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Types of Polymers and Their Classification
Types of Polymers and Their Classification
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(١ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ
ﻣﺜ ﻞ اﻟﺒ ﻮﻟﻲ أﺳ ﺘﺮ – اﻟﺒ ﻮﻟﻲ أﻣﻴ ﺪ – اﻟﺒ ﻮﻟﻲ إﻳﺜﻴﻠ ﻴﻦ – اﻟﺒ ﻮﻟﻲ
أآﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ – اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ آﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت – اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺮوﺑﻴﻠﻴﻦ – وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ.
(٢ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ
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اﻟﺴ ﻠﻴﻠﻮز اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ ﺗ ﺬوب ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻌﻈ ﻢ اﻟﻤ ﺬﻳﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀ ﻮﻳﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠ ﺔ
ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻳ ﻞ ﻣﺤﻠ ﻮل اﻟﺒ ﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ إﻟ ﻰ أﻟﻴ ﺎف ﺻ ﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ أو رﻗ ﻮق
ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ) (Filmsوﻏﻴﺮهﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى.
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ً
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ :ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ
Classification Based on the Chemical Nature of Polymer
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ﺑﻮﻟﻲ ﺳﻠﻔﻮن
Polysulphone
ﺑﻮﻟﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻮآﺴﺎن
Polysiloxane
M'' = Ti
M''' = P, AS
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rafid kais kmal
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ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ :ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ
Classification of Polymers Based on Technological Aspects
ً
ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﺮﻩ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ
وهﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺻ ﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻘ ﻮام ) (hardﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺎت اﻟﺤ ﺮارة
اﻟﻌﺎدﻳ ﺔ وﻟﻜﻨﻬ ﺎ ﺗﻠ ﻴﻦ ﺑ ﺎﻟﺤﺮارة ) (softenوﺗﺘﺤ ﻮل اﻟ ﻰ ﻣ ﺎ ﻳﺸ ﺒﻪ
اﻟﻌﺠﻴﻨ ﺔ ﺑﺤﻴ ﺚ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴ ﺮ هﻴﺌﺘﻬ ﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻴ ﺪ ،وإذا زﻳ ﺪت درﺟ ﺔ
اﻟﺤﺮارة أآﺜﺮ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻠﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻨﺼ ﻬﺮ وﺗﺴ ﻴﻞ )ﺗﺴ ﻤﻰ ﺑﺒ ﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮات
اﻟﺜﻴﺮﻣﻮﺑﻼﺳ ﺘﻴﻚ ) ،(thermoplasticوه ﻲ ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻣﻌﻈ ﻢ
اﻟﺒ ﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮات اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺴ ﺘﺨﺪم ﻓ ﻲ ﺻ ﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺒﻼﺳ ﺘﻴﻚ واﻷﻟﻴ ﺎف
اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ .وﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺑﺠﻤﻴ ﻊ اﻟﻤﺮاﺣ ﻞ اﻟﺴ ﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺣﻴ ﺚ
ﺗﺘﺼﻠﺐ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴًﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻌﻮد ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ وﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ
ﺗﺴ ﻤﻰ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺒ ﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮات أﺣﻴﺎﻧ ًﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻼﺳ ﺘﻴﻜﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﺎوﻋ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺤ ﺮارة
) .(thermoplasticsوهﻨﺎﻟ ﻚ اﻟﻌﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺒ ﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮات اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳ ﺔ
اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻘ ﻊ ﺿ ﻤﻦ ه ﺬا اﻟﺼ ﻨﻒ ﻧ ﺬآﺮ ﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ :اﻟﺒ ﻮﻟﻲ إﻳﺜﻴﻠ ﻴﻦ
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وﻳﺸﻤﻞ هﺬا اﻟﺼ ﻨﻒ اﻟﺒ ﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮات اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺼ ﻬﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴ ﺨﻴﻦ وﻟﻜ ﻦ
ﻳﺴ ﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﺴ ﺨﻴﻦ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻬ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﺷ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﻬ ﺎﺋﻲ )ﺗﺘﺼ ﻠﺐ ﺑﻔﻌ ﻞ
اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺟﻴﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺸ ﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠ ﻮب ﻓ ﻲ
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ً
ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺎ )ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ(
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ﺔ ﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﻌﺔ ذات ﻃﺎﻗ ﻰ أﺷ ﺘﻴﻚ إﻟ ﺮﻳﺾ اﻟﺒﻼﺳ ﺗﻌ
) (high energy radiationﺗ ﺆدي إﻟ ﻰ ﺣ ﺪوث ﺗﻔ ﺎﻋﻼت
اﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻚ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ.
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اﻟﻤﻄﺎط اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ
- ﺑﻮﻟﻲ )ﺳﺲ -٤ ،١أﻳﺰوﺑﺮﻳﻦ(.
1931
اﻟﻨﻴﻮﺑﺮﻳﻦ )ﺑﻮﻟﻲ آﻠﻮرﺑﺮﻳﻦ(
ﻣﻄﺎط اﻟﻨﺘﺮﻳﻞ
1937 آﻮﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮات اﻟﺒﻴﻮﺗﺎداﻳﻴﻦ -أآﺮﻳﻠﻮﻧﺘﺮﻳﻞ
nitrile rubber
ﻣﻄﺎط س .ب
آﻮﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮات اﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻳﻦ – ﺑﻴﻮﺗﺎداﻳﻴﻦ
1937 )(S. B. Rubber
آﻮﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮات اﻷﻳﺰوﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻦ – أزﻳﻮﺑﺮﻳﻦ )ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﻳﺰوﺑ ﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎط اﻟﺒﻴﻮﺗﻴﻞ
1934 )(0.6 – 3.5 % butyl rubber
1961 ﺑﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﺎداﻳﻴﻦ )ﺳﺲ – – ٤ ،١ﺗﺮاﻧﺲ – ٤ ،١و (٢ ،١ ﻣﻄﺎط اﻟﺒﻴﻮﺗﺎداﻳﻴﻦ
)(butadiene rubber
اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﺎداﻳﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ
1960 ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻳﺰوﻣﻴﺮ ﺳﺲ
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