Wireless Communications

Homework 3

 Solving problems with (**) are bonus and not mandatory

1. Assume a cellular system with log-normal shadowing plus Rayleigh fading. The signal modulation
is DPSK. The service provider has determined that it can deal with an outage probability of 0.01,
i.e. 1 in 100 customers are unhappy at any given time. In non-outage the voice BER requirement
is 𝑃̅𝑏 = 10−3. Assume a noise power spectral density of 𝑁0 = 10−16 mW/Hz, a signal bandwidth
of 30 KHz, a carrier frequency of 900 MHz, free space path loss propagation with nondirectional
antennas, and shadowing standard deviation of 𝜎 = 6 dB. Find the maximum cell size that can
achieve this performance if the transmit power at the mobiles is limited to 100 mW.

2. (**) Consider a LEO satellite system orbiting 500 Km above the earth. Assume the signal follows
a free space path loss model with no multipath fading or shadowing. The transmitted signal has a
carrier frequency of 900 MHz and a bandwidth of 10 KHz. The handheld receivers have noise
spectral density of 10−16 (total noise power is 𝑁0 𝐵) mW/Hz. Assume nondirectional antennas
(0 dB gain) at both the transmitter and receiver. Suppose the satellite must support users in a
circular cell on the earth of radius 100 Km at a BER of 10−6.

a) For DPSK modulation what transmit power is needed such that all users in the cell meet the
10−6 BER target.

b) Repeat part (a) assuming that the channel also experiences log-normal shadowing with
deviation 𝜎 = 8 dB , and that users in a cell must have 𝑃𝑏 = 10−6 (for each bit) with
probability 0.9.

3. Find the outage probability in each case for Rayleigh fading channel with SC diversity for 𝑀 = 1
(no diversity), 𝑀 = 2, and 𝑀 = 3.

a) Assume BPSK modulation at 𝑃𝑏 = 10−3, and equal branch SNRs of 𝛾̅ = 15 dB.

b) Assume QPSK modulation at 𝑃𝑠 = 10−3 , with branch SNRs 𝛾̅1 = 10 dB, 𝛾̅2 = 15 dB, and
𝛾̅3 = 20 dB.
4. Compute the average probability of bit error for DPSK modulation under three-branch MRC
assuming i.i.d. Rayleigh fading in each branch with 𝛾1 = 15 dB and 𝛾2 = 𝛾3 = 5 dB. Compare
with the case of no diversity with 𝛾 = 15 dB.

∞
5. (**) Consider a fading distribution 𝑝(𝛾) where ∫0 𝑝(𝛾)𝑒 −𝑥𝛾 𝑑𝛾 = 0.01 𝛾̅ /√𝑥 . Find the average
𝑃𝑏 for a BPSK modulated signal where the receiver has 2-branch diversity with MRC combining,
and each branch has an average SNR of 10 dB and experiences independent fading with
distribution 𝑝(𝛾).

6. Consider a frequency-selective fading channel with baseband frequency response

1 0 ≤ |𝑓| < 10KHz

1/2 10KHz ≤ |𝑓| < 20KHz
1/3 20KHz ≤ |𝑓| < 30KHz
𝐻(𝑓) =
1/4 30KHz ≤ |𝑓| < 40KHz
1/5 40KHz ≤ |𝑓| < 50KHz
{0 else
The frequency response is symmetric in positive and negative frequencies. Assume AWGN channel
with noise PSD 𝑁0 = 10−9.

a) Find a ZF analog equalizer that completely removes the ISI introduced by 𝐻(𝑓).

b) Find the total noise power at the output of the equalizer from part (a).

1
c) Assume a MMSE analog equalizer of the form 𝐻𝑒𝑞 (𝑓) = . Find the total noise power
𝐻(𝑓)+𝛼
at the output of this equalizer for an AWGN input with PSD 𝑁0 for 𝛼 = 0.5 and for 𝛼 = 1.

d) Describe qualitatively two effects on a signal that is transmitted over channel 𝐻(𝑓) and then
passed through the MMSE equalizer in part (c). What design considerations should go into
the choice of 𝛼 ?

e) What happens to the total noise power for the MMSE equalizer in part (c) as 𝛼 → ∞? What
is the disadvantage of letting 𝛼 → ∞ in this equalizer design?
7. In an OFDM system, the channel has the discrete response of ℎ(𝑛) = 𝛿(𝑛) + 0.9 𝛿(𝑛 − 1).

a) Find the minimum length of the cyclic prefix for this system.

b) Find the minimum number of sub-carriers 𝑁 to ensure that we have approximately flat fading on
each sub-channel.

c) Now assume that 𝑁 = 4. Calculate the channel gains on each sub-channel.

d) Evaluate the amount of transmitted power on each sub-channel (𝑃𝑘 ) such that under constraint
∑4𝑘=1 𝑃𝑘 = 10, the sum rate of the system is maximized (The noise variance on each sub-channel
is 𝜎 2 = 1).

8. Show that in an OFDM system with 𝑁 sub-channels, the maximum value of PAPR is 𝑁.

9. The IEEE 802.11a Wireless LAN standard, which occupies 20 MHz of bandwidth in the 5 GHz
unlicensed band, is based on OFDM. In 802.11a, 𝑁 = 64 subcarriers are generated, although only 48
are actually used for data transmission, with the outer 12 zeroed in order to reduce adjacent channel
interference, and 4 used as pilot symbols for channel estimation. The cyclic prefix consists of µ = 16
samples, so the total number of samples associated with each OFDM symbol, including both data
samples and the cyclic prefix, is 80. The error correction code is a convolutional code with one of three
possible coding rates: 𝑟 = 1/2 , 2/3 , or 3/4 . The modulation types that can be used on the
subchannels are BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, or 64-QAM.

a) Find the parameters of the system (𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑇𝑚 , 𝐵𝑁 , 𝑇𝑁 ). What is the maximum and minimum
data rate of the system?

b) Suppose theb4 subchannels in 802.11a used for pilot estimation could be used for data
transmission by taking advantage of blind estimation techniques. What maximum and minimum
data rates could be achieved by including these extra subchannels?
10. Consider two multipath channels, where the first channel has impulse response profile

1 0 ≤ 𝑡 < 𝑇𝑚
ℎ1 (𝑡) = {
0 else

And the second channel has impulse response

ℎ2 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑇𝑚 0≤𝑡<∞

a) Assume that the transmitted signal 𝑠(𝑡) is an infinite sequence of impulses with amplitude 𝐴 and
time separation 𝑇𝑏 = 𝑇𝑚 /2: 𝑠(𝑡) = ∑∞ 𝑛=−∞ 𝐴𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑛𝑇𝑏 ). Calculate the average ISI power over a
bit time 𝑇𝑏 .

b) Let 𝑇𝑚 = 10 µsec. Suppose a BPSK signal is transmitted over a channel with impulse response
ℎ1 (𝑡). What maximum data rate can be sent over the channel with zero ISI under BPSK modulation
with rectangular pulse shaping of pulse width 𝑇 = 1 µsec. How would this answer change if the
baseband signal bandwidth was restricted to 100 KHz ?

11. Consider an FIR ZF equalizer with tap weights 𝜔𝑖 = 𝑐𝑖 , where {𝑐𝑖 } is the inverse Z-transform of
1/𝐹(𝑧). Show that this choice of tap weights minimizes the following expression at 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 :

2
1 −1 −𝑁
| − (𝜔0 + 𝜔1 𝑧 + ⋯ + 𝜔𝑁 𝑧 )|
𝐹(𝑧)