural or polymeric material in the form of manufactured sheet or strip,
usually constituted of fibers (Straw, Jute, Coir, sisal or others) kept together by one or two
layers of synthetic or natural meshes, used in Geotechnical, environmental, hydraulic and
transportation general applications.
Bionet :
A permeable, natural material (like Jute/Coir/Sisal etc.) or their composites with polymer or
bitumen in the form of manufactured sheet/fabric or net consisting of a regular network of
knotted or interlaced yarns, whose opening are usually larger than the constituents, used in
Geotechnical, environmental, hydraulic and transportation general applications.
1.5 Material Testing and Acceptance
Unless otherwise stated, Geosynthetic materials shall conform to the requirements
shown in specification data in Appendices, and shall meet testing and acceptance criterion
mentioned under each specification. In general they shall also conform as under.
1.5.1 Geotextile :
Geotextiles may be of Woven or Nonwoven variety, made from Polypropylene or Polyester
or similar fibers or films and shall essentially perform the functions of Filtration, Drainage
and Separation. High strength creep resistant UV stabillsed Geotextiles of appropriate grade
may also be used for reinforcement.

555
 Woven Geotextile fabric shall be made of Polyethylene, Polypropylene or Polyester or similar
fibers, filaments or strands or composites in woven textile variety, through machine made
process of weaving techniques having warp and weft strands or filaments. These fabrics
are required to pass water through but retain the specific optimum sized soil particles,
requiring in - plane and cross-plane flow. They must represent filtration requirement with
apparent equivalent opening size. These requirements and requirement of strength and
durability denote general characteristics of Geotextiles to be used, is shown in respective
specification data against each application.

Non Woven Geotextile fabric shall be made of Polyethylene, Polypropylene or Polyester or

similar fibers, or composites, with nonwoven textile variety made through machine made
process of needle punching techniques. These fabrics are required to permeate and transmit
water through but retain specific optimum sizes of soil particles, requiring in plane and
cross-plane flow. They must represent filtration requirement with apparent equivalent opening
size. These requirements and requirement of strength and durability denote general
characteristics of Geotextiles to be used is shown in respective specification data against
each application.

Geotextiles used in walls and slope as exposed items shall be appropriately UV stabilised
with appropriate Carbon Black with at least 15 years life in partial exposure having soil
cover, available in roll form in suitable width preferably exceeding 3 m unless otherwise
specified.

The type of Geotextile to be used in soil / aggregates for a particular application shall be
decided on the basis of detail Functional Structural and Hydraulic design. The specification
of the Geotextiles is shown in respective specification data against each application.

1.5.2 Geogrid :

Geogrid shall be made from Extruded and integrally jointed, mono - or bi-directionally
orientated or stretched meshform made from polyethylene or polypropylene or similar
polymer with high secant modulus, in square, rectangular or oval mesh form. Their junction
strength shall be compatible to the tensile strength and interlocking they impart with high
creep resistance, and dimensional stability. Their open structure shall permit effective
interlocking with soil, aggregates, rock, etc. they are mainly to be used for tensile inclusion
in soil (as reinforcement).

Geogrids used as soil reinforcement shall be UV stabilised with appropriate Carbon Black
addition for 120 years life in partial exposure having soil/facia cover, available in roll form in
suitable width. Geogrids used as soil reinforcement shall be suitably designed to guard
against Eco-vandalism. Characteristics strength of such Mono-Oriented Geogrids and
Bioriented Geogrids is shown in respective specification data against each application.

The type of Geogrids to be used in soil/aggregates for a particular application shall be

decided on the basis of detail Functional, Structural and Hydraulic design.

556
1.5.3 Geonet :

Geonet are made from a single extruded process without any specific orientation, made
from various grades of Polyethylene or Polypropylene or similar polymer. Geonets made of
polyethylene are mainly used as drainage channel nets and are in diagonal meshform with
high profiles (drainage channels in either side). Specification of drainage Geonets is shown
in respective specification data against each application.

When used for protective works like Erosion control, fabrication of Gabions or as a separator
Geonets shall be made of Polyethylene with only square or rectangular net shape aperture
having at least 650 gms/sqm unit weight. In polygonal aperture having atleast 500 gms/sqm
unit weight, it may be used also as a separator. It shall not be used as soil, reinforcement
due to its unoriented high creep characteristics, neither shall be used as a tensile inclusion
or reinforcement in soil retaining walls or Slope or in Asphaltic overlay reinforcement. Geonets
shall be UV stabilised with appropriate Carbon Black with at least 10 years life in partial
exposure having soil cover, or 5 years life in open exposure, without cover, available in roll
form in suitable width. The type of Geonets to be used in soil/aggregates for a particular
application shall be decided on the basis of detail Functional, Structural and Hydraulic design.

1.5.4 Geomembrane :

Geomembrane shall be made from PVC or Polyethylene sheets having between 0.5 to 4
mm thickness, with or without Geotextile backing, roughened or plane on texture on any
side, with or without bonding cleats at regular intervals. They shall be protected from ultraviolet
exposure with adequate stabilisers, supplied in roll form with preferably in more than 4m
width. The joints of these sheets shall be heat bonded or seamed and tested for effective
permeation cut off, at site using standard equipment as part of the laying process. While
fixing on to a slope, they shall not be punctured or stapled to impair their use, but shall be
anchored in a trench. The type of Geomembranes to be used in soil/aggregates for a particular
application shall be decided on the basis of detail Functional, Structural and Hydraulic design.

1.5.5 Geocomposites :

Geocomposites shall be made from combination of ‘Geonets, Geogrids or Geomembranes

of above description using heat bonded, stitched or seamed, needle bonded or wrap sandwich
form. They shall be used to impart regulatory drainage in cross-plane or in-plane directions
or in permeation control. The type of Geocomposites to be used in soil/aggregates for a
particular application shall be decided on the basis of detail Functional, Structural and
Hydraulic design.

Specification of Geosynthetics used for reinforcement and drainage are shown in respective
specification data against each application.

557
1.5.6 Geowebs :

Geowebs are 3 dimensional webform made from polypropylene and using heat bonded,
extrusion process. They shall be used to impart containment of soil for reinforced vegetation
in slope and to reduce velocity of erosive current action in Erosion control or used in Bearing
capacity improvement by providing cellular confinement to granular particles. The type of
Geoweb to be used in soil/aggregates for a particular application shall be decided on the
basis of detail Functional, Structural and Hydraulic design.

1.5.7 Biomat :

Biomat shall be made from natural fibres sandwitched between natural or polymeric fabrics
or nets. They shall be used to Impart protection of soil for vegetation germination in slope
and to reduce erosive action and used in facia treatment for vegetated green faced wall
design by providing confinement of soil from leaching/migration. The type of Biomat to be
used in slope for a particular application shall be decided on the basis of detail Functional,
and Hydraulic design.

1.5.8 Bionet :

Bionet are made from biodegradable natural fibers (Jute/Coir etc.), forming fabrics or nets
with regular network of knotted or interlaced yarns, whose opening may not necessarily be
larger than the constituents. They shall be used to impart protection of soil for vegetation
germination in slope and to induce speedy germination of vegetation in eroded surfaces.
The type of Bionet to be used in slope, based on permanency of protection needed for a
particular application shall be decided on the basis of detail Functional, and Hydraulic design.

Natural Bionets for temporary protection/germination is shown in respective specification

data against each application.

Polymer Bionets for permanent protection/germination is shown in respective specification

data against each application.

1.6 Testing and acceptance :

Geosynthetics shall be tested in accordance with tests prescribed by British Standards. In

absence of IS Codes, tests prescribed either by ASTM or British Standards or International
Standards Organisation, shall be followed.

1.7 Application Areas :

There are innumerable applications of Geosynthetics in Geotechnical, Environmental and

Transportation engineering applications. Some of the major applications based on their
functional requirements are shown in Table - 1:

558
2. SUB-SURFACE DRAINAGE FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES
2.1 Scope
The work covers the use of Geotextiles in subsurface drains, such as ‘Trench drains’ or
narrow, filter roadside ‘Subsurface drains’. The Trench drain shall mean a planar
Geocomposite structure designed to perform the same function as a narrow filter drain.
The Subsurface drainage shall mean natural aggregate material confined as a gallery within
a trench protected with a Geotextile wrap. Subsurface Drainage works shall be carried out
as per design drawings.

2.2 Materials
2.2.1 The Geotextile fabric shall be either woven or non - woven fabric made of continuous filament,
consisting of long-chain pofymiric fibres/filaments or yarns such as polypropylene, or
polyethylene or any combination thereof, formed into a stable network such that the filaments
or yarns retain their relative position to each other. The supply of Geotextile shall carry a
certification of BIS or ISO 9001/2 for all works. The specifications are shown in Appendix 1
and Appendix 2.
2.2.2 The Geosynthetic material of which the drain is made shall be treated with carbon black so
that they are protected from the deleterious effects of short term exposure to ultraviolet
light, and shall be resistant to degradation by acid, alkalis, common chemicals, bacteria,
fungi and mould occurring in soils and highway construction materials. In case of exposure
to ultraviolet light, the Engineer may require evidence that the Geosynthetic material still
complies with the requirements of this Clause. Where necessary, the side intended for
entry of water and direction of in-plane flow shall be identified.
2.2.3 The Woven or Nonwoven Geotextile shall conform to specifications provided in Appendix 1
and 2.
2.2.4 The composite drain shall have a flow rate through each face of the drain of more than 75
percent of the value specified in Appendix 1 and 2, determined by direct measurement of
the composite drain using BS:6906 (Part 3). The composite drain shall have values of
longterm in-plane flow rates as stated in the design drawing.

2.3 Installation
2.3.1 The installation of subsurface drains shall be as per the design drawings. Where subsurface
drains / trench drains are assembled on site, the assembly area shall be clean and dry and
free of any wind-borne pollutants. No Geotextile or core material shall be exposed to daylight
for a period exceeding a cumulative total of 100 hours. Where Trench drains are laid in
trench, the bottom of the trench shall be free of irregularities and shall be brought to the
required level. Rock and other hard protrusions shall be removed and any excess cut in the
trench bottom filled and compacted back to the required grade with suitable excavated or
imported material as directed by the Engineer. Trench drains shall be capable of being
jointed longitudinally or laterally into pipe systems or chambers for inflow and outflow
purposes. Joints parallel to the direction of flow and any exposed edged shall be protected
from the ingress of soil by a Geotextile wrapping with a minimum overlap of 150 mm or
other measures as agreed by the Engineer.

559
2.4 Narrow filter drains consisting of a porous or perforated pipe laid in a narrow trench
surrounded by a layer of Geotextile filter shall have the same properties of Geotextile as
specified in Clause 2.2. The splicing of lengths of Geotextile and minimum overlap shall be
as per the design drawing or as approved by the Engineer.

2.5 Measurements for Payment

Measurement for Trench drain/narrow filter drains shall be per running metre length of the
drain. Disposal of surplus material beyond 1000 m shall be measured in cum.

2.6 Rates

The contract unit rates for subsurface drains shall be payment in full for all items such as
excavation, dressing the sides and bottom, providing Geotextile composites, laying and
jointing pipes, etc. including full compensation for all materials, labour, tools, equipment
incidental to complete the work as shown on drawings with all leads and lifts except for
removal of unsuitable material for which the lead shall be 1000 M. Provision of inlets, outlet
pipes, bedding, etc. wherever required shall be incidental to construction of drain.

3. REINFORCED SOIL WALLS FOR ROADS AND BRIDGE ABUTMENTS

3.1 Scope

The work consists of construction of soil walls using synthetic polymer based reinforcing
elements, such as Geogrids or Specially prepared Geotextiles, in layers. The work covers
installation of reinforcing elements, facia elements and other associated elements.

3.2 Reinforcing Element

3.2.1 The reinforcing element shall be a Geogrid or a specially produced high modulus creep
sustaining variety of Geotextile.

3.2.2 Geogrid : The supply of Geogrids shall carry a certification of BIS or ISO 9001/2 for all
works. The material shall be either mono-oriented Geogrid for wall conforming to Appendix
4 and bi-oriented Geogrid for foundation of reinforced soil wall conforming to specification in
Appendix 5.

The. Geogrid shall be inert to all naturally occurring chemicals, minerals and salts found in
soil.

3.2.3 Reinforcement Geotextile : The supply of Geotextile shall carry a certification of BIS or
ISO 9001/2 for all works. The material shall consist of high strength reinforced non-woven
needle punched Geotextile conforming to Appendix 3.

3.2.4 Drainage Geotextile : The supply of Geotextile shall carry a certification of BIS or ISO
9001/2 for all works. The drainage material shall either be a woven Geotextile (Appendix 1)
or a non-woven needle punched Geotextile (Appendix 2).

560
3.3 Soil Fill
The fill material for reinforced soil structures shall have an angle of interface friction between
the compacted fill and the reinforcing element of not less than 25o, measured in accordance
with IS : 13326 (Part 1). The soil should be predominantly coarse grained; not more than 10
per cent of particles shall pass 75 micron sieve. The soil should have properties such that
the salts in the soil should not react chemically or electrically with the reinforcing elements
in an adverse manner.
3.4 Facia Element
3.4.1 The facia shall be either a green vegetated surface or with a suitable facia components
such as
(i) Reinforced Concrete (Cast-in-situ or precast) slabs
(ii) Plain cement concrete hollow block (precast)
(iii) Masonry construction, rubble facia
(iv) Other proprietary and patented proven system
The fencing shall be sufficiently flexible to withstand any deformation of the fill.
3.4.2 Facia unit joint filler should be durable, resistant to the effect of air pollution and water/saline
water.
3.4.3 Bedding material shall consist of either cement mortar, or cement concrete.
3.4.4 Connection between the facia and the reinforcing element shall be by using polyethylene
strips / rods, fibre glass dowels or any other approved material. Any other material used
shall be tested to provide 100% joint strength as of parent element in continuity.
Overlapping in principal reinforcement or in the joint shall ensure load transfer through
joints, perpendicular to the direction of laying.
3.5 Construction Details
3.5.1 The plan area of the reinforced soil structure shall be excavated to provide a nominally level
base which may be stepped at the back as required to receive the horizontal reinforcing
element grid.
The depth of the foundation below the finished ground level at the foot of the slope or wall
shall not be less than 500 mm.
Additional strip footing, trough guide made of concrete or anchor key pad may be provided
at founding level to receive the facia or the bottom most reinforcement connection. This
shall have adequate soil cover against erosion and scour in particular cases.
3.5.2 Orientation : The reinforcing elements shall be placed at right angles to the face of the
wall, with greater cross-sectional dimension in the horizontal plane. The placement of the
elements including their vertical/horizontal spacing and length shall be as in the drawing.
3.5.3 Facing batter : It may be necessary to set facing unit at an additional batter than as provided
in the drawing as there is a tendency for initially positioned units of facia to lean outward as
the fill material is placed and compacted. Care and caution shall be taken to rectify this
phenomenon.

561
3.5.4 Drainage : The retained fill shall have a suitably designed drainage bay to allow free drainage
of the reinforced fill. It shall use a drainage Geotextile or a sand drainage bay.
3.5.5 Laying and compacting : The reinforcing elements shall be laid free from all kinks, damage
and displacement during deposition, spreading, leveling and compaction of the fill. The
programme of filling shall be such that no construction plant runs directly on the
reinforcement.
All construction plant having a mass exceeding 1000 kg shall be kept at least 1.5 m away
from the face of slope or wall. In this area (upto 1.5 m from the face of slope or wall),
following compaction plant shall be used
1. Vibratory roller having a weight per metre width of roll not exceeding 1300 kg with total
weight not exceeding 10,000 kg.
2. Vibratory plate compactor of maximum weight 1000 kg.
3. Vibro tamper having a weight not exceeding 75 kg.
Compaction by any other method like using dozer or back blade compaction by dozer or
excavator bucket shall be permitted with due approval from the Engineer after ascertaining
the level of compaction so achieved. During construction of reinforced fill, the retained
material beyond the reinforcement at the rear or the structure shall be maintained at the
same level as reinforced fill.
The compacted layer shall not be more than 200 mm to achieve compaction of 95% of
maximum laboratory density where measure as per IS :2720 (Part 8). Temporary
formwork shall be used to support the construction as per specified details given in the
drawing. The forms, scaffolding and props shall be sufficient in numbers to allow taking up
of a sectoral construction schedule specified in the design.
3.6 Measurements for Payment
Measurement for reinforcing elements shall be in sqm for Geogrid/Geotextile etc. The
measurement for facia shall be in sq. metres. The measurement for foundation for facia
and capping beam shall be in linear metres. Measurement for compacted earthfill shall be
in cubic metres for compacted soil.
3.7 Rates Rate shall include cost of labour, plant hire, material storage and handling expenses,
for completing the works.
Rate for providing reinforcing elements shall included material cost, all transportation costs
and storage of the same as per special provisions. The rate shall also include cost of
installation / laying of the reinforcing elements including all cutting, tensioning of reinforcing
element, overlaps, jointing or stitching, heat bonding or extension.
Rate for facia fixing shall include cost of joints, all necessary temporary formwork, scaffolding
and all lifts and leads, if any, as shown in the drawing, unless otherwise specified to be
treated separately along with foundation or slope/wall kerb at the top of slope or wall. Rate
for bed block and capping beam shall include all items of excavation, concrete, reinforcing
steel, formwork, labour and equipment.

562
 Rate for soil fill shall include compaction as desired in requisite layers through mechanical
means, cost of hire or labour for plant operations, dressing and leveling slopes, including
special measures for edge reinforcements as shown in the drawing.
4. GEOSYNTHETICS FOR PAVEMENTS
4.1 Scope
The work shall consist of strengthening and improvement of soft soil by providing layers of
bi- oriented Geogrid, and/or retarding reflective cracking by laying Geotextile materials over
existing bituminous surface, including preparation of surface and joining, stitching or
overlapping of the fabric, etc.
4.2 Material Requirements
4.2.1 Stabilisation of Soft Soils using Geosynthetic Reinforcement
4.2.1.1 Bi-oriented Geogrid : Where the sub-soil is poor in strength, bi-oriented Geogrid shall be
provided in layers for both soil as well as asphaltic reinforcement as per the design
requirements. Bi-oriented Geogrid shall conform to the requirements in Appendix 5. The
supply of Geogrids shall carry a certification of BIS or ISO 9001/2 for all works. The Geogrid
shall be inert to all naturally occurring chemicals, minerals and salts found in soil.
4.2.1.2 Tack Coat : The tack coat used to bond the Geogrid to the pavement shall be a paving
grade Bitumen of 80-100 penetration. A cationic or anionic emulsion may be used as approved
by the engineer. The use of cutbacks or emulsions which contain solvents shall not be
used.
4.2.2 Road Overlay Reinforcement against Fatigue and Reflection Cracking
4.2.2.1 Paving fabric : The paving fabric will either be a nonwoven needle punched fabric (Non
woven Geotextile) made from continuous filament/fibres of polypropylene or a glass filament
reinforced nonwoven needle punched continuous filament polypropylene fabric or a woven
tape formed (woven Geotextile). The paving fabric shall be resistant to chemical attack, rot
and mildew and shall have no tears or defects which will adversely alter its physical properties.
The fabric shall be specifically designed for pavement applications. The non-woven paving
fabric shall meet the requirements of Appendix 6, glass filament reinforced nonwoven paving
fabric to requirements of Appendix 7 and the woven paving fabric shall meet the requirements
of Appendix 8. The supply of paving fabrics shall carry a certification of BIS or ISO 9001/2.
The non-woven paving fabric shall be heat bonded only on one side to reduce bleed-through
of tack coat during installation. Heavy duty paving fabrics should be used in areas
experiencing unusually high impact forces or heavy loads such as airport runways and
taxiways.
4.2.2.2 Tack Coat : The tack coat used to impregnate the fabric and bond the fabric to the pavement
shall be a paving grade Bitumen of 80-100 penetration. A cationic or anionic emulsion may
be used as approved by the engineer. The use of cutbacks or emulsions which contain
solvents shall not be used.

563
4.2.3 Stabilisation of Soft Soils and Road Overlay Reinforcement
4.2.3.1 Bi-oriented Geogrid : As per Clause 4.4.1.1.
4.2.3.2 Paving fabric : As per Clause 4.2.2.1.
4.2.3.3 Tack Coat : As per Clause 4.2.1.2 and Clause 4.2.2.2
4.3 Construction and Installation Requirements
4.3.1 Shipment and Storage : The Geogrid and paving fabric shall be kept dry and wrapped
such that it is protected from the elements during shipping and storage. At no time shall the
material be exposed to ultraviolet light for a period exceeding fourteen days. The rolls shall
be stored in a manner which protects them from the elements. If stored outdoors, they
shall be elevated and protected with a waterproof cover. The paving fabric shall be labelled
as per ASTM D 48773, “Guide for identification, storage, and handling of Geotextiles.”
4.3.2 Weather Limitations : Minimum air and pavement temperature shall be at least 10OC and
rising for placement of bitumen and shall be at least 15OC. Neither bitumen tack coat nor
Geosynthetic materials shall be placed when weather conditions, in the opinion of the engineer,
are not suitable.
4.3.3 Surface Preparation : The bi-oriented Geogrid shall be placed on a nominally level soil
base. For the laying of the paving fabric the pavement surface shall be thoroughly cleaned
of all dirt, water, and oil to the satisfaction of the engineer. Cracks 4 mm wide or greater
shall be cleaned and filled with suitable bituminous material or by a method approved by the
engineer. Potholes and other pavement distress shall be repaired. Repairs shall be performed
as directed by the engineer.
4.3.4 Bi-oriented Geogrid Placement : The bi-oriented Geogrid shall be placed directly on
subgrade on a nominally level platform or within aggregate layers as an intermediate
reinforcement. It shall be covered with aggregate layer of compacted thickness of at least
100 mm compacted to 95% Standard Proctor density. Subsequent layer, if required, shall
be provided over the aggregate covering and shall be covered with at least 100 mm cover
compacted to 95% Standard Proctor density.
Wherever Geogrid is used for retardation of cracks in overlay and strengthening of pavement,
it shall be pretensioned with a Tensioning Beam keeping the other end fixed an the existing
surface. The Geogrids used for overlay reinforcement shall be specially made for withstanding
temperature of installation upto 145OC.
While using Geotextiles as paving fabric, special installation technique using mechanical
laying shall be adopted to avoid kinks and folds.
4.3.5 Tack coat application : The tack coat shall be spread by means of a calibrated distributor
spray bar. Hand spraying and brush application may he used in locations of fabric overlap.
Every effort shall be made to keep hand spraying to a minimum. The tack coat shall be
applied, uniformly to the prepared dry pavement surface at the rate of 1.0 lt./sqm. or as
recommended by the paving fabric manufacturer and approved by the engineer. When
using emulsions, the application rate must be increased as directed by the engineer to

564
 offset the water content zones where vehicle speed changes are common place, the normal
application rate shall be reduced by about 20 per cent as directed by the engineer. The tack
coat application rate must be sufficient to saturate the fabric and to bond the fabric to the
existing pavement surface.
The temperature of the tack coat shall be sufficiently high to permit a uniform spray pattern.
For bitumen, the minimum temperature shall be 135OC. To avoid damage to the fabric or
Geogrid, distributor tank temperatures shall not exceed 155OC. Laying temperature shall
not exceed 145OC.
The target width of tack coat application shall be equal to the paving fabric width plus 150
mm. The tack coat shall be applied only as far in advance of paving fabric installation as is
appropriate to ensure a tacky surface at the time of paving fabric placement. Traffic shall
not be allowed on the tack coat. Excess tack coat shall be cleaned from the pavement.
4.3.6 Paving Fabric Placement : The paving fabric shall be placed onto the tack coat using
mechanical or manual laydown equipment capable of providing a smooth installation without
wrinkling or folding. The paving fabric shall be placed prior to the tack coat cooling and
losing tackiness. Paving fabric shall not be installed in areas where the overlay asphalt
tapers to a thickness of less than 40 mm. Excess paving fabric which extends beyond the
edge of existing pavement or areas of tack coat application shall be trimmed and removed.
Wrinkles or fold in excess of 25 mm shall be slit and laid flat. All transverse joints and slit
folds or wrinkles shall be shingle-lapped in the direction of the paving operation. Brooming
and/ or pneumatic rolling shall be required to maximize paving fabric contact with the
pavement surface. Additional hand-placed tack coat may be required at laps and repairs as
determined by the engineer to satisfy bitumen retention of the lapped paving fabric. All
areas with paving fabrics placed will be paved the same day. No traffic except necessary
construction equipment will be allowed to drive directly on the paving fabric.
Turning of the paver and other vehicles shall be done gradually and kept to a minimum to
avoid movement and damage to the paving fabric. Abrupt starts and stops shall also be
avoided. Damaged fabric shall be removed and replaced with the same type of fabric.
Overlaps shall be shingle-lapped in the direction of paving. Additional tack coat shall be
placed between the overlap to satisfy saturation requirements of the fabric. Overlap shall
be sufficient to ensure full closure of the joint but not exceed 100 mm.
4.3.7 Overlay Placement : Bituminous overlay construction shall closely follow fabric placement.
All areas in which paving fabric has been placed will be paved during the same day.
4.3.8 Measurements for Payment : The fabric of Geotextile/Geogrid shall be measured in sq.
metres of actual material used.
The connecting rods or polymer braids shall be measured in metres. Ring staples shall be
measured in number provided per linear metre.
The excavation shall be measured in cubic metres.
The backfilling shall be deemed part of the excavation work.

565
4.3.9 Rate : The cost of Geosynthetic material shall be all including of supply, transportation and
storage. Rates for Geogrid placement for Asphalt reinforcement shall include pretensioning
arrangement (Tension Beam) as well as fixing the grid at other end for removal of kinks and
bends.
The contract rate for excavation and backfilling shall include cost of labour, tools and plant
for completion of the work.
The cost of laying shall include cost of labour, jointing and seaming.
5. EROSION CONTROL AND SLOPE PROTECTION WITH GEOSYNTHETICS
5.1 Scope
This work shall consist of laying either micro-reinforced vegetation or micro-reinforced
vegetation with slope stabilisation or Geotextile with boulder revetments for erosion protection
of slopes and waterfront.
5.2 Erosion Protection Measures
5.2.1 Micro-reinforced Vegetation : Light weight bi-oriented polypropylene Geogrid nets shall
be used for erosion protection of slopes. This shall conform to specifications in Appendix-9.
The supply of the material shall carry a certification of BIS or ISO 9001/2 for all works.
5.2.2 Micro-reinforced Vegetation with Reinforced Slope : This shall be used for providing
stability to slope in addition to erosion protection of the slope surface. Geotextile shall be
provided with the Geogrid to prevent the migration of fine soil particles. The mono-oriented
Geogrid shall conform to specifications in Appendix 4. light weight bi-oriented polypropylene
Geogrid to Appendix 9 and Geotextile to Appendix 1 and 2. The supply of the material shall
carry a certification of BIS or ISO 9001/2 for all works.
5.2.3 Erosion control and Slope protection with Filtration and Drainage : Geotextiles shall
be used on the banks along with boulder revetments for erosion protection. This shall conform
to specifications in Appendix 1 and 2. The supply of the material shall carry a certification of
BIS or ISO 9001/2 for all works.
5.3 Construction
5.3.1 Micro-reinforced Vegetation : The slope shall be nominally levelled with no sharp
edges. The bi- oriented light weight Geogrid shall be laid over the surface and fixed in
position by anchor pins. The Geogrid shall be anchored at the top of the slope in anchor
trench of width 0.5 m and 0.5 m deep, and filled with compacted soil. The surface shall then
he vegetated by grass seeding.
5.3.2 Micro-reinforced Vegetation with Mono-oriented Geogrid Reinforced Slope : The
slope portion to be stabilised shall be cut with a benched profile. A layer of Geogrid shall be
provided at the bottom of the slope with Geotextile at the slope face. It shall be covered with
soil layers compacted to 95% standard proctor density in layers of 30 cm to the height as
per design. The Geogrid shall be wrapped back along the slope surface along with Geotextile.
The slope shall be built with this placement of layers of Geogrid-Geotextile and soil (slope
debris may be used).

566
 For erosion protection of the slope surface, the slope shall be nominally levelled with no
sharp edges. The bi-oriented light weight Geogrid shall be laid over the surface and fixed in
position by anchor pins. The Geogrid shall be anchored at the top of the slope in anchor
trench of width 0.5 m and 0.5 m deep, and filled with compacted soil. The surface shall then
be vegetated by grass seeding.

5.3.3 Geotextile with Boulder Revetments : The waterfront to be protected shall be levelled
so as that there are no sharp edges. A layer of Geotextile shall be provided over the surface
such that there are no kinks or wrinkles. The Geotextile shall be anchored at the top of the
slope in anchor trench 0.5 m wide and 0.5m deep filled with compacted soil. Over this
graded boulder revetment shall be provided as protection to Geotextile.

5.3.4 Measurements for Payment : The fabric of Geogrid and Geotextile shall be measured in
sq. metres of actual material used.

The connecting rods or polymer braids shall be measured in metres

The boulder revetment shall be measured in cubic metres.

The excavation for cutting for slope and anchor trenches shall he measured in cubic metres.

The backfilling shall be deemed part of the excavation work.

5.3.5 Rate : The cost of Geosynthetic material shall be all including of supply, transportation and
storage. The contract rate per cubic metre of revetment shall consist of cost of boulders
and their transportation. The contract rate for excavation and backfilling of trenches shall
include cost of labour, tools and plant for completion of the work.

The cost of laying of Geosynthetics shall include the cost of labour, jointing and seaming.

567
BI-ORIENTED POLYMER GEOGRID
General Characteristics
Bi-oriented Geogrids are bi-dimensional
structure in polypropylene, manufactured by
an extrusion process and then stretched
longitudinally and transversely. This kind of
process offers a monolithic structure with an
uniform distribution of rectangular apertures,
having about equal high tensile strength in both
directions and high tensile modulus. This kind
of structures provide an interlocking system
between the grids and the soil. They are
chemically inert and have homogeneous and
uniform characteristics.

Applications
Applications of Bi-oriented Geogrids are in Reinforcement of paved and unpaved roads, Asphaltic
layers, Increasing of bearing capacity of soil, etc.

TYPE 1 TABLE 1
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS TEST METHOD DATA
STRUCTURE BI -ORIENTED GEOGRIDS
MESH TYPE RECTANGULAR APERTURES
POLYMER TYPE POLYPROPYLENE
CARBON BLACK CONTENT ASTM D1603 2.0%
PACKAGING ISO 10320 IN ROLLS FORM
TABLE 2
DIMENSIONAL TEST UNIT BGG-3A BGG-3B BGG-3C
CHARACTERISTICS METHOD
APERTURE SIZE MD mm 32 62.5 33
APERTURE SIZE TD mm 37 62.5 37
MASS PER UNIT AREA ISO 9864 g/m2 190 270 400
WIDTH m 4.0 4.0 4.0

568
 TABLE3
TECHNICAL TEST UNIT BGG-3A BGG-3B BGG-3C
CHARACTERISTICS METHOD
TEST DIRECTION MD TD MD TD MD TD
PEAK TENSILE STRENGTH GRI-GGI kN/m 12.3 12.3 20.0 20.0 20.0 34.0
YIELD POINT ELONGATION GRI-GGI % 15.0 11.0 13.0 10.0 16.0 11.0
TENSILE STRENGTH at 2% GRI-GGI kN/m 3.0 3.2 6.0 7.0 7.0 12.0
Strain
TENSILE STRENGTH at 5% GRI-GGI kN/m 6.2 7.2 12.0 14.0 14.0 23.0
Strain
NOTES : 1. Table 2 gives typical values
2. MD machine direction (longitudinal to the roll)
3. TD transversal direction (across roll width)
4. Tensile strength are 95% lower confidence limit values
5. Tensile tests performed using extension meters at 100 mm/min at 20OC

NON - WOVEN GEOTEXTILE

General Characteristics
Non- Woven Geotextiles are made from
continuous filaments of polypropylene. These
are initially laid down as a loose web which is
penetrated by a bank of reciprocating barbed
needles. The needling action causes
mechanical entanglement of the fibres and
so imparts a degree of integrity. The product
is finished by rolling to give a comparatively
smooth surface. By virtue of their thickness,
they are often considered to be three
dimensional filters.
Applications
Applications of non-woven Geotextile are in
Filtration, Asphalt overlay and Sealing,
Drainage, Foundation stabilization, Erosion
protection, Slope stabilization, Lining
protection, etc.

569
TYPE 2 TABLE 1

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS DATA

STRUCTURE NON-WOVEN GEOTEXTILE

TYPE CONTINUOUS FILAMENT NEEDLE PUNCHED

POLYMER TYPE POLYPROPYLENE

TABLE 2

DIMENSIONAL TEST UNIT NGT-2A

CHARACTERISTICS METHOD

MASS PER UNIT AREA DIN 53854 g/m2 180

ASTM D3776
THICKNESS ISO 9863 mm 1.7

TABLE 3

TECHNICAL TEST UNIT NGT-2A

CHARACTERISTICS METHOD

CBR PUNCTURE DIN 54307 N 2000

RESISTANCE

STRIP TENSILE EN ISO 10319 kN/m 13.5

STRENGTH
ELONGATION
AT BREAK md EN ISO 10319 % 75
cd EN ISO 10319 % 35

CONE DROP TEST pvEN 918/2 mm 26

(HOLE DIAMETER)

APPARENT OPENING ASTM D4751 mm 0.220

SIZE

PERMITIVITY ASTM D 4491 S-1 2.25

570
NON - WOVEN GEOTEXTILE
General Characteristics
Non-Woven Geotextiles are made from
continuous filaments of polypropylene. These
are initially laid down as a loose web which is
penetrated by a bank of reciprocating barbed
needles. The needling action causes
mechanical entanglement of the fibres and
so imparts a degree of integrity. The product
is finished by rolling to give a comparatively
smooth surface. By virtue of their thickness,
they are often considered to be three
dimensional filters.

Applications
Applications of non-woven Geotextile are in
Filtration, Asphalt overlay and Sealing,
Drainage, Foundation stabilization, Erosion
protection, Slope stabilization, Lining
protection, etc.

TABLE 1
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS DATA
STRUCTURE NON-WOVEN GEOTEXTILE
TYPE CONTINUOUS FILAMENT NEEDLE PUNCHED
POLYMER TYPE POLYPROPYLENE

TABLE2

DIMENSIONAL TEST UNIT NGT-A NGT-B NGT-C NGT-D NGT-E

CHARACTERISTICS METHOD

MASS PER UNIT AREA DIN 53854 g/m2 125 200 250 325 385
THICKNESS ISO 9863 mm 1.2 1.9 2.2 2.9 3.2

571
 TABLE3
TECHNICAL TEST UNIT NGT-A NGT-B NGT-C NGT-D NGT-E
CHARACTERISTICS METHOD
CBR PUNCTURE DIN 54307 N 1500 2350 2850 3850 4250
RESISTANCE
STRIP TENSILE EN ISO 10319 kN/m 9.5 15.0 19.0 24.0 28.0
STRENGTH
ELONGATION
AT BREAK md EN ISO 10319 % 75 75 80 80 80
cd EN ISO 10319 % 35 35 35 40 40
CONE DROP TEST EN 918/2 mm 30 23 20 15 14
(HOLE DIAMETER)
APPARENT OPENING ASTM D4751 mm 0.250 0.210 0.180 0.130 0.095
SIZE
PERMITIVITY ASTM D4491 S-1 2.95 2.15 1.90 1.70 1.65

BI-ORIENTED POLYMER GEOGRID

General Characteristics
Bi-oriented Geogrids are bi-dimensional
structure in polypropylene, manufactured by
an extrusion process and then stretched
longitudinally and transversely. This kind of
process offers a monolithic structure with an
uniform distribution of rectangular apertures,
having about equal high tensile strength in both
directions and high tensile modulus. This kind
of structures provide an interlocking system
between the grids and the soil. They are
chemically inert and have homogeneous and
uniform characteristics.
Applications
Applications of Bi-oriented Geogrids are in
Reinforcement of paved and unpaved roads,
Asphaltic layers, Increasing of bearing capacity
of soil, etc.

572
TYPE 2 TABLE 1

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS TEST METHOD DATA

STRUCTURE BI -ORIENTED GEOGRIDS

MESH TYPE RECTANGULAR APERTURES
POLYMER TYPE POLYPROPYLENE
CARBON BLACK CONTENT ASTM D1603 2.0%
PACKAGING ISO 10320 IN ROLLS FORM

TABLE 2

DIMENSIONAL TEST UNIT BGG-2A BGG-2B BGG-2C

CHARACTERISTICS METHOD

APERTURE SIZE MD mm 41 40 34
APERTURE SIZE TD mm 31 27 27
MASS PER UNIT AREA ISO 9864 g/m2 270 420 650
WIDTH m 4.0 4.0 4.0

TABLE 3

TECHNICAL TEST UNIT BGG-2A BGG-2B BGG-2C

CHARACTERISTICS METHOD

TEST DIRECTION MD TD MD TD MD TD

PEAK TENSILE STRENGTH GRI-GGI kN/m 20.0 20.0 30.0 30.0 40.0 40.0
YIELD POINT ELONGATION GRI-GGI % 11.0 10.0 11.0 10.0 11.0 11.0
TENSILE STRENGTH at 2% GRI-GGI kN/m 7.0 7.0 10.5 10.5 14.0 15.0
Strain
TENSILE STRENGTH at 5% GRI-GGI kN/m 14.0 14.0 21.0 21.0 28.0 30.0
Strain

NOTES : 1. Table 2 gives typical values

2. MD : machine direction (longitudinal to the roll)
3. TD : transversal direction (across roll width)
4. Tensile strength are 95% lower confidence limit values
5. Tensile tests performed using extension meters at 100 mm/min at 20OC

573
BI-ORIENTED POLYMER GEOGRID
General Characteristics
Bi-oriented Geogrids are bidimensional
structure in polypropylene, manufactured by
an extrusion process and then stretched
longitudinally and transversely. This kind of
process offers a monolithic structure with an
uniform distribution of rectangular apertures,
having about equal high tensile strength in both
directions and high tensile modulus. This kind
of structures provide an interlocking system
between the grids and the soil. They are
chemically inert and have homogeneous and
uniform characteristics.
Applications
Applications of Bi-oriented Geogrids are in
Reinforcement of paved and unpaved roads,
Asphaltic layers, Increasing of bearing capacity
of soil, etc.

TYPE 1 TABLE 1
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS TEST METHOD DATA
STRUCTURE BI -ORIENTED GEOGRIDS
MESH TYPE RECTANGULAR APERTURES
POLYMER TYPE POLYPROPYLENE
CARBON BLACK CONTENT ASTM D1603 2.0%
PACKAGING ISO 10320 IN ROLLS FORM
TABLE 2
DIMENSIONAL TEST UNIT BGG-1A BGG-1B
CHARACTERISTICS METHOD
APERTURE SIZE MD mm 41 40
APERTURE SIZE TD mm 31 30
MASS PER UNIT AREA ISO 9864 g/m2 230 300
WIDTH m 4.0 4.0

574
 TABLE 3

TECHNICAL TEST UNIT BGG-1A BGG-1B

CHARACTERISTICS METHOD

TEST DIRECTION MD TD MD TD

PEAK TENSILE STRENGTH GRI-GGI kN/m 14.5 20.5 19.5 31.6

YIELD POINT ELONGATION GRI-GGI % 16.0 13.0 16.0 11.0
TENSILE STRENGTH at 2% GRI-GGI kN/m 4.5 6.2 6.0 10.0
Strain
TENSILE STRENGTH at 5% GRI-GGI kN/m 9.5 15.0 12.0 20.0
Strain

NOTES : 1. Table 2 gives typical values

2. MD : machine direction (longitudinal to the roll)
3. TD : transversal direction (across roll width)
4. Tensile strength are 95% lower confidence limit values
5. Tensile tests performed using extension meters at 100 mm/min at 20OC

PAVING GRADE NON-WOVEN GEOTEXTILE

General Characteristics
It is a paving felt specially designed for the renewal of
road surfacing. It is made from polypropylene
continuous filaments bonded by needle punching. It
is impregnated on the site with a sprayed bituminous
coat which enables it to perform three essential
functions : Sealing, stress reduction and adhesion.

Applications
Application of bitumen impregnated non-woven
Geotextile is in Construction, Repair and renewal of
road surfaces.

575
 TABLE 1

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS DATA

STRUCTURE NON-WOVEN GEOTEXTILE

TYPE CONTINUOUS FILAMENT NEEDLE PUNCHED
POLYMER TYPE POLYPROPYLENE

TABLE 2

DIMENSIONAL TEST METHOD UNIT BGT

CHARACTERISTICS

MASS PER UNIT AREA ASTM D 3776 g/m2 140

THICKNESS UNDER 2k N/m2 ASTM D 1777 mm 1. 4

TABLE 3

TECHNICAL TEST METHOD UNIT BGT

CHARACTERISTICS

TENSILE STRENGTH ASTM D 4595 kN/m 8.5

MINIMUM EXTENSION AT 30% ASTM D 4595 % >20
OF BREAKING LENGTH
EXTENSION AT BREAK ASTM D 4595 % <80
ASPHALT RETENTION Task Force 25 kg/m2 >1.3
(UNLOADED)

TABLE 4

SYSTEM PROPERTIES TEST METHOD UNIT BGT

DYNAMIC FLEXURAL TENSILE LRPC AUTUN min 625

TEST
Break of AC 0 /10 after ...
(AC thickness 6 cm)
SEALING R.I. Inc. kPa >500
Significant head loss at ...
LOW TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOUR TU
Transfer of tensile stress at – 10OC BRAUNSCHWEIG
Maximum stress (in % of control sample) % <60
After 0.5% extension N/mm2 >0.28

576