UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles Siemens

UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles

Contents
1 Transmission Principles & Examples 3
2 Principle of CDMA & Example 11
3 UTRA: The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access 27
3.1 UTRA Conception & Harmonization 28
3.2 FDD / TDD – Technical Parameters 32
3.3 UTRA Codes 36
3.4 UTRA Timing Structures 40
3.5 Summary – Key UTRA Parameters 42
4 MC-CDMA / UTRA / TD-SCDMA Comparison 45
5 Exercise 51
6 Solution 57

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1 Transmission Principles & Examples

UTRA Basics

UL DL

FDMA
Duplex
transmission
Multiple
FDD TDD Access

TDMA CDMA

Transmission Principles
& 2G Examples

Fig. 1

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Transmission principles and examples

The mobile transfer of information in a cell between base stations and mobile stations
requires coordination of the information transmission. Two different aspects require
coordination. Firstly, during today's typical full duplex transmission, the two
transmission directions (uplink and downlink) must be coordinated between a mobile
station and the base station. Two different principles are applied for duplex
transmissions: Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD).
Secondly, the transmission between the different mobile stations of a cell and the
base station must be coordinated. Three different multiplex methods are mainly used
for this purpose: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple
Access (TDMA) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).

Duplex transmission: FDD & TDD

Two duplex methods are used for coordinating the uplink (UL) and downlink (DL)
components of a transmission between a base station and a mobile station, namely
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD).
UL and DL are implemented for FDD in different frequency bands. The gap between
the two frequency bands for UL and DL is known as the duplex distance. It is
constant for all mobile stations in a standard. Generally the DL frequency band is
positioned at the higher frequency than the UL band.
In the case of TDD, UL and DL are implemented in the same frequency band. This is
done by dividing the band into timeslots (TS) and frames. A frame contains a specific
number, n, of timeslots, TS. A number of these n timeslots is reserved for UL
transmission (half of the timeslots in 2G systems) and the remaining for DL
transmission. The duration of a frame determines the cyclical repetition of the
corresponding UL / DL transmission. The UL and DL transmission occurs quasi
simultaneously – i.e., the duration of a frame is generally in the range of a number of
ms.
TDD transmission is mainly used as of the 2nd mobile communications generation (in
digital transmissions). Digital transmission simplifies speech and data compression.
As a result, only a fraction of the time needed for analog transmission is required for
digital transmission of subscriber data.

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Duplex Transmission:
·
FDD & TDD ·
·
TDD:

Time t
duplex distance
UL UL / DL
separated by
Time t

Time!
UL DL DL

UL

DL
frequency f
Frame
FDD: UL / DL with n TS
separated by
UL
Frequency!
FDD: Frequency Division Duplex
TDD: Time Division Duplex
frequency f
TS: Time Slot

Fig. 2

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Multiplex methods
Multiplex methods are used to divide the limited frequency resources of a cell
between the different subscribers and mobile stations in the cell. Three different
methods are mainly used today: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). Other
multiplex methods are currently being researched or developed (for example, Space
Division Multiple Access – SDMA).

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

FDMA divides the available frequency range into channels with a specific bandwidth
(frequency band). One of these frequency bands is made available to a single
subscriber without restriction throughout the entire duration of a connection. Each
subscriber in a cell therefore uses a different frequency band than the other
subscribers. In this way undesirable noise can be avoided (or reduced as much as
possible or as required).

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Unlike FDMA, a single frequency band is available to a number of different
subscribers with TDMA. The frequency band is divided into TDMA frames for this
purpose. Each frame is divided into n timeslots (TS). Each of the n timeslots of a
frame can be assigned to a different subscriber. In this way, a single frequency band
can carry up to n subscribers. The transmission of a single subscriber comprises
individual timeslots assigned cyclically to the subscriber (generally 1 TS per frame;
longer cycles are also possible). With TDMA, each frequency band is also used only
by a single subscriber at a particular time. This prevents interference occurring
between different subscribers (or prevents noise as much as possible or as required).

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

In contrast to TDMA and FDMA, multiple subscribers can use the same frequency
band at the same time with CDMA. Each subscriber is provided with a unique (in the
cell) code for this purpose. The transmitter links the original information with the
code. The coded information is then transmitted over the radio interface. The original
information is regenerated in the receiver using the same code.

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Multiple Access Power

Power P
P TDMA
time t
FDMA time t

TS 3
TS 2
TS 1

1 2 3
frequency f
frequency f
Power co-ordination of
P time t restricted frequency resources
CDMA to different subscriber

Multiple BS & MS with common

Access knowledge according
3
2 FDMA Frequency
1 TDMA Time
CDMA Code
frequency f

Fig. 3

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Duplex & multiplex methods – Examples

FDD / FDMA
Systems belonging to the 1st mobile communications generation (1G) generally use
FDD methods for duplex transmission and FDMA for multiplex access. Subscriber UL
and DL are in different frequency ranges. One frequency band in the frequency
ranges is available without restrictions to individual subscribers in each case.
Examples of cellular FDD / FDMA systems are the 1G systems – AMPS, NMT, TACS
and C450.
The C450 system, for example, uses the frequency ranges 450 – 455.74 MHz and
460 – 465.74 MHz for UL and DL transmissions respectively. The frequency
bandwidth is 20 kHz, the duplex distance 10 MHz.
FDD / TDMA
Systems belonging to the 2nd mobile communications generation (2G) generally use
FDD for duplex transmission and TDMA for multiplex access. Subscriber UL and DL
are therefore in different frequency ranges. Usually one timeslot (TS) is cyclically
available to individual subscribers in a frequency band in the frequency ranges. To
enable faster data rates, multiple TS's of a frequency band can be grouped together
for a subscriber in some cases. Examples of FDD / TDMA systems are the cellular
2G systems – GSM, D-AMPS and PDC.
GSM900, for example, uses the frequency ranges 890 – 915 MHz and 935 –
960 MHz for UL and DL transmissions respectively. The frequency bandwidth is
200 kHz and the duplex distance 45 MHz. The frequency bands are divided into
TDMA frames, each 4.615 ms in duration. Each TDMA frame is divided into 8 TS's.
TDD / TDMA
Low-range 2G systems sometimes use TDD for duplex transmission and TDMA for
multiplex access. An example of TDD / TDMA transmission is DECT.
DECT uses 10 frequency bands, each with a bandwidth of 1.728 MHz, in the
frequency range 1880 – 1900 MHz. The frequency bands are divided into TDMA
frames, each 10 ms in duration. Each TDMA frame is divided into 24 TS's. 12 TS's in
a frame are used for UL transmission, 12 for DL.
FDD / CDMA
CDMA is used by a number of 2G systems, but mainly by 3G systems. An example
of a 2G system that uses FDD for duplex transmission and CDMA for multiplex
transmission is the IS-95 system (described later).

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time
Examples

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
Duplex distance:10 MHz
20 kHz
1G: time

A
FDD, UL

TDMA frame (10 ms)

pure
UL DL
FDMA Example:
C450 Example:
e.g. ••• ••• DECT
C450,
NMT,

A
AMPS DL
450 455,74 460 465,74
frequency [MHz]

10
1

9
2
3

7
8
time Duplex distance: 45 MHz 1,88 20 1,90
GHz MHz GHz
TS7 frequency
Example: 1,728
TS6 2G MHz [MHz]
GSM900
TS5
frame cellular: 2G CT:
TS4
FDD, TDMA TDD, TDMA e.g. DECT
4.615 TS3
ms ••• ••• (&FDMA)
TS2
e.g.
TS1 GSM, PDC,
TS0 D-AMPS 2G Example CDMA:
200 kHz frequency [MHz]
IS-95 (later)

Fig. 4

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2 Principle of CDMA & Example

UTRA Basics

Power
P Code Division
time t
Multiple Access

3
2
1
frequency f

CDMA
Basics & Example

Fig. 5

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The CDMA principle

CDMA is a Spread Spectrum Technology (SST). The origins of SST go back to the
1920's. SST's were used from the 1950's to the 1980's in the military sector – for
example, for satellite navigation. CDMA has been released as an SST for civilian use
since the mid-1980's. The first cellular mobile communications system to use CDMA
for multiplex transmission was IS-95. It began commercial operation at the end of
1995.
In SST's a narrowband signal with high information concentration is transformed to a
broadband signal with low information concentration – this is known as spreading.
The signals are very stable against the influence of narrowband natural or technical
interference (background noise) and interfering transmitters (intentional jamming).
There are different ways of performing the spreading.
For spreading subscriber information for CDMA, a unique (in the cell) code is
provided for each subscriber. This code is referred to as the spreading code. The
linkage of the high bit rate code with the original subscriber information transforms
the original signal into a broadband signal. This broadband signal is transmitted
together with broadband signals from other subscribers using the same frequency
band over the radio interface. The receiver receives the sum of all of these signals.
By relinking the summation signal with the (synchronized) subscriber code the
original subscriber information is regenerated (a process known as de-spreading).
The remaining information stays in its broadband form and therefore constitutes an
underlying signal. The information remains useful as long as the underlying signal
does not dominate the despread signal. The information for the different subscribers
can be separated because of the orthogonal (or quasi orthogonal) attributes of the
code used.

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CDMA user 1
user 2
Principle CDMA: user 1 & 2
• Spread Spectrum Technology
• every user with unique Code
• high bit rate Code: Spreading / De-Spreading
Power P

frequency f

frequency f

Unspread Spread Radio Transmission = after

Signals Signals 5 spread signals De-Spreading

Fig. 6

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Advantages of CDMA
The CDMA principle is associated with many attributes that can have positive effects
for transmission of information.
The coded transmission and the low information concentration of the CDMA signals
were particularly important for the military applications. A transmitted signal can only
be despreaded, and the data regenerated, if the receiver has the correct spreading
code. The low information concentration allows information to be discretely
transmitted – the signals are for all intents and purposes concealed in background
noise.
The high level of stability of the broadband information transmission against the
effects of narrowband background noise is vitally important for military and civil
utilization. Frequency hopping is used in narrowband systems (such as GSM) to
obtain this effect.
Yet another CDMA attribute is extremely important for civil applications in mobile
communications systems. CDMA in principle allows the re-use of the same frequency
band in all neighboring cells (re-use = 1). In contrast, the same frequency bands
cannot be re-used in neighboring cells in FDMA or TDMA systems. To prevent
interference by subscribers at the same frequencies or in the same timeslots, cells
with identical frequencies must be spatially separated. In FDMA and TDMA systems,
cells are arranged in a careful, complicated frequency planning process. Re-use
schemes of 1/7, 1/9, etc. are typical. As a result, only one part (1/7, 1/9, ...) of the
theoretically available frequency band can be used in the one cell.
CDMA can therefore in principle do without complicated frequency planning, and
allows efficient usage of the available (scarce) frequency resources.
The limits to transmission capacities in FDMA and TDMA systems are determined by
a fixed number of physical channels. With CDMA, however, there is a "soft" capacity
limit. The capacity of CDMA systems is mainly restricted by the interference of other
subscribers in a cell (so-called intra-cell interference) and interference from other
cells (inter-cell interference).
Another CDMA advantage is a stable transmission especially in severe environment.
This is caused by the so-called Multipath Advantage and Soft Handover. Both effects
are described later.
Due to an essential need for precise and fast Power Control, CDMA mobile stations
also need less transmission power than TDMA mobiles. The UMTS Power Control is
also described later on.

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CDMA
® narrow-band interference
• Stability®
Advantages • Stability in severe environment
(® Multipath Advantage, Soft HoV)
• simple frequency planning (Re-Use: 1)
• efficient radio resource usage
• lower transmission power (® Power Control)

Frequency & radio network planning

TDMA CDMA
(e.g. GSM with Reuse 1/7) (UMTS; Reuse: 1)

3/7 1/1

2/7 4/7 1/1 1/1

1/7 1/1

7/7 5/7 1/1 1/1

6/7 1/1

Re-Use 2/7
Distance

Fig. 7

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CDMA types
Signals can be spread for CDMA using a number of different methods. The following
three CDMA methods are most commonly used: TH-CDMA, FH-CDMA and
DS-CDMA.

Time Hopping CDMA (TH-CDMA)

The information-carrying signal is not continuously transmitted in the TH-CDMA
method. Instead, information is transferred in bursts. The burst transmission time is
specified by the spreading code.
TH-CDMA was developed at the end of the 1940's as the first CDMA method, and
was used for military purposes.

Frequency Hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA)

The carrier frequency of the information-carrying signal is changed constantly during
FH-CDMA. Very fast as well as slow changes are possible. The bandwidth at any
particular time is relatively narrow. When considered over a longer period, FH-CDMA
is just as much a broadband method as TH-CDMA and DS-CDMA. The change in
carrier frequency is specified by the spreading code.
An example of the civil use of FH-CDMA is the so-called Bluetooth standard.
Bluetooth allows the transmission of information at high data rates over small
distances in the unlicensed frequency range around 2.4 GHz.

Direct Sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA)

In DS-CDMA, subscriber information (digital in 2G and 3G systems) is spread directly
by linking with a sequence of the spreading code. This results in continuous (in
contrast to TH-CDMA) transmission of the broadband signal over the entire
bandwidth (in contrast to FH-CDMA).
DS-CDMA is used for IS-95 and the Globalstart satellite system, for example. In 3G,
UMTS is based on DS-CDMA.

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CDMA
Types
time t

Time DS-CDMA
Direct Hopping ® IS-95
Sequence (TH-CDMA) ® Globalstar
(DS-CDMA) ® UMTS
Frequency FH-CDMA
Hopping ® Bluetooth
(FH-CDMA)

frequency f

Fig. 8

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Direct Sequence CDMA – Transmission and reception

Digital, binary subscriber information is linked in the transmitter with the spreading
code generated by a code generator – this process is termed spreading. The
spreading code consists of a high bit rate code sequence. The smallest unit of
information in the spreading code is referred to as a chip to distinguish it from the
smallest unit of subscriber information, the bit. The rate of the spreading code is
known as the chip rate. The information obtained by spreading is modulated to a
carrier frequency. The higher the information rate (i.e. the chip rate), the wider the
bandwidth of the resulting signal.
The broadband signal is transmitted over the radio interface.
The receiver demodulates the signal and links the resulting information with the same
spreading code used in the transmitter. This process is known as de-spreading. De-
spreading produces the original subscriber information. It is vital for de-spreading that
the code in the receiver be exactly synchronized in time with the code in the
transmitter. A shift by just one chip prevents information from being regenerated.

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DS-CDMA: +1
Transmission / Spreading
-1
Reception Code
1
Chip

Air
Interface

Binary Binary
Data Wideband De- De- Data
Spreading Modulation Modulation
RB Spreading R
B

time-
RC fT RC synchronisation
!!!

Code Carrier Carrier Code

Generator Generator Generator Generator
RB: Bit Rate
RC: Chip Rate
fT: Carrier frequency

Fig. 9

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Spreading / de-spreading
In UMTS, the binary, digital subscriber data (1, 0) is converted on the transmission
side to bipolar data (+1, –1) before the spreading process takes place. The spreading
code also consists of bipolar data. The value of a chip can be +1 or –1. The
subscriber data is then multiplied by the high chip rate spreading code. The result is
the coded data, which is then transmitted over the radio interface.
The receiver multiplies the received, code data sequence with the bipolar spreading
code to obtain a bipolar data sequence. The original subscriber data is recovered by
converting this data sequence to binary, digital data.

Spreading Factor (SF)

The spreading factor (SF – also frequently known as the Processing Gain, Gp)
indicates the number of chips that spread a symbol each time (see below). The SF
therefore states the relationship between the chip rate, Rc (chip/s) and the data rate
of the subscriber (symbol/s or bit/s). SF also gives the relationship between the
spread bandwidth B and unspread bandwidth W.

Information units: chips, bits, symbols

The smallest unit of digital information is generally called a bit (an abbreviation
derived from "binary digit"). To distinguish the smallest units in the original subscriber
information, spreading code and data transmitted over the radio interface, different
terms are used, namely: bit, chip and symbol respectively.
A symbol can have different numbers of bits depending on the modulation method
used for transmission over the radio interface. Symbols have one bit each in the
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) method used in GSM and in the Binary
Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) method used for UMTS UL (FDD only) transmission. In
the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) method used generally for UMTS, a
symbol has two bits, and in the 8 Phase Shift Keying (8PSK) methods used in EDGE
even three bits.

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Spreading / De-Spreading
1 Symbol
Binary Data 1 0 1 0
+1
Bipolar SF = Rc / RS
Data -1
x =B/W
+1
Spreading
Code -1
= Bit / Symbol ®
+1 modulation principle
Spreaded
e.g.:
Data -1 GMSK: 1 / 1 (Bit/Symbol)
x BPSK: 1 / 1
+1 QPSK: 2 / 1
Spreading 8PSK: 3 / 1
Code -1
= B = bandwidth, spreaded
W = bandwidth, un-spreaded
+1 RS: Symbol Rate [symb/s]
Bipolar RB: Bit Rate [bit/s]
Data -1
RC: Chip Rate [chip/s]
SF = Spreading Factor
GMSK: Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
BPSK: Binary Phase Shift Keying
Binary Data 1 0 1 0 QPSK: Quadrature PSK
8PSK: Eight PSK
1 Chip

Fig. 10

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Spreading / de-spreading – An example

The example portrays CDMA transmission for two users. Orthogonal spreading
codes with a spreading factor of 2 are used for both users (1/2).
The original information of the two users (data users 1 and 2) are converted to bipolar
data (1 / 2) and multiplied by the spreading code (1 / 2).
The coded signals interfere with each other during transfer over the radio interface.
The receivers receive the overall signal (of both users). By multiplying the overall
signals with the spreading code (1 / 2) different data sequences (de-spread data
1 / 2) are obtained for users 1 and 2. The sequences are integrated during the
duration of a symbol. The information is interpreted as 1 for positive results and 0 for
negative results. The final result is the original information of the two users 1 / 2.

Integration / capacity restrictions

The integration of the data signals is an important component of the de-spreading
process. If a single coded signal of a user is multiplied by the correct code and then
integrated during the length of a symbol, information is obtained that can be clearly
interpreted. The higher the spreading factor, the clearer ("stronger") the information.
A high spreading factor therefore assures a high level of transmission security (but at
a lower data rate however).
If the coded signal of a user is multiplied by a different code and then integrated, a
zero is obtained for strict orthogonality of the codes – i.e., the result cannot be
interpreted. With the quasi orthogonality used in practice there is little
"misinformation" when compared with the process of multiplying with the correct code
followed by integration. Care must be taken in practical applications to prevent the
sum of the "misinformation" from outweighing the strong (correct) information – i.e.,
the system capacity is limited by the background noise from the transmissions of
other users.

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Spreading / Data User 1 1 0 1 Data User 2 0 0 1

De-Spreading Bipolar +1 Bipolar +1
Data 1 -1 Data 2 -1
Example: x x
+1 +1
SF = 2; Code 1 Code 2
2 user -1 -1
= +1
= +1
Code 1 Spread Spread
= ( 1 / -1) Data 1 -1 Data 2 -1
Code 2
= ( 1 / 1) Receiver: 5 Spreaded Data; hier: 5 = 0 -2 -2 0 2 0
S Signals +2 S Signals +2
(Receiver) 0 (Receiver) 0
-2 -2
x x
+1 +1
Code 1 Code 2
-1 -1
= =
De-Spread +2 De-Spread +2
0 0
Data 1 -2 Data 2 -2

after +2 after +2
Integration Integration -2
-2
Þ User Data 1 1 0 1 Þ User Data 2 0 0 1

Fig. 11

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2G CDMA example: IS-95

IS-95 was developed at the end of the 1980's/beginning of the 1990's and released in
1993 as the TIA standard (USA) for the 800-MHz range. The standard was revised in
1995 (IS-95A). The system was taken into commercial operation at the end of 1995.
Other TIA and ANSI standards are available as IS-95 variants for the 1900-MHz
range and for transmissions at higher data rates (up to 115.2 kbit/s).
MC-CDMA, one of the 3G systems evolving from IS-95, is based on IS-95
parameters.
IS-95 uses FDD for duplex transmission. The duplex distance in the 800-MHz range
is 45 MHz and 80 MHz in the 1900-MHz range.
IS-95 uses CDMA for multiplex access. The bandwidth B is 1.25 MHz. In practice, 3
carriers can be accommodated in 5 MHz of bandwidth under consideration of guard
bands.
The network is synchronized to within a few µs using GPS signals.
The chip rate, Rc, used for IS-95 is 1.2288 Mchip/s. Orthogonal Walsh codes are
used as spreading codes. The spreading factor is 64. The spread information is
overlaid with so-called pseudo noise codes specific for the BTS and MS (the chip rate
is also 1.2288 Mchip/s). These pseudo noise codes have quasi orthogonal attributes.
QPSK is used for modulation in DL transmissions and BPSK in UL transmissions.
Fast Power Control is required for IS-95 CDMA. 800 power control cycles are carried
out per second.

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Example CDMA:
IS-95 parameter:
IS-95 (2G) FDD / CDMA
B = 1,25 MHz
Rc = 1,2288 Mchip/s
SF = 64
Modulation: QPSK / BPSK (DL / UL)
Power Control: 800 cycles/s

time t
Duplex distance:
Power P

45 / 80 MHz at
800/1900 MHz
64 PN-Codes range (USA)

1.25 MHz frequency f

Fig. 12

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3 UTRA: The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

UTRA Basics

Zone 4: Global
Zone 3: Suburban
MSS
Zone 2: Urban
Zone 1:
Indoor
Macro-cell Micro-cell Pico-cell

FDD TDD

UTRA:
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

Fig. 13

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3.1 UTRA Conception & Harmonization

UTRA was technically conceived in different phases.

1st phase of the UTRA conception: Studies on UTRA

In the 1st phase proposals for multiplex methods were collected by the ETSI SMG2
and analyzed with regard to their possibilities and common features. The 1st phase
ended with the SMG#23 Plenary Session in 06/1997.

2nd phase of the UTRA conception: Concept evaluation

Based on the results of the 1st phase, 5 concepts were selected and named after the
first five letters in the Greek alphabet. Concept groups were assigned the task of
evaluating the different concepts. In addition, the SMG2 specified the general
requirements for UTRA in more detail in the 2nd phase. The phase ended with the
SMG#24 Plenary Session held in 12/1997. The 5 concepts were supported by
different groups with different interests (vendors, operators, regulatory bodies, etc.).
The >-concept (orthogonal FDMA: narrowband FDMA/TDMA allowing combination of
different carriers) and the C-concept (broadband TDMA with 1.6 MHz bandwidth and
an option for TS combination) were withdrawn even before this plenary session. It
was decided to adopt the A-concept (Opportunity Driven Multiple Access) as an
optional solution for subsequent supplementation of UTRA. ODMA supports packet
data transfer between the originating and destination locations via a network of
intermediate relay nodes.
The =-concept (pure CDMA with Rc = 4.096 Mchip/s) and @-concept (TDMA/CDMA
with a bandwidth of 1.6 MHz, Rc = 2.167 Mchip/s and GSM timing structure)
presented themselves at the SMG#24 session as UTRA solutions. In the SMG#24A
Plenary Session held on January 28 and 29, 1998, it was decided to use both
concepts for UTRA.

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UTRA Conception
(ETSI)
Principle
Principle Supported
Supported by
by Remarks
Remarks

Phase 1: Ericsson,
Ericsson, Nokia,
Nokia, pure CDMA
UTRA studies aa-- NEC, Panasonic, pure CDMA
NEC, Panasonic,
(1996 - 06/97) concept
W-CDMA
W-CDMA Fujitsu,
Fujitsu, FDD;
FDD; 4.096
4.096Mchip/s;
Mchip/s;
concept 4,4
4,4 --5,2
5,2 MHz
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi MHz

Selection of bb-- Sony,

Sony, Telia,
Telia,
5 concepts: OFDMA
OFDMA Lucent, TDMA/FDMA
TDMA/FDMA
concept
concept Lucent, Bosch
Bosch
a-e

gg-- Philips,
Philips, Nokia,
Nokia,
W-TDMA
W-TDMA France TDMA
TDMA
concept
concept France Telecom
Telecom
Phase 2:
Evaluation
(06 - 12/97) UMTS-Alliance:
UMTS-Alliance: TDMA & CDMA
Bosch, TDMA & CDMA
dd-- TD-
TD- Siemens,
Siemens, Bosch,
Alcatel, T-Mobil, FDD/TDD
Alcatel, T-Mobil, FDD/TDD
concept
concept CDMA
CDMA Motorola, Nortel, 2.267
Motorola, Nortel, 2.267Mchip/s;
Mchip/s; 1,6
1,6 MHz;
MHz;
Italtel TS
TS // Frame
Frame wie
wie GSM
GSM
Selection of Italtel
a & d- Concept
(01/98) ee-- Vodaphone,
Vodaphone, option
option for
for
ODMA
ODMA
concept
concept Swiss
SwissTelecom
Telecom aa and
and dd

Fig. 14

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3rd phase of the UTRA conception: Harmonization

It was decided during the SMG#24A Plenary Session to use the =-concept for the
paired bands in UMTS – i.e., as UTRA FDD mode. The @-concept was to be used for
the UMTS unpaired bands – i.e., as UTRA TDD mode. Both modes were harmonized
with each other by 06/1998 with the consequence that dual mode operation
(FDD/TDD) presents no problems. Both modes were designed in such a way that
handover to GSM is unproblematic. The bandwidth of both modes is 5 MHz, including
the guard bands. 4.096 Mchip/s was selected as the Rc.
The modes were also harmonized in the 3rd phase with the IMT-2000 proposal from
ARIB (Japan), who supported the original =-concept as observers in ETSI.
The 3rd phase ended with the submission of the harmonized proposals by ETSI
(UTRA FDD & TDD) and ARIB (WCDMA) to the ITU.
In the period following, the newly founded standardization project, the 3GPP, in which
experts from ETSI (Europe), ARIB (Japan), TTA (South Korea), ANSI T1P1 (USA)
and CWTS (China) participate, took over responsibility for completion of the UMTS
Standard.

Harmonization of UTRA with cdma2000

The TIA (USA) proposal 'cdma2000' is intended as the 3G successors standard to
IS-95. The technical parameters of cdma2000 and IS-95 are therefore very similar
and ensure downward compatibility and handover between 2G IS-95 and 3G
cdma2000. 3.6864 Mchip/s (for DL) and 1.2288 Mchip/s (for UL) were selected as the
chip rates for cdma2000. In 06/1998 cdma2000 was also submitted as an IMT-2000
proposal to the ITU.
In the period following, major economic and patent law-related difficulties arose
between the groups involved in IS-95 / cdma2000 and GSM / UMTS (WCDMA). For
example, the different patents for CDMA and the 3G licensing in Europe and Asia
were contentious points. The USA threatened to invoke the WTO (World Trade
Organization) and block the work for approval of the IMT-2000 proposals in the ITU.
In order to put an end to the wrangling and to satisfy the requirements of an Operator
Harmonization Group (OHG), the 3GPP accepted an OHG proposal in 07/1999 for
harmonization of UTRA and cdma2000.
The result of the harmonization was as follows: UTRA TDD and FDD along with
cdma2000 are given similar parameters to allow the development of chipsets for
mobile stations for all three modes. The three modes are based on DS-CDMA and
can be accommodated in 5 MHz of bandwidth. The signaling is harmonized. The
following core differences still exist: UTRA can be used for non-synchronized
networks, MC-CDMA for synchronized. UTRA TDD and FDD use 3.84 Mchip/s as
chip rate; MC-CDMA n x 1.2288 Mchip/s.

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UTRA conception
& harmonisation
W-CDMA TD/CDMA
cdma2000
a-concept d-concept

Phase 3: TD/CDMA
TDD
harmonisation
(01 - 06/98)
ETSI-ARIB UTRA UTRA
harmonisation FDD TDD
(05/98)
4,096 Mchip/s 5 MHz
Submission to ITU
(06/98)

UTRA UTRA MC-CDMA

harmonisation FDD TDD (FDD)
UTRA - cdma 2000
(05 - 07/99) 5 MHz 3,6864 Mchip/s
3,84 Mchip/s IMT-2000

Fig. 15

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3.2 FDD / TDD – Technical Parameters

UTRA TDD / FDD – Common features
UTRA FDD and TDD modes were harmonized in many central areas – for example:
l Bandwidth B = 5 MHz (including guard bands)
l Chip rate Rc = 3.84 Mchip/s
l Modulation method: QPSK
l Re-use = 1 (i.e., same frequency possible in neighboring cells)
l Pulse shape
l Timing structure (frame & TS duration – described below)
l Spreading codes: based on OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) codes

UTRA TDD / FDD – Differences

There are also differences in the following central aspects:
FDD uses pure WCDMA (DS-CDMA) for multiplexing. The information is transmitted
continuously spread over the entire bandwidth. The shortest duration of a
transmission is represented by a frame (10 ms).
TDD uses a hybrid solution of TDMA and WCDMA (DS-CDMA) as multiplex access.
Like in GSM, the subscriber information is sent in the form of single bursts. A TDMA
frame (10 ms) contains 15 timeslots (TS) that can contain bursts from different users
(CDMA component).
FDD uses spreading factors of 256 to 4 (UL) or 512 to 4 (DL); TDD uses factors of 16
to 1.
FDD mostly uses soft handover and TDD hard handover (described later).
The 3G TS 25.201 provides an overview of the major common features and
differences along with references to individual aspects.

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UTRA conception
& harmonisation time t
time t
FDD TDD 15
Power P

Mode
Mode
Frame

Power P
1
TS

frequency f frequency f

FDD & TDD harmonised in: FDD & TDD differences:

• bandwidth: 5 MHz
FDD TDD
• chiprate: 3,84 Mchip/s
• pure WCDMA • WCDMA & TDMA
• modulation: QPSK (continuous transmission) (Bursts: 15 TS / Frame)
• Re-Use = 1 • SF = 4 - 256 (DL - 512) • SF = 1 - 16
• pulse form • Handover: Soft • Handover: Hard
• time structure
• Spreading Codes (OVSF) UTRA
UTRAL1
L1General
GeneralDescription:
Description:
3G
3GTS25.201
TS25.201
OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes

Fig. 16

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Variation in data rate

UMTS allows flexible, dynamic variation of the data rate. The data rate can be varied
in different ways in the TDD and FDD modes.
In the FDD mode, the data rate can be varied by SF variation. SF can vary from 256
– 4 (UL) or from 512 – 4 (DL). This gives rise to symbol rates from 15 ksymb/s (UL)
or 7.5 ksymb(s) (DL) to 960 ksymb/s. This data rate can include the simultaneous
transmission of data belonging to different applications of the same subscriber. In
other words, multimedia applications are possible.
The data rate can be varied in the TDD mode by SF variation and combination of
timeslots (TS). SF can vary from 16 – 1, thus yielding symbol rates of 240 ksymb/s to
3.84 Msymb/s. These symbol rates must be regarded under consideration of the 15
timeslots, TS (TDMA component of the TDD mode). In this way, symbol rates from
16 ksymb/s to 256 ksymb/s are available to a subscriber using one TS by varying the
SF from 16 to 1. This transmission rate can be increased by combining multiple
timeslots in a TDMA frame for one user.
The data rate can also be increased in the TDD and FDD modes by allocating
multiple codes to one user (if the UE is capable of doing so). The allocation of
multiple codes is useful for different applications belonging to the same user that are
served simultaneously. A fine level of granularity of the data rate can be obtained in
this way.

Asymmetric allocation of frequency resources

Strongly asymmetric data streams in the UL and DL directions are expected,
particularly with regard to the mobile use of the Internet in 3G. Both UTRA modes
allow asymmetric transmission of subscriber data. The TDD mode enables network
operators to respond in a flexible manner to the asymmetry and to optimize how they
use their frequency resources. Different numbers of TS's can be used for UL and DL.
However, at least two of the 15 TS's must remain reserved for UL or DL (for different
TDD configuration options, refer to TS 25.221).

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time t
Data Rate 15
Variation Data rate variation:
• SF = 1 - 16
• TS - combining
2
Power P

1 TDD Asymmetric
UL/DL allocation !!
flexible
Switching Point (min. 2 TS for DL/UL)
Example: UL DL

frequency f

time t

FDD SF =
Rc [chip/s] /
RS[symb/s]
Power P

Data rate variation:

• SF = 4 - 256 (DL: 512)

frequency f

Fig. 17

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3.3 UTRA Codes

The Spreading Code in UTRA is obtained multiplying two different code types: the
Channelization Code and the Scrambling Code.

Channelization Codes
Channelization codes are used to separate channels from the same source.
For DL this channelization means the separation of different users (or, to take it a
step further, different applications of different users) by the BTS.
For UL the channelization means the separation of different applications used
simultaneously by the same UE. Up to 6 different applications are theoretically
possible from individual UE.
The channelization codes for the TDD and FDD modes are Orthogonal Variable
Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes and have orthogonal attributes.

Scrambling Codes
Scrambling codes are used to separate different sources.
For DL this means the separation of different BTS's. Each cell has a scrambling code
to allow the UE to distinguish between neighboring cells. The scrambling codes are
not globally unique cell codes.
For UL the scrambling means the separation of different items of UE in a cell. The
scrambling codes are assigned to the UE by UTRAN.
FDD and TDD use different scrambling codes. So-called gold codes 10 ms in length
(= 38400 chips) are used periodically in FDD. In TDD, sequences of 16 chips are
used periodically.

TS 25.201 provide an overview of channelization and scrambling codes. Details on

the channelization and scrambling codes used for FDD and TDD can be found in TS
25.213 and TS 25.223.

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different
differentBTS:
UTRA Scrambling
BTS:
ScramblingCodes
Codes BTS
Codes
Channelisation
ChannelisationCode Codeseparates
separates
ULULdifferent
differentapplications
applications
BTS ofof11UE
UE(max.
(max.6;6;SF
SFvariable)
variable)

Channelisation
ChannelisationCode
Code
separates
separatesDL
DLdifferent
differentUE
Spreading Code = UE
Channelisation Code
x Scrambling Code different
differentUE:
UE:
(TS 25.201) Scrambling
ScramblingCodes
Codes
(RNC
(RNCallocated)
allocated)

Channelization
ChannelizationCode:
Code:
BTS separates
separatesphysical
physicalchannels
channels
••DL:
DL: channelsofofthe
channels thesame
sameBTS
BTS
••UL:
UL: channels of the sameUE
channels of the same UE
Spreading
Spreading&&Modulation: Scrambling
TS
Modulation: ScramblingCode:
Code:
TS25.201
25.201(UTRA
(UTRAOverview)
Overview) separates
TS
TS25.213
25.213(FDD),
(FDD),
separatessources
sources
TS ••DL:
DL:separates
separatesdifferent
differentBTS
BTS
TS25.223
25.223(TDD)
(TDD)
••UL:
UL: separates differentUE
separates different UEinin11cell
cell

Fig. 18

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UTRA codes – Structure of channelization codes

The channelization codes in the FDD and TDD modes are used for the actual
spreading process. The UTRA channelization codes are based on Orthogonal
Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes of different lengths. A symbol of user
information is spread by a channelization code sequence with a specified length (=
spreading factor, SF) – i.e., number of chips. Different data rates are obtained by
using different spreading factors, SF.
Channelization codes are generated as shown in the next diagram. The (1x1) start
matrix with the value "1" represents the channelization code with SF = 1. All other
matrices are successively constructed by 4-fold insertion of the preceding matrix.
Three of these matrices (top left and right, and bottom left) contain the original values
of the preceding matrix while the fourth (bottom right) contains the inverted matrix
value. The channelization codes of length n (SF = n) are obtained from the columns
of the corresponding matrix (n x n).
A code tree arises in which all codes of a particular length (SF = 1, 2, 4, 8,..., 512)
are orthogonal to each other.
If you take codes that are 256 long, there are 256 different orthogonal codes for 256
different users / applications for FDD DL, for example (ignoring the codes for
signaling), with 15 ksymb/s. In contrast, there are only 4 orthogonal codes of length 4
(SF = 4) with which 960 ksymb/s can be obtained.
Note the following: codes of different lengths in the same branch of a code tree are
not orthogonal. For this reason, codes of different lengths from the same branch are
not permitted to be allocated. A code assigned from a branch of the code tree blocks
all other codes of increasing or decreasing length on the same branch.

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UTRA Scrambling Codes:

• FDD: for BTS / UE „Gold Codes“;
Codes 10 ms period (1 frame = 38400 chip)
• TDD: for BTS / UE 16 Chip long,
pre-defined sequences

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 256
CC256,0
CC256,1
CC4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
CC256,2
CC2,0 = (1,1)

CC1,0 = (1) CC4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) •

••• • •••
CC4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) •

CC2,1 = (1,-1)
CC256,254
CC4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) CC256,255

Channelization Codes (CCn,m) = OVSF Codes

CCn,m generation: 1 1 CCn/2 CCn/2 OVSF =

CC1 = (1) CC2 = CCn =
from columns in CCn 1 -1 CCn/2 -CCn/2 Orthogonal Variable
Spreading Factor

Fig. 19

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3.4 UTRA Timing Structures

Chip
The shortest unit of time used in UTRA corresponds to the duration of a chip. Since a
chip rate of 3.84 Mchip/s is used, the duration of a chip is about 260.4 pico
seconds (ps).

Timeslot (TS)
A UTRA timeslot (TS) is defined as the length of 2560 chips: this corresponds to
duration of 2/3 ms. A timeslot is the shortest repetitive period in UTRA.
A timeslot for the TDD mode means the time frame allowed by an HF burst.
In the FDD mode specific information is exchanged cyclically between the UE and
network. An example of this is the power control information (Transmit Power Control
– TPC).

Frame
A UTRA frame is defined by the duration of 10 ms. A frame therefore contains 15
timeslots.
In the TDD mode, a frame is identical with the TDMA frame – i.e., the cyclical
repetitive pattern of the time slots.
In the FDD mode, a frame is the shortest possible transmission duration. Short data
packets for setting up a connection, for transmission of SMS messages or packet-
switched data packets are at least one frame in duration.
UTRA is a radio access solution allowing data rates that are not only flexible, but that
can also be dynamically adapted. A frame is likewise (for TDD and FDD) the shortest
period of time for changing the transmission rate.

Superframe
A UTRA superframe is defined as the duration of 72 frames – i.e., 720 ms.
A superframe is the counting period for defining physical channels. Since it exactly 6
times longer than a traffic channel (TCH) multiframe in GSM (= 120 ms), it enables
adaptation of the timing patterns between UMTS and GSM – as is essential for inter-
system handover between the two systems.

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UTRA
time
structure • shortest information unit in CDMA

Chip 1/3.840.000 s » 260.4 ns

Time Slot 2560 chips • TDD: TS contains 1 Burst

• FDD: cyclic repetition of
TS control information (e.g. TPC)

2/3 ms

Frame f TS#0 ••• TS#i ••• TS#14 • TDD: TDMA frame

• FDD: shortest transmission duration
• TDD & FDD: shortest pattern
® data rate adaptation
10 ms

• TDD & FDD: Counting period for

Superframe f#1 ••• f#i ••• f#72 ® Def. Physical channels
® Handover to GSM
(GSM TCH Multiframe = 120 ms)

720 ms

Fig. 20

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3.5 Summary – Key UTRA Parameters

l Both UTRA modes (FDD and TDD) require a bandwidth B = 5 MHz.
l Both modes have the same chip rate: Rc = 3.84 Mchip/s.
l Both modes use a spreading code consisting of a channelization code and
scrambling code for spreading user data.
l The spreading factors (SF) indicate the ratio between the user information
(symbol) and the number of chips used for spreading the symbol.
l SF's from 1 – 16 are used in the TDD mode, SF's from 4 – 256 (UL) or 4 – 512
(DL) in the FDD mode for varying the data rates.
l The TDD and FDD use the same timing structures:
l a timeslot (TS) has 2560 chips and a duration of 2/3 ms
l a frame has 15 TS's and a duration of 10 ms
l a superframe has 72 frames and a duration of 720 ms.

The main difference between the UTRA FDD and MDD modes is in the multiplex
methods used:
l The FDD mode uses pure DS-CDMA – i.e., broadband, continuous transmission
(minimum transmission duration: 1 frame = 10 ms).
l The TDD mode uses a hybrid solution of TDMA and DS-CDMA – i.e., broadband
but bursty transmission. The duration of a burst is one timeslot.

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UTRA
Key Parameters

• bandwidth B = 5 MHz
• chiprate Rc = 3,84 Mchip/s
• SF = Rc / RS = 1 - 16 (TDD)
4 - 256/512 (FDD)
Spreading Code =
Channelisation Code x Scrambling Code
• 1 TS = 2/3 ms = 2560 chip
• 1 frame = 10 ms
• 1 Superframe = 72 frames
• TDD: bursty structure (TS)
• FDD: continuous transmission (³ 10 ms)

Fig. 21

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4 MC-CDMA / UTRA / TD-SCDMA Comparison

UTRA Basics

GSM IS-95

Downward compatible/ Downward compatible/

Handover possible Handover possible

UTRA UTRA MC-CDMA

FDD TDD (FDD)

harmonisation
(chipsets possible for UTRA TDD, FDD & MC-CDMA mode)

IMT-2000
MC-CDMA / UTRA / TD-SCDMA
Comparison

Fig. 22

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MC-CDMA / UTRA comparison

UMTS as the 3G successor standard to GSM and MC-CDMA as the 3G successor
standard to IS-95 have been harmonized with each other as much as possible. The
harmonization is intended to facilitate the development of chipsets for UE that can
access these three major terrestrial IMT-2000 modes.
MC-CDMA is downward-compatible with IS-95 B. As in IS-95, the chip rate is
1.2288 Mchip/s and the carrier bandwidth is 1.25 MHz. However, n carriers (where
n = 1, 3, 6, 9, 12) can be commonly used for a user connection in DL transmissions.
The data is demultiplexed in this case on n carriers and can therefore be transmitted
simultaneously.
In contrast for UL, the DS-CDMA principle is used with a carrier transmission rate of
n x 1.2288 Mchip/s and a bandwidth of n x 1.25 MHz.
3 MC-CDMA carriers, including two guard bands, each 625 kHz wide, can be used in
a 5-MHz frequency band. Frequency bands that until now were used for 2G systems
can therefore be replaced in this way by MC-CDMA.
MC-CDMA uses the same modulation method as UTRA (QPSK).
Orthogonal Walsh codes of variable length (comparable to UTRA) are used as
channelization codes for spreading.
The result is finally superimposed with a PN sequence to distinguish it from
neighboring base stations. This PN sequence is identical to that used for IS-95. This
also represents a reason for the compatibility between IS-95 and MC-CDMA. One
sequence is sufficient to distinguish between the base stations in IS-95 and MC-
CDMA since both systems (Global Positioning System – GPS) have synchronized
networks. The offset of the PN sequence is used for clear distinction of the
neighboring base stations.
In contrast to this, UTRA FDD and TDD networks are, like GSM networks, not
synchronized. As a result, they are not dependent on other systems (e.g., GPS).
Consequently, different scrambling codes are needed to distinguish between
neighboring base stations.

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MC-CDMA / UTRA
Carrier
MC-CDMA
Guard Band 1,25 MHz 1,25 MHz 1,25 MHz
625 kHz 625 kHz DL
Rc = n Carrier
1,2288 Mchip/s n = 1, 2, 3,
6, 9, 12

Rc = UL
Rc = 3,6864 Mchip/s n-fold
Rc = 2,4576 Mchip/s
1,2288 Mchip/s chip rate

1 2 3 4 5 MHz

DS-CDMA: UTRA TDD & FDD

Carrier
UL
&
Rc = DL
3,84 Mchip/s
1 2 3 4 5 MHz

Fig. 23

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TD-SCDMA / LCR-TDD mode

From UMTS Release 4 on, a new RTT option, which has originally been developed
by the Chinese SDO CATT, is included into the UMTS standard: Time Division -
Synchronous CDMA. TD-SCDMA is included as a second TDD option with a lower
chip rate. Therefore, it is called Low Chip Rate TDD mode (LCR-TDD).
The key characteristics of LCR-TDD are:
l Bandwidth: 1.6 MHz
l Chip Rate: 1.28 Mchip/s
l Spreading Factor: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
l Radio Frame Length: 10 ms, subdivided into two 5 ms sub-frames
l Time Slot: 0.675 ms duration; 7 TS per sub-frame
l Data Rate Variation: SF-variation; TS combining; change of modulation;
theoretically, a maximum of 2 Mbit/s can be supported
l Modulation: QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) and 8PSK (8 Phase Shift
Keying)
These key parameters are taken from UMTS R'4 TS 25.223.

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TD-SCDMA
TD-SCDMA =
UMTS R`4
Carrier Bandwidth 1.6 MHz Option
®LCR-TDD
Mode
Chip Rate 1.28 Mchps

Spreading Factors 1, 2, 4, 8, 16

10 ms
Radio Frame Length (divided into 2 sub-frames)
(each sub-frame 5 ms)

Timeslots 675 ms

Variable Data Rates supported

Modulation QPSK & 8PSK

R`4
R`4
TS
TS25.223
25.223

Fig. 24

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5 Exercise

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Exercise
Title: UTRA Basics
Objectives: The participant understands the CDMA principle and knows the
UTRA key parameter
Pre-requisite: none
Task

Answer the following questions!

Query
1. The different types of duplex transmission are:
¨ FDD
¨ FDMA
¨ TDD
¨ TDMA
¨ CDMA

2. A 2G-system using CDMA is:

¨ GSM
¨ IS-95
¨ DECT
¨ PDC

3. UMTS uses:
¨ DS-CDMA
¨ FH-CDMA
¨ TH-CDMA
¨ TD-SCDMA

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4. Advantages of UMTS WCDMA are:

¨ stability against interferences
¨ simplicity of CDMA
¨ no network planning necessary
¨ fast PC, i.e. less transmission power
¨ 7 times higher resource efficiency than GSM
¨ all the above

5. The shortest information unit of the CDMA code is defined as:

¨ bit
¨ chip
¨ symbol
¨ byte

6. UMTS uses:
¨ QPSK
¨ BPSK
¨ GMSK
¨ 8PSK

7. The Spreading Factor represent the

¨ relationship between spread bandwidth and un-spread bandwidth
¨ the relationship between R(chip) and R(bit)
¨ the relationship between R(symbol) and R(bit)
¨ the relationship between binary and bipolar data

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8. The transmission rate of IS-95 is:

¨ 3.84 Mchip/s
¨ 19.2 kbit/s
¨ 1.2288 Mchip/s
¨ 3.686 Mchip/s
¨ 38.4 kbit/s

9. What are the basic (gross) data rates of UTRAN FDD/DL?

¨ 30 - 512 kbit/s
¨ 30 - 1920 kbit/
¨ 8 - 1920 kbit/s
¨ 16 - 256 kbit/s

10. The Channelization Codes separates:

¨ UE in the same cell
¨ UE in different cells
¨ physical channels
¨ BTS's of different cells

11. The Scrambling Codes are used:

¨ as unique cell identity code
¨ to separate DL transmission of different cells
¨ to separate DL transmission for different UEs
¨ to separate UL transmission of UEs of neighboring cells
¨ to separate UL transmission of different UEs in one cell
¨ to separate UL transmission of different applications of one UE

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12. The Codes of one branch of the Channelization Code tree are
¨ orthogonal to each other
¨ not orthogonal to each other
¨ not to be used simultaneously
¨ as often as possible to be used to enhance the network capacity

13. The duration of one time slot is some:

¨ 0.577 ms
¨ 0.667 ms
¨ 4.615 ms
¨ 10 ms

14. One frame in FDD is characterized by:

¨ TDMA-frame
¨ one HF burst
¨ a cyclic repetition of control information
¨ shortest possible transmission duration of user data
¨ all of the above

15. TD-SCDMA (LCR-TDD) differs from the "classical" UMTS High Chip Rate TDD
mode in:
¨ bandwidth
¨ chip rate
¨ Channelization Codes
¨ Spreading Factors used
¨ Radio Frame length

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6 Solution

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UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles Siemens

Solution
Title: UTRA basics
Objectives: The participant understands the CDMA principle and knows the
UTRA key parameter
Pre-requisite: none
Task

In the following section, there are the answers to the exercises.

Query
1. The different types of duplex transmission are:
þ FDD
¨ FDMA
þ TDD
¨ TDMA
¨ CDMA

2. A 2G-system using CDMA is:

¨ GSM
þ IS-95
¨ DECT
¨ PDC

3. UMTS uses:
þ DS-CDMA
¨ FH-CDMA
¨ TH-CDMA
þ TD-SCDMA (included from R'4 on: LCR-TDD)

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4. Advantages of UMTS WCDMA are:

þ stability against interferences
¨ simplicity of CDMA
¨ no network planning necessary
þ fast PC, i.e. less transmission power
¨ 7 times higher resource efficiency than GSM
¨ all the above

5. The shortest information unit of the CDMA code is defined as:

¨ bit
þ chip
¨ symbol
¨ byte

6. UMTS uses:
þ QPSK
¨ BPSK
¨ GMSK
þ 8PSK (only from '4 on as one LCR-TDD option)

7. The Spreading Factor represent the

þ relationship between spread bandwidth and un-spread bandwidth
þ the relationship between R(chip) and R(bit)
¨ the relationship between R(symbol) and R(bit)
¨ the relationship between binary and bipolar data

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8. The transmission rate of IS-95 is:

¨ 3.84 Mchip/s
¨ 19.2 kbit/s
þ 1.2288 Mchip/s
¨ 3.686 Mchip/s
¨ 38.4 kbit/s

9. What are the basic (gross) data rates of UTRAN FDD/DL?

¨ 30 - 512 kbit/s
þ 30 - 1920 kbit/
¨ 8 - 1920 kbit/s
¨ 16 - 256 kbit/s

10. The Channelization Codes separates:

¨ UE in the same cell
¨ UE in different cells
þ physical channels
¨ BTS's of different cells

11. The Scrambling Codes are used:

¨ as unique cell identity code
þ to separate DL transmission of different cells
¨ to separate DL transmission for different UEs
þ to separate UL transmission of UEs of neighboring cells
þ to separate UL transmission of different UEs in one cell
¨ to separate UL transmission of different applications of one UE

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12. The Codes of one branch of the Channelization Code tree are
¨ orthogonal to each other
þ not orthogonal to each other
þ not to be used simultaneously
¨ as often as possible to be used to enhance the network capacity

13. The duration of one time slot is some:

¨ 0.577 ms
þ 0.667 ms
¨ 4.615 ms
¨ 10 ms

14. One frame in FDD is characterized by:

¨ TDMA-frame
¨ one HF burst
¨ a cyclic repetition of control information
þ shortest possible transmission duration of user data
¨ all of the above

15. TD-SCDMA (LCR-TDD) differs from the "classical" UMTS High Chip Rate TDD
mode in:
þ bandwidth
þ chip rate
¨ Channelization Codes
¨ Spreading Factors used
þ Radio Frame length

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