Ac harmonic filters

HVDC Main Components

FILTER

FILTER

T8396
AC Harmonic Filters
 Filter Design Objectives

Limit voltage distortion

Minimise reactive power imbalance
Minimise losses
Improve system performance

Types of Harmonic

Idealised harmonic currents

Practical harmonic currents
 Characteristic harmonics
 Theoretically cancelled harmonics
 Non-characteristic harmonics

T8395
 Types of Harmonic

Idealised harmonic currents

Practical harmonic currents

 Characteristic harmonics
 Theoretically cancelled harmonics
 Non-characteristic harmonics

T8395
 Idealised Current Waveforms….

T8397
 Combined Waveform…..

T8399
 Practical Harmonic Currents….

12 Pulse

T8402
 Fourier Analysis
λ/λ
2 3 1 1 1 1
I= I (cosω t − cos5ω t + cos7ω t − cos11ω t + cos13ω t...
π D 5 7 11 13

λ/∆
2 3 1 1 1 1
I= I (cosω t + cos5ω t − cos7ω t + cos11ω t − cos13ω t...
π D 5 7 11 13

T8398
 Fourier Analysis

4 3 1 1
I = I (c o s ω t − c o s 1 1ω t + c o s 1 3ω t
π D 11 13
1 1
− c o s 2 3ω t + c o s 2 5ω t . . .
23 25

T8400
 11th Harmonic as a Percentage of Fundamental

9
8

6
I11
5
I1
4

10 20 30 40
T8404
Overlap angle (degrees)
 Characteristic Harmonic Generation

5
Harmonic line current % of

11th
rated fundamental

3
13th

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

T8405 Transmitted power (PU)
 Theoretically Cancelled Harmonic Generation
0.5
Harmonic line current % of

0.4 5th
rated fundamental

7th

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

T8407 Transmitted Power(PU)
 Typical Spectrum…

100

10

1.0
In
%
I1
0.1

0.01

0.001
10 20 30 40 50
Harmonic Number
T8409
 Non - Characteristic Harmonics

Orders n = 1, 2, 3, 4 etc.
 AC system unbalance (NPS)
 Transformer reactance phase unbalance
 Pre-existing distortion
 firing angle jitter

T8408
 Ifn ISn

Filter System
Zfn VSn ZSn
Icn

T8378
 400kV System Harmonic Impedance

Rmin

Rmax
X(Ohms)

2
R(Ohms)

T8381
 Sasaram Filters

400kV 400kV

Double Damped Double Tuned Filter

Filter

T8379
AC Filter Layouts…

Components mounted on the ground

Insulation and magnetic clearances

Two types of harmonic filter

 Double damped filter
 Double tuned filter

Key Interlocking System for safety - to permit access only

when filter is de-energised and earthed.
AC Filter Layouts Double Damped Filter
3/13th Double-Frequency Filter
Adm itta nce vs fre que ncy for 400kV 112Mva r 3/13 double fre que ncy filte r

0.0350

0.0300

0.0250

0.0200
Admitance

0.0150

0.0100

0.0050

0.0000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54
Harm onic
11/25th Double-Frequency Filter
Adm itta nce vs fre que ncy for 400kV 112Mva r 11/25 double fre que ncy filte r

0.0450

0.0400

0.0350

0.0300
Admitance

0.0250

0.0200

0.0150

0.0100

0.0050

0.0000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54
Harm onic
 Types of Filter

Single frequency 2nd Order 3rd Order ‘C’ Type

tuned filter broadband broadband broadband
damped filter damped filter damped filter

T8412
 Single Tuned

Advantages
 Maximum attenuation at single harmonic
 Low loss

Disadvantages
 May be de-tuned
 Off-circuit adjustment

T8413
 Effect of De-tuning

Y
High Q

Low Q

T8414
f1 f0 f2 Frequency
 2nd Order Damped

Advantages
 Attenuation over a spectrum of harmonics
 Less sensitive to de-tuning

Disadvantages
 Needs higher Mvar to achieve same performance as single
tuned
 Additional losses in resistor

T8416
 Tuned / Damped Filters

Filter admittance

Tuned filter

Damped filter

T8417
f1 f0 f2 Frequency
 Types of Filter

Single frequency 2nd Order 3rd Order ‘C’ Type

tuned filter broadband broadband broadband
damped filter damped filter damped filter

T8418
 3rd Order Damped

Advantages
 Lower losses in resistor

Disadvantages
 Poorer performance than 2nd order
 Additional cost of capacitor

T8419
 C - Type

Advantages
 lower losses in resistor
 Better performance than 3rd order

Disadvantages
 Poorer performance than 2nd order
 Additional cost of capacitor
 May require off-circuit adjustment

T8421
 Multiple Tuned Filters

Advantages
 Only one HV capacitor bank
 Only one reactor subject to HV tests
 Reduced number of filter arms
 No minimum size
 Improved redundancy
 Low fundamental losses (double tuned)

T8422
 Double Tuned Filters

Double Tuned Double Tuned

T8423
 Admittance Characteristic
(G= conductance, B= susceptance)

0.03
Admittance (mhos)

0.02
G

0.01

0
B

-0.01
0 10 20 30 40 50
Harmonic

T1774
Main Capacitor

Corona Rings

HV Terminal

Base Insulators

Horizontal Mounted
Cans

LV Terminal
Auxiliary Capacitor

HV terminal

Steel Frames

LV terminal

Base Insulators
Reactors

Terminal
Spiders

Coil

Base
Insulators

Pedestals
Resistors

Roof

Bushings

Base
Insulators
Thank You