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Rizal Technological University College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Rizal Technological University College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
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INTRODUCTION
widely used in many industries nowadays due to its potential and affectivity.
In line with the conditions that must be meet in order to have a good storage
room, the design of a long-term storage for fresh beef involves several factors. It must
be convenient for handling and management of the stored products. The structural
design must be right for the products. In general, any type of building can be a good
storage if it is structurally adequate, well insulated and meets the functional needs.
Arleigh Rafael Lozano created our own design of cold storage system for 32 tons of
beef. This design is essential for food industry, food processing, and food marketing
applications.
RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Content Outline:
1.) Background of the Project
1.1. Location Map
1.2. Vicinity Map
1.3. Socio – economic Study
1.4. Environmental Impact
2.) Survey
2.1. Infrastructure
2.2. Floor Plan
2.3. Electrical Plan
2.4. Data / Facts
3.) Definition and Terms
4.) Refrigeration and Load Calculation
4.1. Product Load
4.2. Heat Transmission through Walls, Floor and Ceiling
4.3. Lights
4.4. Heats Transfer through Air change
4.5. Human or Personnel
4.6. Machine
4.7. Defrosting
5.) Components Selection
5.1. Evaporator
5.2. Compressor
5.3. Condenser
5.4. Thermostatic Expansion Valve
6.) Specification
7.) Bill of Materials
8.) Recommendation and Justification
9.) Abstract
RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
PRODUCT TO BE STORED
Proper storing of food such as beef is our aim of this project. In refrigeration,
evaporates to a gas and then condense back again into a liquid in continues cycle. If it is
no leakage occurs, the refrigerant last indefinitely through out the entire life of the
system. All that is required to maintain cooling is a constant of energy, or power, and a
The safe storage period depends upon the product and the storage
temperature and operational techniques vary greatly. The purposed was restarted as to
provide cold storage of high quality product to be stored to a long time, especially beef
meat for human consumption. In our point of view, economic provides a mean of
selecting project. It plays a vital role in the lives of the individual who will believe in
project can harm the environment if precautions are not undertaken, endangering not
take a almost half kilometer away from LMR market and Signal village market. A
slaughter house is one kilometer away form the said Cold storage located at Lower
Bicutan, Taguig.
season. It could be accessible to travel in service roads and highways due to wide
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
that this project “Cold Storage” will not harm the said concern. Some refrigerant are
dangerous to our environment that causes global warming. Because we want our project
(CFC) Choroflourocarbon free and prevents ozone layer deflection. Proper waste
disposal is also our concern to ensure not only the health of the consumers but also the
Stainless steel
Polyurethane
Stainless steel
Ceiling :
3” corkboard
8” sand aggregate
RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Components:
Evaporator
An evaporator changes liquid into gaseous state. For instance, water is heated and
The solution containing the desired product is fed into the evaporator and passes a heat
source. The applied heat converts the water in the solution into vapor. The vapor is
removed from the rest of the solution and is condensed while now the concentrated
machine generally consists of four sections. The heating section contains the heating
medium, which can vary. Steam is fed into this section. The most common medium
consists of parallel tubes but others have plates or coils. The concentrating and
separating section remove the vapor being produced in the solution. The condenser
condenses the separated vapor, then the vacuum or pump provides pressure to
increase circulation.
Types of Evaporators
natural circulation of the product caused by the density differences that arise from
heating. In an evaporator tubing, after the water begins to boil, bubbles will rise and
cause circulation, facilitating the separation of the liquid and the vapor at the top of the
heating tubes. The amount of evaporation that takes place depends on the temperature
tubes (4-8 meters in length) which are surrounded by steam jackets. The uniform
distribution of the solution is important when using this type of evaporator. The solution
enters and gains velocity as it flows downward. This gain in velocity is attributed to the
vapor being evolved against the heating medium, which flows downward as well.
Condenser
Condensers are heat exchangers which convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid
state, also known as phase transition. In so doing, the latent heat of steam is given out
Types of Condensers
tube type, with circulating water flowing through the tubes. The refrigerant vapor is
admitted to the shell and condensed on the outer surfaces of the tubes.
RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
several layers of small tubing formed into flat cells. The external surface of this tubing is
provided with fins to ease the transfer of heat from the condensing refrigerant inside the
tubes to the air circulated through the condenser core around the external surface of the
tubes (fig. 6-20). Condensation takes place as the refrigerant flows through the tubing,
and the liquid refrigerant is discharged from the lower ends of the tubing coils to a liquid
Compressor
its volume. Compression of a gas naturally increases its temperature. Compressors are
similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid
through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor also reduces the volume of
a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible, so the main action of a pump is to transport
liquids.
Types of compressors
force the gas to the rim of the impeller, increasing the velocity of the gas.
have a radial and axial velocity component at the exit from the rotor.
A Fan Coil Unit (with supplementary air) is a “below-window unit…which moves the
room air as it provides either heating or cooling. Centrally conditioned, tempered fresh
air is brought to the space in a constant-volume stream; the fan moves both fresh and
room air across a coil that either heats or cools the air, as required.” In addition, Fan Coil
Units have a flexible installation, and may be located in arrangements other than below-
window, as required.
RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Circulating Pump
A pump is a device used to move liquids or slurries. A pump moves liquids from lower
Expansion Valve
entering the evaporator at a rate that matches the amount of refrigerant being boiled off
in the evaporator, This is it’s main purpose but like all the other metering devices it also
provides a pressure drop in the system, separating the high pressure side of the system
from the low pressure side. Thus allowing low pressure refrigerant to absorb heat onto
it’s self.
Operation:
The operation of the refrigeration system of our design follows the simple vapor
compression cycle: at first the refrigerant will enter the compressor as a vapor; the vapor
is compressed at constant entropy and exits the compressor superheated. The vapor
travels through the condenser which first cools and removes the superheat and then
condenses the vapor into a liquid by removing additional heat at constant pressure and
temperature.
The liquid refrigerant goes through the expansion valve where its
typically, less than half of the liquid. That results in a mixture of liquid and vapor at a
lower temperature and pressure. The cold liquid-vapor mixture then travels through the
evaporator coil or tubes and is completely vaporized by cooling the warm water that is
from the fan coil units being returned by the water pump.
The chilled water serves as the secondary refrigerant. It is needed to cool the fan
coil units which are located inside the storage room to absorb the heat. The resulting
REFRIGERATION TERMS
Atmospheric pressure – The pressure exerted on all the things on the Earth’s.
BTU (British thermal unit) – The amount of heat required to raise the temperature
Centigrade (oC) – The scale temperature measurement commonly used world wide.
Cold – Having less heat energy than the object against which it is compared. A relative
reject heat from the system. The coil where condensation takes place.
Convection – Heat transfer within a fluid by the movement of heated molecules from
Cooling load – Heat which flows into a space from outdoors or indoors.
Density – The mass of a substance per unit volume, measured in pounds per cubic foot
for gases.
Design cooling load – The rate at which heat flows into a space on a design day. The
design day usually presents the space with 95% or more of its highest possible load.
Enthalpy – Total heat content expressed in Btu per pound of the substance (Btu/lb).
Evacuation – The process of moving air, moisture, and other gases from the inside of
refrigeration system.
United States.
Heat transfer – The movement of heat from one place to one another, between two
Heating capacity – The rate of heat at which a device can add heat to a substance,
expressed in Btu/h.
Latent heat of fusion – The heat required to change 1 pound of a substance from a
Saturated liquid – A liquid that contains all the heat it can hold without changing into a
vapor.
Saturated vapor – A vapor that contains all the heat it can hold without becoming
superheated.
pressure.
Sensible cooling capacity – The rate at which refrigeration system can remove
sensible heat.
Specific heat – The amount of heat required to raise 1 pound of a substance 1oF.
substance.
Total cooling load – The rate at which total heat enters a space.
1. Calculation of total mass capacity of the freezing room considering space for
inspection, partitions and palette.
m A f mB n
where:
m total mass capacity of room, k g
A f inside flo or area of room, m 2
H s staple height, m
mB recommended amount in per unit volume
For beef: mB 300 mkg3 (from German standard)
n coefficient considering space for inspection, partitions and palette
For long stor age, use: n 0.65 (from German Standard)
For short storage, use: n 0.5
ΔT temperature difference, K
T t o t r
Wall No. 1:
Q A k T
7 m 5m 0.10 mW2 . K 303 272 K
Q 108.5W
Wall No. 2:
Q A k T
5m 5m 0.10 mW2 . K 310 272 K
Q 95W
Wall No. 3
Q A k T
7 m 5m 0.10 mW2 . K 310 272 K
Q 133W
Wall No. 4:
Q A k T
7 m 5m 0.10 mW2 . K 303 272 K
Q 77.5W
Ceiling:
Q A k T
7 m 5m 0.10 mW2 . K 310 272 K
Q 133W
Flooring:
Q A k T
7 m 5m 0.10 mW2 . K 303 272 K
Q 108W
hR 1C@87%RH
6.50 kJ
kg
Δh 157.48 kJ
kg 6.50 kg
kJ
Δh 150.98 kJ
kg
Thus,
V i Δh
Qair R
86400 sec
159.64m 3 5.24 150.98 kJ
day kg
86400 sec
Qair 1.462kw
mCB ΔT mq mC A ΔT
QB
86400
where:
QB heat load from meat
m inco min g mass of beef deliv ere per da y
C B specific heat of beef before f reezing
3.14 kgkJ. K (from ASHRAE tab le for meat storage)
C A specific heat of beef after f reezing
1.67 kg.K
kJ
(from ASHRAE tab le for meat storage)
q latent heat of free zing of beef
ΔT change in temperature
ΔT TR TO (from ASHRAE tab le for meat storage)
Thus,
mC B T mq mC A T
QB
86400 day
sec
kg
500 day
3.14 kgkJ. K 279K 228 kJ
kg 1.67 kg . K 278.5 K
kJ
86400 day
sec
QB 9.08kw
Pqτ
Qp
24
where:
Q p heat load from pers on
P no. of persons
q heat from a person depends o n the kind of activities and t R
for, t R -1C
q 276 person
W
interpolation :
0--5 270 300
-1--5 q 300
5 30
4 q 300
1500 120
q
5
q 276 person
W
(from German standard)
Thus,
Qp
2 person 276 person
W
2 day
hr
24 hr
day
Q p 46W
pfnτ
QL
24
where:
QL heat load from ligh ts
n no. of lamps
f factor of lamp with ballast
f 1.3 (from German standard)
τ 2 day
hr
Thus,
pfnτ
QL
24
40W 1.3 4 2 day
hr
24 day
hr
QL 17.33W
Q Q
11348 .33W
Qo
Q 24 day
hr
18 day
hr
11348.33W 24 day
hr
18 day
hr
where:
p wattage of fans, 340W
n-no. of fans,1
t1-operating hours of fans, 18 hrs
t 2 -operating hours of compressor, 18 hrs
thus,
80W 1 18hr
Qf
18hr
Q f 80W
EVAPORATOR
TD = 8 K
To = -8 oC
Relative Humidity = 80%
Qo = 18500 W
SPECIFICATION
Wall-mounted Evaporator
Brand Flatline
Model FHVT 614
Refrigerant R134a
Normal Capacity 9.38 kW
Standard Capacity 18500W
Surface Area 0.892 m2
Air Capacity 6780 m3/h
Air Throw 13 m
Tube Volume 8.2 dm3
CONNECTIONS
Inlet 15 mm
Outlet 28 mm
FAN
Type of Current 0.36/0.48
Input Capacity 80/112 W
RPM 1340/1460 rpm
Compressor
To= -5oC
Ta= 43oC
Qo= 18500 W
SPECIFICATION
Brand BOCK
Model SHGX4/650-4l
Theoretical volume flow rate 67.9 m3/h
Oil charge 3.4 Li
Power consumption 8.38 kW
Current consumption 15.31 A
Input voltage 440 V
FAN
Input voltage 230 V
Rating 170 W
CONDENSER
Qc=37100 W
Tc= 50 oC
Ta= 40 oC
SPECIFICATION
Brand ALV
Model ALV-VL056/2L
Capacity 37.6/29.2 kW
Air Capacity 12400/8400 m3/h
Surface area 1.56 m2
connection
Inlet 42 mm
Outlet 28 mm
Fans
No. of revolution 890/600 rpm
Input capacity 420/220 W
Weight 145 kg
Tube volume 24.5 dm3
BILL OF MATERIALS
Reliance Commercial Inc.
Davila St. cor. Pasong Tamo Extension
Tejeros, Makati City
Quantity/Unit Description Amount
1 unit Acetylene tank 5,000.00
2 pcs. Adjustable wrench 1,000.00
1 unit Air compressor 17,000.00
3 pcs. Ball hammer 850.00
1 unit Bench vise 1,900.00
1 set Combination wench 1200.00
1 set Cutting torch and hose 5,000.00
2 unit Clamp hoist (electric) 7,800.00
2 pcs. Crocodile jack 2,000.00
2 pcs Chain block 2,100.00
1 set Drill press 5,500.00
1 unit Electric grinder 5,100.00
1 unit Electric hand drill 5,000.00
5 pcs Fire extinguisher 13,000.00
1 set Flaring tools 1,500.00
15 meters Fire hose 3,200.00
1 unit Generator set 150,000.00
1 set Grease gun 600.00
1 unit High pressure washer 10,000.00
1 unit Multi-tester (electrical) 3,000.00
1 unit Oxygen tank 3,500.00
3 pcs Pipe wrench 2,000.00
1 unit Pipe treading 25,000.00
2 unit Pliers 600.00
2 unit Pullers 1,200.00
1 set Screw drivers 1,200.00
3 pcs Vise grip 1,000.00
Total 605250.00
RECOMMENDATION
temperatures, storage life is limited. The usual temperatures are in the range of -18° to
-25°C for periods of preservation of one year or more. However, each type of meat
slaughterhouses, chilling facilities and cutting rooms, particular care should be taken
when cutting and deboning and packaging, keeping contamination of the meat to a
surfaces, with tools frequently sterilized during operation and the meat stored in clean
and without any covering (plastic or jute is removed), inside a cold chamber with a
reasonably low level of air circulation - about 0.2 m/s. Relative humidity must be kept low
at the beginning (70 percent) to avoid frost forming on the meat surface, with an
increase at the end of the thawing period up to 90–95 percent. In these conditions
thawing of beef carcasses lasts about four to five days and of smaller carcasses one to
three days. It must take place in installations specifically designed for this purpose.
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Appendix F
Appendix G
Appendix H
Appendix I
Appendix J
Appendix K
Appendix L COMPRESSOR
Appendix M
Appendix N
Appendix O
Appendix P CONDENSER
Appendix Q
Appendix R
Appendix S
RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Presented by:
Bayanay, Marvin G.
Batalla,
Liwag, Marvin G.
Presented to: