Transmission Loss Equation

Transmission Loss Equation

• Loss equation in terms of plant outputs of a given system

• Calculate system loss in terms of generator currents.

• Transform the generator currents into the power outputs of
the plants that results in loss formula

1
 𝐼 +𝐼 =𝐼
• Assuming each load is a constant fraction of
the total load
𝐼 =𝑑 𝐼
𝐼 =𝑑 𝐼
where 𝑑 + 𝑑 = 1
• Node equations are

• First row

• Substitute for 𝐼 = 𝑑 𝐼 and 𝐼 = 𝑑 𝐼 then

solving for 𝐼

• 𝐼0 is no load current

2
 • Denoting

• Load equation is simplified as

• Substitute for 𝐼 in 𝐼 = 𝑑 𝐼 and 𝐼 = 𝑑 𝐼

• Transformation C of "old" currents

𝐼 , 𝐼 , 𝐼 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 to the set of "new" 𝐼 , 𝐼 and
𝐼0

3
7

4
 • Interpretation of no load current 𝐼0

• 𝐼0 is normally small and relatively constant since

𝑍 includes high impedances of the path
associated with line charging and transformer
magnetizing currents and not load currents.

• At each generator bus we assume that the reactive power is a

constant fraction 𝑠 of the real power. This is equivalent to
assuming that each generator is operating at a constant
power factor. Over the same period.

• Where

• The output currents of generators are given by

10

5
 • The currents can be expressed in the matrix
form

• Substituting in equation

11

• Transpose o f a product of matrices equals the reverse-

order product of their transposes.

• Taking the complex conjugate of each side gives

• Hermitian Matrix: A matrix that is equal to the complex

conjugate of its own transpose . Each off-diagonal
element 𝑚 of a hermitian matrix is equal to the
complex conjugate of the corresponding element 𝑚
and all the diagonal elements are real numbers.
• Adding 𝑇 and 𝑇 ∗ cancels out the imaginary parts of
the off-diagonal elements and we obtain twice the
symmetrical part

12

6
 • Add the below equation to its complex conjugate

• We get

• Expanding by multiplication we get

13

• Re arranging in matrix form

• Vector matrix formulation

• For K sources

• The B terms are called loss coefficients or B-

coefficients and the K × K square matrix B, which is
always symmetrical , is known simply as the B-matrix.

14

7
 Example
• The four-bus system has line and bus data
given in Table below.

15

• The base case power flow solution is shown in

Table below

16

8
 • Calculate B Coefficients of the system and
transmission loss computed by loss formula
• Construct Z-bus

17

• Load currents are calculated from power flow

results

18

9
19

20

10
21

11