Mechanics of Materials and Structures 3N

Introduction to Finite Element Analysis:

Beam Structures
 Introduction to
FEM
1. Axial Springs

2. Bar Structures

3. Truss Structures

4. Beam Structures

5. Frame Structures 2
 Beam in Bending: Review
y

M M
x

Pure bending problems:

y
 =−
Normal strain: x 
Ey
Normal stress:  x = −

Normal stress with bending moment:  −  x ydA = M
1 M 1 d2y
Moment-curvature relationship: = M = EI  EI 2
 EI  dx
My
Flexure formula:  x = − I =  y 2dA
I
3
 Deflection, Slope and Curvature

Curvature Slope Deflection

R u2
du2
=
dx
4
 Finite Element Method: Introduction

• The finite element method is a numerical method

for solving problems of engineering and
mathematical physics.

• Useful for problems with complicated

geometries, loadings, and material properties
where analytical solutions can not be obtained.

5
 Steps in Finite Element Analysis

1. Derive Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations

2. Assemble Equations to Obtain the Global
Equations and Introduce Boundary Conditions
3. Solve for the Nodal Forces and Displacements
4. Solve for Element Stresses and Strains
5. Interpret the Results

6
 Beam: Definition
A beam is a long, slender structural member
generally subjected to transverse loading that
produces significant bending effects as opposed to
axial or twisting effects.

M M

L
F F

7
 Beam Element

M12(1), θ12(1) M12(2), θ 12(2)

1
E, I, L
f 2(1) , u2(1) f 2( 2 ) , u 2( 2 )

8
 Beam Boundary Conditions

• Fixed end
u2 = 0; 12 = 0
• Simple support
u2 = 0; 12  0; M 12 = 0
• Free end
u2  0; 12  0; M 12 = 0

9
10
Making use of Structural Symmetry

11
Making use of Structural Symmetry

12
 Static Beam Structures
The PVD states that
Recall:
M E 
= =−
Substituting the constitutive relation I R y
for a linear elastic material gives  = E
y
 = − = − yK
R

13
Static Beam Structures

14
 Static Beam Structures
COMPARE

PVD material
constitutive equation

PVD for beams

in bending

15
Static Beam Structures
Recall that for bar structures we have
Strain-Displacement Relation
For beam structures we have

where the curvature K is expressed as

where u2 is

so we have

and
16
Static Beam Structures
Going back to deriving the stiffness matrix

Replacing we have

17
Static Beam Structures

[k] for the beam element has the same general

form as for the bar element.
18
Static Beam Structures

Beam
Element

19
Static Beam Structures: Shape Functions

N1(1) =
1
4
( 2 − 3 +  3)
L
(
N12(1) = 1 −  −  2 +  3
8
)
1
(
N 2( 2 ) = 2 + 3 −  3
4
)
N12( 2 ) =
L
8
(
−1 −  +  2 +  3 ) 20
Static Beam Structures

Jacobian
dx1
J=
d

21
Static Beam Structures

22
Static Beam Structures

23
Static Beam Structures

Note :
dx L
J= =
d 2

 6 3L −6 3L 
3L 2 L2 −3L L2 
2D 
  3
K = 
L −6 −3L 6 −3L 
 2 
 3 L L2
−3 L 2 L  24
Static Beam Structures
The constitutive equation of the beam element is
 F2(1)  −  u2(1) 
   6 3 L 6 3 L  
 
 M 12(1)  2 D 3L 2 L2 −3L L2 12(1) 
 = 3   

 F2( 2)  L −6 −3L 6 
−3L  u2( 2) 
M   2  
 3 L L 2
−3 L 2 L  
 12( 2)   12( 2) 

25
EXAMPLE: Q20.1.3
F=800 N

E=12 GPa 0.5 m

0.03 m
3m

 F2(1) = ?  −  u2(1) = 0 
   6 3 L 6 3 L  
 M 12(1) = ?  2 EI 3L 2 L2 −3L L2   = 0
12(1)
 = 3   
 F2( 2) = −800  L  −6 −3L 6 −3L   u2( 2) = ? 
 M   2 
−  12( 2) = ?
2
= 0  3 L L 3 L 2 L
 12( 2)   
2 EI 2 E  bh3  2 (12 10 N/m )  ( 0.5 m )( 0.03 m ) 
9 2 3

= 3  =   = 1000 N m
(3 m )
3 3
L L  12   12 
26
EXAMPLE: Q20.1.3 F=800 N

E=12 GPa 0.5 m

0.03 m
3m

 F2(1)   6 3L −6 3L   0 
  3L 2 L2 −3L L2   0 
 M 12(1)  2 EI    
 = 3 
 −800  L  −6 −3L 6 −3L   u2( 2) 
 0   2 
  3 L L
2
−3L 2 L  12( 2) 

 F2(1)   6 9 −6 9   0 
   2  0 
 M 12(1)   9 18 −9 L   
  = 1000 u 
 −800   −6 −9 6 −9   2(1) 
 0    
   9 9 −9 18  12 ( 2 ) 
27
EXAMPLE: Q20.1.3 F=800 N

E=12 GPa 0.5 m

0.03 m
3m

 F2(1)   6 9 −6 9   0 
   2  0 
 M 12(1)   9 18 −9 L   
  = 1000 u 
 −800   −6 −9 6 −9   2( 2) 
 0    
   9 9 −9 18  12 ( 2 ) 

−800 = 6u2( 2) − 912( 2)

0 = −9u2( 2) − 1812( 2)
u2( 2) = −0.53m

28
 EXAMPLE: Q20.1.4

 ( )( ) 
3
 bh3 
 = (10  10 N/m ) 
0.15 m 0.15 m
D1 = ( EI )1 = E 9 2
 = 42,190 N m
 12   12 

29
EXAMPLE: Q20.1.4

 F2(1)  −6 3L1   2(1) 

u
   6 3L1
 
 M 12(1)  2 ( EI )1 3L1 2 L12 −3L1 2  
L1   12(1) 
 =    ELEMENT 1
 F2( 2)  L1  −6
3
−3L1 6 
−3L1  u2( 2 ) 
M   
 3L1 L12 −3L1 2 L12   
 12( 2)   12( 2 ) 
 F2(1)  63.33 63.33 −63.33 63.33   2(1) 
u
    
 M 12(1)   
84.4 −63.33 42.2  12(1) 
4  63.33
  = 110  
F
 2( 2 )   −63.33 −63.33 63.33 −63.33  u
 2( 2 ) 
M   
 63.33 42.2 −63.33 84.4   
 12( 2)   12( 2)  30
EXAMPLE: Q20.1.4

 F2( 2)  −6 3L2   2( 2) 
u
   6 3L2
 
 M 12( 2)  2 ( EI )2 3 L 2 L2 2 −3L2 2  
L2   12( 2) 
 =  2   ELEMENT 2
F
 2( 3)  L 2
3
 −6 −3L2 6 
−3L2  u2(3) 
M   
3L2 L2 2 −3L2 2 L2 2   
 12(3)   12(3) 
 F2( 2)  −  u2( 2 ) 
   506.3 253.1 506.3 253.1  
 M 12( 2)   253.1 168.8 − 253.1 84.38  12( 2) 
 = 110  
4
 
 F2(3)   
−506.3 −253.1 506.3 −253.1  u2(3) 
M    
 253.1 84.38 − 253.1 168.8  
 12(3)   12(3)  31
EXAMPLE: Q20.1.4
 F2(1)   u2(1) 
   63.33 63.33 −63.33 63.33 0 
0 
 63.33 
 M 12(1) 
 84.4 −63.33 42.2 0 0   12(1) 
   
 F2( 2)  
4 −63.33 −63.33 ( 63.33 + 506.3) ( −63.33 + 253.1) −506.3 253.1   u2( 2) 
  = 110   
M
 12( 2)   63.33 42.2 ( −63.33 + 253.1) (84.4 + 168.8 ) −253.1 84.38  12( 2) 
F   0 0 −506.3 −253.1 506.3 −253.1  u 
 2 ( 3 )     2( 3) 
M   0 0 253.1 84.38 −253.1 168.8   
 12(3)   12 ( 3 ) 

 F2(1)   63.33 63.33 −63.33 63.33 0  0 

0
   63.33   0 
 M 12(1)   84.4 −63.33 42.2 0 0  
  −506.3 253.1   0 
 F2( 2)  
4 −63.33 −63.33 ( 63.33 + 506.3) ( −63.33 + 253.1)
  = 110   
 0   63.33 42.2 ( −63.33 + 253.1) (84.4 + 168.8 ) −253.1 84.38  12( 2) 
 4  0 0 −506.3 −253.1 506.3 −253.1  u2(3) 
 −2  10    
 0   0 0 253.1 84.38 −253.1 168.8  12(3) 
 

32
 EXAMPLE: Q20.1.5
• Derive the maximum deflection of a simply-
supported beam subject to a point force applied
at mid-span.

 F2(1)  −  u2(1) 
   6 3 L 6 3 L  
 M 12(1)  2 EI 3L 2 L2 −3L L2   
 = 3    12(1) 
 F2( 2)  L  −6 −3L 6 −3L   u2( 2) 
M   2 
−  12( 2) 
2
 3 L L 3 L 2 L
 12( 2)   
33
EXAMPLE: Q20.1.5

F2(1) = ? F2( 2) = − F
2
u2(1) = 0 u 2( 2 ) = ?
M 12(1) = 0 M 12( 2) = ?
12(1) = ? 12( 2) = 0

 F2(1) = ? 


( 2)
6 3 L −6 ( 2 )   u ( ) = 0 
3 L
 
21
 
( L 2) 2( L 2) −3 ( ) ( )   ( ) = ? 

2 2
 M 12(1) = 0  2 EI 3 L
2
L
2 12 1
 = 3   

F
( ) −6 −3 ( L 2 )
 F2( 2) = − 2  L
 2 
 6 −3 ( L )   ( )
2 
u 2 2
= ? 

 M 12( 2) = ?   =
( L 2) ( L 2) −3 ( L ) 2 ( L )  
 2
 2 ( )
12 2
0 
3 2 2 
34
 EXAMPLE: Q20.1.5
 L L 
 6 3   − 6 3  
  2 2 
 F2(1) 
 L  L  L  0 
2 2
  L
 0  3   2   −3       
  2 EI  2 2  2   2    12(1) 
 F =    
−
 2   
3
    u
−3     2( 2) 
L L L
 −6 −3  
  2 
6
  2  2    0 
 M 12( 2)   2 2
3  L   L   L   L 
    −3   2   
  2   2  2  2  

 L2  3   3
16 EI
0= 3   12(1) −  L  u2( 2)  12(1) = u2( 2)
L  2  2   L
 3   FL3  3 
−
F 16 EI
= 3 − 
 2  12(1)
L + 6u 2( 2 ) 
− =  − L  12(1) + 6u2( 2)
2 L    32 EI  2 
35
EXAMPLE: Q20.1.5
Finite Element Method Mechanics of Materials

FL3
u 2( 2 ) =−
48 EI 36
Static Beam Structures: Equivalent Nodal Load
• Equivalent nodal loads (ENL) due to uniformly
distributed load (UDL) w
• These ENL can be inserted into the FEA instead of the
UDL in addition to any existing force boundary
conditions
𝒘

UDL

𝒘𝑳 𝒘𝑳
𝟐 𝟐

ENL
𝒘𝑳𝟐 𝒘𝑳𝟐
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 37
Static Beam Structures: Equivalent Nodal Load

Maximum
deflection???

To model the beam deformation, we need at least two elements (or 1

+ symmetry boundary conditions) to leave us 𝑢2(2) to solve for.

38
EXAMPLE: Q20.2.2: Simply-supported Beam

umax = ?
F2(1) = ? F2( 2) = ?
u2(1) = 0 u 2( 2 ) = 0
M 12(1) = 0 M 12( 2) = 0
12(1) = ? 12( 2) = ?

Note: Esteel = 200 Gpa = 2x109 N/m2

39
EXAMPLE: Q20.2.2: Simply-supported Beam
𝒘 = 𝟖𝒌𝑵/𝒎
UDL
𝒘𝑳 𝒘𝑳
𝟐 𝟐

ENL 𝒘𝑳𝟐 𝒘𝑳𝟐

𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐

 N
 8000  ( 4m ) These ENL can be inserted
wL  m
= = 16000 N into the FEA instead of the
2 2
UDL in addition to any
 N
( )
2
existing force boundary
wL2 
8000 4 m
m
= = 10667 N − m conditions
12 12
40
 EXAMPLE: Q20.2.2: Simply-supported Beam
These ENL can be inserted into the FEA instead of the UDL in
addition to any existing force boundary conditions

+
 − wL 
 F2(1)   2   ? 
    wL2  
? 

 
 M 12(1)  0   − 12  −
wL2

12  − +
  =  + = 
 F2( 2)  0   − wL 2   − wL 2 
M   ?     
 12( 2)   wL   ? 
2

 12  41
 EXAMPLE: Q20.2.2: Simply-supported Beam

 F2(1)   6 3( 4) −6 3( 4)   0 
  −4  2  
−10667  2 ( 2  1011
)( 1  10 )  ( )
3 4 2 ( )
4
2
−3 ( ) ( )   12(1) 
4 4 
 =  −6 −3 ( 4 )   
 −16000  ( 4)
3

6 − 3 ( )  u2(2) 
4
 M 12 2   2 
 
( ) ( ) − ( ) ( )
2
 ( )   3 4 4 3 4 2 4   0 

42
 EXAMPLE: Q20.2.2: Simply-supported Beam
 F2(1)   6 3( 4) −6 3( 4)   0 
  −4  2  
 −10667 
=
2 ( 2  1011
)( 1  10 )  3 ( 4 ) 2 ( 4 )
2
−3 ( 4 ) ( 4 ) 
  12(1) 
     
 −16000  ( 4)
3
−6 −3 ( 4 ) 6 −3 ( 4 ) u2(2) 
 
 M 12 2   2 
 
( ) ( ) − ( ) ( )
2
 ( )   3 4 4 3 4 2 4   0 

−10667  6  32 −12  12(1) 

  = 0.625 10   
 −16000   −12 6   2(2) 
u

−10667 = 0.625 106 3212(1) − 12u2( 2) 

−16000 = 0.625 106  −1212(1) + 6u2( 2) 

u2( 2) = −20mm
43
 EXAMPLE: Q20.2.3: Fixed-fixed Beam

 F2(1)   6 3( 4) −6 3( 4)   0 
  −4  2 
 12(1) 
M
=
2 ( 2  1011
)( 1  10 )  3 ( 4 ) 2 ( 4 )
2
−3 ( 4 ) ( 4 )  0 

   −6 −3 ( 4 )   
−16000  ( 4)
3
6 −3 ( 4 ) u2(2) 
 
 M   2 
  0 
( ) ( ) − ( ) ( )
2
 12 ( 2 )   3 4 4 3 4 2 4 
44
 EXAMPLE: Q20.2.3: Fixed-fixed Beam

 F2(1)   6 3( 4) −6 3( 4)   0 
  −4  2 
 12(1) 
M
=
2 ( 2  1011
)( 1  10 )  3 ( 4 ) 2 ( 4 )
2
−3 ( 4 ) ( 4 )  0 

   −6 −3 ( 4 )   
−16000  ( 4)
3
6 −3 ( 4 ) u2(2) 
 
 M   2 
  0 
( ) ( ) − ( ) ( )
2
 12 ( 2 )   3 4 4 3 4 2 4 

−16000 = 0.625 106 6u2( 2) 

u2( 2) = −4.3mm

45
EXAMPLE: Q20.2.5: Cantilever Beam
(1)

+
(2) Note the difference between a
cantilever and a simply-supported beam
46
EXAMPLE: Q20.2.5: Cantilever Beam

47
 EXAMPLE: Q20.2.5: Cantilever Beam

 − wL 
 F2(1)  0  2  − wL 
     wL2   2
  
 12(1)  0  
M   
2
12 wL
− +   =  + =
 F2( 2)   ?   − wL 2   ? 
12 
M   ?     
 12( 2)  − wL   ? 
2

 12 
48
 EXAMPLE: Q20.2.5: Cantilever Beam

F  =  k u
−14700   6 3 ( 24 ) −6 3 ( 24 )   u2(1) 
 58800   2  
( ) ( ) − ( ) ( ) 
2
  4    12(1) 
 ( )
3 24 2 24 3 24 24
 F = 1.25  10    
 2( 2 )  −6 −3 ( 24 ) 6 −3 ( 24 )  0 
 
 M 12 2   2 
 
( ) ( ) − ( ) ( )
2
 ( )   3 24 24 3 24 2 24   0 
49
 EXAMPLE: Q20.2.5: Cantilever Beam

−14700   6 3 ( 24 ) −6 3 ( 24 )   u2(1) 
 58800   2  
( ) ( ) − ( ) ( ) 
2
  4    12(1) 
 ( )  −6 −3 ( 24 ) 6 −3 ( 24 )  0 
3 24 2 24 3 24 24
 F = 1.25  10
2(1)
    
 M 12 2   2 
 
( ) ( ) − ( ) ( )
2
 ( )   3 24 24 3 24 2 24   0 

−14700  4  6 72   u2(1) 
  = 1.25 10    
 58800   72 1152   12(1) 

−14700 = 1103 75u2(1) + 90012(1) 

58800 = 1103 900u2(1) + 1440012(1) 

u2(1) = 0.98m 50
 EXAMPLE: Q20.2.7: Vehicle on a Bridge

Maximum deflection
of the bridge?

L1 = 11m L2 = 4m

➢ Use concept of symmetry

➢ Break down to simplify
51
EXAMPLE: Q20.2.7: Vehicle on a Bridge

52
 EXAMPLE: Q20.2.7: Vehicle on a Bridge
Neglecting the UDLs, the existing boundary conditions (BCs) are:

SYM

F2(1) = ? F2( 2) = 0 F2(3) = 0

u2(1) = 0 u 2( 2 ) = ? u 2( 3) = ?
M 12(1) = 0 M 12( 2) = 0 M 12(3) = ?
12(1) = ? 12( 2) = ? 12(3) = 0

u2(1) = 0; u2( 2)  0; u2(3)  0

12(1)  0; 12( 2)  0; 12(3) = 0
53
EXAMPLE: Q20.2.7: Vehicle on a Bridge

The equivalent nodal loads (ENL) are:

54
EXAMPLE: Q20.2.7:
Vehicle on a Bridge

− +
The force boundary conditions are:
 wL
− 1 1 
 2   ? 
 F2(1)   −   
−
2 2
w L w L
  ?   1 1
12   1 1 
 M 12(1)  0     12 
     − w1 L1 − ( w1 + w2 ) L2   w1 L1 ( w1 + w2 ) L2 
 2( 2 )   0   2   − −
F 2 2 2 
  =  + = 
M 0
 12( 2)     1 1 w L 2
−
( w 1 + w 2 ) L2
2
  1 1
w L 2
(
− 1
w + w2 ) L2
2

 F  0   12 12   12 12 
 2( 3)    
−
( w1 + w2 ) L2  
−
( w1 + w2 ) L2 
M    
?
2   2 
 12 ( 3 )     
 ( 1 2) 2
w + w L 2
  ? 
 12 
55
EXAMPLE: Q20.2.7:
Vehicle on a Bridge
The force boundary
conditions are:
F2(1) = ?

M 12(1) = −
wL
1 1
2
=−
( 4.649 103 N/m ) (11 m ) 2

= −46,875 N-m
12 12

F2( 2) =−
w1 L1 ( w1 + w2 ) L2
− =−
( 4.649 103 ) (11) ( 4.649 103 + 75 103 ) ( 4 )
− = −184,868 N
2 2 2 2

M 12( 2) =
w1 L12 ( w1 + w2 ) L2
−
2

=
( 4.649 103 ) (11) ( 4.649 103 + 75 103 ) ( 4 )
2

−
2

= −59,321 N-m
12 12 12 12

F2(3) = −
( w1 + w2 ) L2
=−
( 4.649 103 + 75 103 ) ( 4 )
= −159, 268 N
2 2
M 12(3) = ?

u2(1) = 0; 12(1) = ?
The displacement u2( 2) = ?; 12( 2) = ?
boundary conditions are:
u2(3) = ?; 12(3) = 0 56
EXAMPLE: Q20.2.7:
Vehicle on a Bridge
Stiffness Matrix for Element 1:
 6 3L1 −6 3L1 
 2 L12 −3L1 L12 
2 E1 I1 3L1
 k 1 =
L13  −6 −3L1 6 −3L1 
 
3L1 L12 −3L1 2 L12 

2 E1 I1 2 ( 200 109 ) ( 0.03274 )

= = 9.839  106
(11)
3 3
L1

 6 3 (11) −6 3 (11) 
 2 
6  (
3 11) 2 (11) −3 (11) (11) 
2

 k 1 = ( 9.839 10 ) 

−6 −3 (11) 6 −3 (11) 
 
3 (11) (11)2 −3 (11) 2 (11)2 
  57
EXAMPLE: Q20.2.7:
Vehicle on a Bridge
Stiffness Matrix for Element 2:
 6 3L2 −6 3L2 
 2 L2 2 −3L2 L2 2 
2 E2 I 2 3L2
 k 2 =
L23  −6 −3L2 6 −3L2 
 
3L2 L2 2 −3L2 2 L2 2 

2 E2 I 2 2 ( 200 109 ) ( 0.03274 )

3
= = 204.6  106
L2 43

 6 3( 4) −6 3( 4) 
 2 
6  ( )
3 4 2 ( 4 ) −3 ( 4 ) ( 4 ) 
2

 k 2 = ( 204.6 10 ) 

−6 −3 ( 4 ) 6 −3 ( 4 ) 
 
3 ( 4 ) ( 4 ) 2
−3 ( 4 ) 2 ( 4 )
2

  58
EXAMPLE: Q20.2.7:
Vehicle on a Bridge
Global Stiffness Matrix:
 1 k11 1 k12 1 k13 1 k14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
  0 0 0 0 0 0 
 1 k21 1 k 22 1 k 23 1 k 24 0 0 
  0 0  2 k11  2 k12  2 k13  2 k14

k
 K  =  1 31 1 k32 1 k33 1 k34 0 0
+  
0 0 0  2 k 24 
0  2 k21  2 k 22  2 k 23
k 1 k 42 1 k 43 1 k 44
 1 41   
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  2 k31  2 k32  2 k33  2 k34 
   
 0 0 0  0 0  2 k41  2 k 42  2 k 43 k
0 0 0   2 44 

 1 k11 1 k12 1 k13 1 k14 0 0 

 
 1 k21 1 k 22 1 k 23 1 k 24 0 0 
 
 1 k31 1 k32 1 k33 + 2 k11 1 k34 + 2 k12 2 k 22  2 k 
K  = 
14

k + 2 k21 + 2 k22 

 1 41 1 k 42 1 k 43 1 k 44 2 k 23 k
2 24 
 0 0 
  2 k31  2 k32  2 k33  2 k34 
 0 0  2 k41  2 k 42  2 k 43

 2 k 44 
 59
EXAMPLE: Q20.2.7:
Vehicle on a Bridge
Global Stiffness Matrix:
 1 k11 1 k12 1 k13 1 k14 0 0 
 
 1 k21 1 k 22 1 k 23 1 k 24 0 0 
 
 1 k31 1 k32 1 k33 + 2 k11 1 k34 + 2 k12 2 k 22  2 k 
K  = 
14

k + 2 k21 + 2 k22 

 1 41 1 k 42 1 k 43 1 k 44 2 k 23 2 k 24 
 0 0 
  2 k31  2 k32  2 k33  2 k34 
 0 0  2 k41  2 k 42  2 k 43

 2 k 44 


 5.9 32.5 −5.9 32.5 00 

 32.5 238 −32.5 119 0 0 

 −5.9 −32.5 ( 5.9 + 123) ( −32.5 + 246 ) −123 246 
  
K =  107
 32.5 119 ( −32.5 + 246 ) ( 238 + 655 ) −246 327 
 0 0 −123 −246 123 −246 
 
 0 0 246 327 −246 655 
60
 EXAMPLE: Q20.2.7: Vehicle on a Bridge
Finite Element Constitutive Equation
 F2(1)   u2(1) 
   5.9 32.5 −5.9 32.5 0 0   
 M 12(1)   32.5 238  
 12(1) 
−32.5 119 0 0 
    
 2( 2)   −5.9 −32.5
F ( 5.9 + 123) ( −32.5 + 246 ) −123 246  u
7  2( 2 ) 
 =   10  
 M 12( 2)   32.5 119 ( −32.5 + 246 ) ( 238 + 655 ) −246 327  
 12( 2) 
F   0 0 −123 −246 123 −246  u 
 2( 3)     2( 3) 
M   0 0 246 327 −246 655   
 12(3)   12(3) 

 F2(1)   5.9 32.5 −5.9 32.5 0 0   0 

  
3   32.5 238 
 −46  10   −32.5 119 0 0   12(1) 
 −185  10   −5.9 −32.5 u 
3
( 5.9 + 123) ( −32.5 + 246 ) −123 246  7  2( 2 ) 
 3 
=   10  
 −60  10   32.5 119 ( −32.5 + 246 ) ( 238 + 655 ) −246 327  
 12( 2) 
−160  103   0 0 −123 −246 123 −246  u 
     2( 3) 
 M 12(3)   0 0 246 327 −246 655   0 
 
61
EXAMPLE: Q20.2.9: Airbus A350 wing

6m 8m 22m

62
 EXAMPLE: Q20.2.9: Airbus A350 wing
240000 10 N
w= = 40  103 N/m
60 m

F2(1) = ? F2( 2) = 0
u2(1) = 0 u 2( 2 ) = ? − +
M 12(1) = ? M 12( 2) = 0
12(1) = 0 12( 2) = ?
63
 EXAMPLE: Q20.2.9: Airbus A350 wing

 wL 
 2(1)  2   ?  wL ( 40  10 ) 22
3
F
 ? 
 
  − wL2   ?  = = 0.44 106
 12(1)   ?  
M 12    2 2
  =  +  =  wL 
 F2( 2)  0   wL 2   2 wL2
=
( 40 103 ) ( 22 ) 2

= 1.613 106
M  0   2   wL2 
 12( 2)   wL   12  12 12
 12 
64
EXAMPLE: Q20.2.9:
Airbus A350 wing
Finite Element
Constitutive Equation
 F2(1)  −6 3L   2(1) 
u
   6 3L  
 M 12(1)  2 EI 3L 2 L2 −3L L2   
 = 3    12(1) 
 F2( 2)  L  −6 −3L 6 −3L   u2( 2) 
M   2 
3L L
2
−3L 2 L   
 12( 2)   12( 2) 
 F2(1) = ?  u = 0
   6 3L −6 3L   2(1)
 
 M 12(1) = ?  2 EI 3L 2 L2 −3L L2   = 0
    12(1)
 = 3 
 F2( 2) =  −6 −3L −3L   u2( 2) = ? 
wL 6
2  L 
  2 
−  12( 2) = ?
2
2
 3 L L 3 L 2 L
 M 12( 2) = wL
12    65
EXAMPLE: Q20.2.9: Airbus A350 wing
Finite Element Constitutive Equation
 F2(1)   6 66 −6 66   0 
     0 
 M 12(1)  5  66 968 −66 484   
  = 5.635  10 u 
 0.44 10 
6  
−6 −66 6 −66  2( 2) 
1.613 106    
   66 484 −66 968  
12 ( 2 ) 

 0.44 106  5  6 −66   u2(2) 

 6
= 5.635 10    
1.613 10   −66 968   12( 2) 

0.7808 = u2( 2) − 6612( 2)

2.862 = −66u2( 2) + 96812( 2)

u2( 2) = 0.65m
66
 END

http://www.leapsecond.com/notes/cartoons.htm

67
 END
Introduction to Finite
Element Analysis:
Beam Structures

68
 An Example
➢Determine the tip deflection and the
reaction force and moment at the LH end.
Solution
➢The stiffness matrix for the 4 dof beam is:

w1
 1
w
2
 2

 12 6 L − 12 6 L 
 6L 4 L − 6 L 2
2 L  2
EI  
K=
L − 12 − 6 L 12 − 6 L 
3

 6L − 
 
2 2
2 L 6 L 4 L

➢Global FE equations are:

 w
1
1
w 2 2

 12 6 L − 12 6 L   w   F 
1 1

 6L 4L − 6L 2L     M 
2 2
EI    =  
1 1

L − 12 − 6 L 12 − 6 L   w   F 
3
2 2

 6 L 2 L − 6 L 4 L     M 
    
2 2
2 2

➢Applying boundary conditions: w1=θ1=0, F2=-f,

M2=0 gives
 EI  12 − 6 L   w  − f 

2

 =
L − 6 L 4 L     0 
3 2
2

➢Solving simultaneously yields

3 2
Lf Lf
w2 = - , 2 = -
3EI 2EI
➢Back substituting to determine F1 and M1 gives

 0 
 12 6 L − 12 6 L    F 
1

 6L 4L − 6L 2L   0   M 
2 2
EI  3

− L f  =   1

L − 12 − 6 L 12 − 6 L   3EI  − f 
3

 6L 2L − 6L 4L   L f   0 
2

  −  
2 2

 2 EI 
➢This yields
➢F1 = f and M1 = fL as expected