Identities & Traffic Management

Identities & Traffic Management Siemens
Identities & Traffic Management
Contents
1 Identities 3
2 Traffic Management 11
3 Exercise 19
4 Solution 25
TM2201EU04TM_0002
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© 2002 Siemens AG
Siemens Identities & Traffic Management
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1 Identities
MSC /
VLR
LAI, IMSI, TMSI,..
S-RNC
RNC-Id, URA,..
IMSI,
(P-)TMSI,
IMEI,,..
SGSN
RAI, CGI, IMSI,
P-TMSI,..
Location & Subscriber

Identities
Fig. 1
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Hierarchy of GSM / UMTS Service Areas & Codes

International UMTS / GSM Service Area
The international UMTS / GSM Service Area, i.e. the world-wide area where access
to GSM or UMTS networks is possible, is sub-divided into National Service Areas.
National Service Area
The National Service Areas is the area of one country or region. It is identified by the
Mobile Country Code MCC and the Country Code CC. The National Service Area is
sub-divided into one or more PLMN Service Areas.
PLMN Service Area
A PLMN Service Area is the service area of a single PLMN. It is identified by the
Mobile Network Code MNC and the Network Destination Code NDC. The PLMN
Service Area is sub-divided into one or more MSC and SGSN Service Areas.
MSC / SGSN Service Area
An MSC or SGSN Service Area is the area, which is served by a single MSC (in the
CS-domain) or by a single SGSN (in the PS-domain). MSC and SGSN service area
may differ, but they are on the same hierarchical level. The MSCs and GSNs have
their own identities / addresses for signaling and user data transfer.
The MSC Service Area is sub-divided into one or more Location Areas.
Location Area LA
A Location Area LA is the most precise UE location information, which is stored in the
CS-domain (in the VLR) of UMTS. A Location Area is world-wide uniquely identified
by its Location Area Identity LAI.
Routing Area
The SGSN Service Area is sub-divided into one or more Routing Areas. A Routing
Area RA is a sub-set of a Location Area, i.e. one LA may contain one or more RAs.
The RA is the most precise UE information, which is stored in the PS-domain (in the
SGSN) of UMTS. It is world-wide uniquely identified by the Routing Area Identity. The
RA is sub-divided into the Cell Areas.
Cell Area
The Cell is the area, where the UE is located. It is the most precise information,
which might be stored in the PLMN (in the RNC). The Cell is world-wide uniquely
identified by the Cell Global Identity CGI.
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Hierarchy Service
of GSM/UMTS Codes
Service Areas Area
/ Codes
International
MCC: Mobile Country Code

e.g.: Aus 505, D 262, Lux 270
National CC: Country Code
e.g.: F 33, D 49, Lux 352
Numbering,
Numbering,
Addressing
Addressing&&Identification:
Identification:
TSTS23.003
23.003 MNC: Mobile Network Code
e.g.: D1 01, D2 02, Eplus 03
PLMN 1 Operator
NDC: National Destination Code
e.g.: D1 171, D2 172, Eplus 177
MSC / SGSN „Switch“ MSC / GSN Identities

(CS-/PS-Domain) GSN Addresses
Location Area LA LAC: Location Area Code

(CS-Domain) LA1 LA2 LAI: Location Area Identity
MCC: Mobile Country Code
CC: Country Code
MNC: Mobile Network Code
Routing Area RA RA1 RAC: Routing Area Code
NDC: National Destination Code RA2
NCC: Network Colour Code (PS-Domain) LAI: Routing Area Identity
LAC: Location Area Code
LAI: Location Area Identity
CI: Cell Identity CI: Cell Identity
CGI: Cell Global Identity Cell CGI: Cell Global Identity
PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network
Fig. 2
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Identification of Location Areas
Location Area Identity LAI

The Location Area Identity LAI is composed by the Mobile Country Code MCC (3
digits) + Mobile Network Code MNC (2-3 digits)+ Location Area Code LAC (2 bytes).
The LAC identifies a LA within a PLMN.
The LAI is used as Core Network CN Circuit Switched CS Domain Identifier.
A CN Domain-Id is used within UTRAN to identify a CN CS Domain Node for
relocation purposes.
Routing Area Identity RAI

The Routing Area Identity RAI is composed by the MCC + MNC + LAC + Routing
Area Code RAC (1 byte). The RAC identifies a Routing Area uniquely within a
Location Area.
The RAI is used as CN Packet Switched PS Domain Identifier (CN PS Domain-Id).
Cell Global Identity CGI

The Cell Global Identity CGI is composed by the MCC + MNC + LAC + Cell Identity
CI (2 bytes). The CI identifies a cell uniquely within a Location Area.
LAI, RAI and CGI are very important location areas. Nevertheless, many other areas
are specified in UMTS. Information about different UMTS Service / Location Areas
are summarized in TS 23.003 (“Numbering, Addressing & Identification”).
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Identification of
LA1 LA2
Location Areas LAI: CN CS Domain-Id
3 digits 2-3 digits 2 bytes
LA3 LA4
LAI
Location Area MCC MNC LAC
Identity Mobile Mobile Location
Country Code Network Code Area Code MSC Area
RA RA
LA 5
RA 2 RA
1 RA 4
RA RA RAI: CN PS Domain-Id
3
6 7
SGSN area 1 byte
RAI
Routing Area RAC
Identity LAI Routing
Area Code
2 bytes
CGI
Cell Global
LAI CI
Identity Cell Identity
Fig. 3
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User / User Equipment UE Identities
International Mobile Subscriber Identity IMSI

The IMSI is the quasi-permanent subscriber identity in GSM / UMTS. The IMSI is
composed by the Mobile Country Code MCC (3 digits) + Mobile Network Code MNC
(2 digits) + Mobile Subscriber Identification Number MSIN (10 digits). The total length
of the IMSI is 15 digits.
Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number MSISDN

The MSISDN is an ISDN telephone number of the GSM subscriber.
The MS international ISDN numbers are allocated from the CCITT Recommendation
E.164 numbering plan, see also CCITT Recommendation E.213.
The number consists of the Country Code CC (1 - 3 digits) of the country in which the
MS is registered, followed by the National (significant) mobile number, which consists
of National Destination Code NDC (2 - 3 digits) and Subscriber Number SN. Totally,
the MSISDN has a length of maximum 15 digits.
For GSM applications, a National Destination Code is allocated to each GSM PLMN.
In some countries more than one NDC may be required for each GSM PLMN.
International Mobile Equipment Identity IMEI

The IMEI is used as Mobile Equipment identity. The IMEI can be checked at the start
of a connection by the EIR. The IMEI (15 digits) consists of a Type Approval Code
TAC (6 digits), the Final Assembly Code FAC (2digits), which identifies the place of
manufacture or final assembly, the Serial Number (6 digits) and a Spare digit.
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User / UE Identities
15 digits
IMSI unique
International Mobile
MCC MNC MSIN Subscriber
Subscriber Identity Mobile Subscriber Id. No. Identity
3 digits 2 digits 10 digits
max. 15 digits
MSISDN
Mobile Subscriber SN “Telephone
ISDN Number CC NDC Subscriber No. Number”
1-3 digits 2/3 digits flexible
IMEI TAC FAC SNR

International Type Approval Code Final Assembly Code Serial Number
Spare
Mobile station 1 digit
6 digits 2 digits 6 digits
Equipment Identity
ME ® IMEI Check at
Identity initial access
Fig. 4
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2 Traffic Management

GSM BSS CS Domain
T
PSTN
BTS MSC /
B R VLR GMSC
A IWF/ ISDN
S U TC
BTS C
CSE EIR HLR AuC

UTRAN
Node B
(n x BTS)
R X.25
UE N
Node B C SGSN GGSN IP
(n x BTS)
PS Billing
R Domain CGF
System
Node B N
(n x BTS) SMS-GMSC
C SMS-IWMSC
SM-SC
Traffic Management
Fig. 5
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RNC: RRC States & Location Information

RRC States: For the exchange of any information between the UE and its Serving
RNC, UE location information must be stored in this RNC. Two basic modes of RRC
Connectivity (TS 25.331) are existing: “RRC Idle” and “RRC Connected”.
RRC Idle mode: In the RRC Idle mode no UE location information are stored in
UTRAN (UE location information only in CN; UE identified by NAS identifier e.g. IMSI,
TMSI, P-TMSI). No exchange of signaling information is possible. Before any
signaling information can be exchanged and Radio Bearer can be established, the
UE has to establish a RRC connection. This transition can only be initiated by the
UE. The transition can be triggered by the network with a paging request.
RRC Connected mode: The UTRAN Connected mode is entered when the RRC
connection is established. In the RRC Connected mode UTRAN stores UE location
information. A signaling connection between the UE and UTRAN exists. Four
different States exist in the RRC Connected mode:
l Cell_DCH; a Dedicated Channel is allocated to the UE and the UEs cell is known
in the Serving RNC. Handover are used to track the movement of the UE. The
RNC can decide to change from Cell_DCH to Cell_FACH state due to low activity.
l Cell-FACH; no dedicated resources are allocated to the UE. Common channels
are used for transmitting signaling messages and small amounts of user data. The
UE location is known on cell level. If there is higher load, a transition to Cell_DCH
is performed. If there is no activity, a transit to Cell_PCH is possible.
l Cell_PCH; the UE is still known on cell level, Cell Updates are performed, but it
can only be reached via Paging. The UE battery consumption is less than in
Cell_FACH due to Discontinuous Reception DRX functionality. If a Cell Update
time counter exceeds a threshold, a transition to URA_PCH via Cell_FACH is
performed.
l URA_PCH; similar to Cell_PCH, but the UE is only known on URA level; only URA
Updates are performed to reduce the Uu signaling load.
UTRAN Registration Area URA: The URA is a set of cells, specified by the network
operator. The UE location is stored in the Serving RNC on cell or URA level. A
Packet UE is tracked at the URA level when no data are actively transferred, and the
probability of data transfer is quite high. An UE registered at URA level must be
paged by UTRAN in the case of network side packet data delivery. The URA is an
UTRAN internal area; it is not visible outside UTRAN. There may not be any relation
between URA and Location Area LA respectively Routing Area RA. URA updating is
a radio network procedure.
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RNC: RRC Connection RNC

RRC States & (stores UEs Cell/URA)
Location Information Prerequisite
Prerequisitefor
for
exchange
exchangeofof
User TS
TS25.331
UserData
Data/ /Signaling
Signaling 25.331
UE RRC Connected
• UE position known in UTRAN
• Signaling connection exists
Cell_DCH
• DCH allocated Cell_PCH
• UE’s cell known
• “Standby” (DRX)
RRC Idle • UE’s cell known
• no UE infos in UTRAN, • UE to be paged
only in CN
• no signaling possible Cell_FACH
Establish / Release
• common channels used URA_PCH
• UE’s cell known • “Standby” (DRX)
RRC Connection
• only URA known
• UE to be paged
RA LA
URA RA URA
URA URA
UTRAN
Registration Area
URA
• set of cells
URA • operator DCH: Dedicated Channel
URA URA defined FACH: Forward Access Channel
• for RRC PCH: Paging Channel
RRC: Radio Resource Control
“Standby”
Fig. 6
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UMTS Mobility Management UMM

The task of the UMTS Mobility Management is to keep track of the UEs location.
Different UMTS CN network elements store location information.
In the CS Domain, the VLR stores location information on level of the Location Area
LA. In the PS Domain, the SGSN stores location information on level of the Routing
Area RA. In the HLR, the actual location of the UE is stored on basis of the MSC area
(VLR address) respectively the SGSN area (SGSN address).
Location Update Procedures LUP respectively Routing area Update Procedures RUP
are triggered by the UE to inform the CN about changes of the UEs location.
CN domain: CS and PS Service States

In the integrated UMTS CN architecture, the CN consists of a CS and a PS service
domain. The main PS Service States (TS 23.060; 23.121) are: PS-Detached, PS-Idle
and PS-Connected. The main CS Service States are CS-Detached, CS-Idle and CS-
Connected.
CS- / PS- Detached: The UE is not reachable by the network for CS / PS services.
No Location Area LA / Routing Area RA Updates are initiated by the UE.
CS- / PS- Idle: The UE is reachable via Paging for CS / PS Services. LA / RA
Updates are initiated by the UE periodically and at LA / RA change.
CS- / PS- Connected: A UE – CN signaling connection for CS / PS services has
been established. The UE initiates no LA Updates; RA Updates are initiated when the
RA changes (no periodic RA Updates).
Transitions between the Detach state and Connected state are done via UE Attach /
Detach procedures, between the Idle and Connected state via Signaling Connection
Establishment / Release procedures and from Idle to Detach state via UE Detach
procedure.
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UMTS Mobility
Management
Iu(CS) MSC/VLR
IMSI Attach / LUP (UE Service State; LAI) D
HLR
RNC (VLR/SGSN
address)
GPRS Attach / RUP Gr
SGSN
Iu(PS)
(UE Service State; RAI)
Detached:
CS & PS • CS: UE not reachable; no LUPs
Service States • PS: UE not reachable, no RUPs
Detach
Idle:
Attach /
• CS: UE reachable for Paging; LUPs: LAI in VLR
Detach
• PS: UE reachable for Paging; RUPs: RAI in SGSN
Signalling Connection
Establish / Release
Connected:
• CS: UE - CN signalling connection; no LUPs
• PS: UE - CN signalling connection; RUPs TS
TS23.060,
23.060,
23.121
23.121
Fig. 7
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UMTS Session Management (PDP) States

A UMTS PS subscription contains the subscription of one or more Packet Data
Protocol PDP addresses. Each PDP address is described by one or more PDP
contexts in the UE, SGSN and GGSN. Every PDP context exists independently in
one of two PDP states. The Packet Data Protocol PDP state indicates whether
packet data transfer is enabled for a specific PDP address or not.
Inactive State
The Inactive State characterizes that the data service for a certain PDP address of
the subscriber is not activated. The PDP context contains no routing information. No
packet data can be transmitted. If Mobile-terminated PDP PDUs receive in INACTIVE
state the GGSN, the Network-Requested PDP Context Activation procedure (if
allowed for that PDP address) may be initiated. Otherwise, the PDP PDUs may be
discarded.
The UE initiates the transition from Inactive to Active state by initiating the PDP
Context Activation procedure.
Active State
In the Active State, the PDP context for the PDP address in use is activated in the
UE, SGSN and GGSN. Routing information are existing for transmission of packets
between the UE and GGSN. The Active state is permitted only is the UMM is PS-Idle
or PS-Connected. An Active PDP context for an UE moves to Inactive when the
Deactivation procedure is initiated or the UMM state changes to PMM-Detached.
More detailed information on the PDP Context Activation Procedure are given in TS
23.060.
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Session
Management SM
Iu(PS) SGSN Gn GGSN Gi

RNC (RNC & GGSN
(SGSN address)
ISP
address)
Activate PDP Context Activate PDP Context
Routing-context: UE - GGSN
Packet Data Protocol

PDP States Inactive State
• PDP context not activated
• no Routing-context UE - GGSN
• no data transmission possible
Activate Deactivate PDP
PDP Context Context /
(GMM) PS-Detach
Active State
• Routing context UE - GGSN
• Data transmission possible !
Fig. 8
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3 Exercise
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Exercise
Title: Identities & Traffic Management
Objectives: The participant will learn the most important Subscriber &
Location Identities and basic principles of Traffic Management
Pre-requisite: none
Task
Please answer the following questions!

Query
1. Which of the following information is true:

¨ a Location Area is sub-divided into one or several Routing Area
¨ different countries can be distinguished by the National Destination Code
¨ there is always a one-to-one relation between SGSN and MSC areas
¨ the URA describes in a unique way an UMTS Routing Area in international
signaling transactions
¨ adding the Cell Identity CI to the Routing Area Identity identifies a cell in a
unique way
¨ the Routing Area is sub-divided into one or several cells
2. The subscribers license is always correlated with one:

¨ IMSI
¨ MSISDN
¨ IMEI
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3. Which Location information are stored in the RNC?

¨ the RNC stores no location information
¨ the RNC stores the UEs cell permanently
¨ the RNC stores cell or URA as long as PS data have to be transmitted
¨ the RNC stores cell or URA as long as CS data are transmitted
¨ the RNC stores cell information as long as CS data are transmitted
¨ the RNC stores the UEs cell or URA as long as signaling transactions or data
transmissions are going on
4. A RRC Connection between the UE and its Serving RNC:

¨ is useful for abbreviations in case of Mobile-Mobile Calls in the service area of
the same RNC
¨ is prerequisite for any data transmission between an UE and the CN
¨ is prerequisite for PS data transmission between an UE and the GGSN
¨ is nonsense
¨ defines a dedicated radio resource for the UE for data transmission
¨ results in location information in the RNC, which can be used for Location
Based Services
5. The URA is:

¨ a hierarchical level between the cell and the Registration Area
¨ valid in UTRAN only
¨ can be stored in the SGSN instead of the Routing Area in case of the "Idle"
State
¨ an operator-specific definition to reduce the amount of Cell Update Signaling in
case of Discontinuous Reception DRX
¨ the most precise location information in UMTS for Location Based Services
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6. The Mobility Management in UMTS

¨ has been harmonized for the CS and PS domains
¨ is slightly different between CS and PS domain
¨ has no differences between CS and PS domain
¨ knows 3 states in the PS domain (Idle / Ready / Standby) and 2 states in the CS
domain (Attached / Detached)
¨ knows three 3 CS and PS states: Idle / Detached / Connected
7. The Session Management in UMTS

¨ is still the same as for GSM / GPRS
¨ defines the existence of a Routing context between the UE and the GGSN
¨ defines a tunnel for PS data transmission between the SGSN and the GGSN
¨ knows simply 2 states: Active State / Inactive State
¨ all of the above
¨ none of the above
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4 Solution
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Solution
Title: Identities & Traffic Management
Objectives: The participant will learn the most important Subscriber &
Location Identities and basic principles of Traffic Management
Pre-requisite: none
Task
In the following section, there are the answers to the exercises.

Query
1. Which of the following information is true:

þ a Location Area is sub-divided into one or several Routing Area
¨ different countries can be distinguished by the National Destination Code
¨ there is always a one-to-one relation between SGSN and MSC areas
¨ the URA describes in a unique way an UMTS Routing Area in international
signaling transactions
¨ adding the Cell Identity CI to the Routing Area Identity identifies a cell in a
unique way
þ the Routing Area is sub-divided into one or several cells
2. The subscribers license is always correlated with one:

þ IMSI
¨ MSISDN
¨ IMEI
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3. Which Location information are stored in the RNC?

¨ the RNC stores no location information
¨ the RNC stores the UEs cell permanently
þ the RNC stores cell or URA as long as PS data have to be transmitted
¨ the RNC stores cell or URA as long as CS data are transmitted
þ the RNC stores cell information as long as CS data are transmitted
þ the RNC stores the UEs cell or URA as long as signaling transactions or data
transmissions are going on
4. A RRC Connection between the UE and its Serving RNC:

¨ is useful for abbreviations in case of Mobile-Mobile Calls in the service area of
the same RNC
þ is prerequisite for any data transmission between an UE and the CN
þ is prerequisite for PS data transmission between an UE and the GGSN
¨ is nonsense
¨ defines a dedicated radio resource for the UE for data transmission
þ results in location information in the RNC, which can be used for Location
Based Services
5. The URA is:

¨ a hierarchical level between the cell and the Registration Area
þ valid in UTRAN only
¨ can be stored in the SGSN instead of the Routing Area in case of the "Idle"
State
þ an operator-specific definition to reduce the amount of Cell Update Signaling in
case of Discontinuous Reception DRX
¨ the most precise location information in UMTS for Location Based Services
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6. The Mobility Management in UMTS

þ has been harmonized for the CS and PS domains
þ is slightly different between CS and PS domain
¨ has no differences between CS and PS domain
¨ knows 3 states in the PS domain (Idle / Ready / Standby) and 2 states in the CS
domain (Attached / Detached)
þ knows three 3 CS and PS states: Idle / Detached / Connected
7. The Session Management in UMTS

þ is still the same as for GSM / GPRS
þ defines the existence of a Routing context between the UE and the GGSN
þ defines a tunnel for PS data transmission between the SGSN and the GGSN
þ knows simply 2 states: Active State / Inactive State
þ all of the above
¨ none of the above
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