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A Guide to
Reading &
Writing
JAPANESE
A Comprehensive Guide to
the Japanese Writing System
Compiled by Florence Sakade
Revised by Kenneth Henshall, Christopher Seeley
& Henk de Groot
Tuttle Language Library A Guide to
Reading & Writing
JAPANESE
Third Edition
A Comprehensive Guide to
the Japanese Writing System
first edition compiled by
Florence Sakade
third edition revised by
Kenneth Henshall, Christopher Seeley & Henk de Groot
TUTTLE PUBLISHING
Boston * Rutland, Vermont * Tokyo Published by Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd., with editorial offices
at 153 Milk Street, Boston, MA 02109 and 130 Joo Seng Road, #06-01/03 Singapore 368357
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Printed in Singapore CONTENTS
Introduction ..
1 Aim v
2 This Book and the Modern Japanese Writing System v
2.1 About the Characters Selected v
2.2. How Characters are Read in Japanese vi
2.3. Writing Characters vit
2.4 Romanisation ix
2.5 Kana Signs and Combination x
Layout Details x
Final Notes xi
Select Bibliography of Main Works consulted for this Edition xi
wee
Acknowledgements .....:sccscesesseeee
Section 1: The 1,006 Essential Characters ...,
Grade One: — Characters 1-80.
Grade Two: — Characters 81-240...
Grade Three: Characters 241-440.
Grade Four: — Characters 441-640
Grade Five: Characters 641-825.
Grade Six: Characters 826-1,006
Section 2: The 1,945 General Use Characters .....
Katakana and Hiragana Syllabaries
Index of Readings... INTRODUCTION
1 Aim
This newly revised edition is designed for students and others who have at least
an elementary knowledge of spoken Japanese and are wanting to acquaint
themselves with the Japanese writing system. To this end, this book sets out the
1,945 Chinese characters contained in the officially approved character list—the
Joyé kanji (General Use Characters) List—which in 1981 replaced the carlier list
approved in 1946.
2 This Book and the Modern Japanese Writing System
2.1 About the Characters Selected
While the Jay6 kanji List (hereafter abbreviated to JK List) does not represent
an exhaustive list of Chinese characters which the student will encounter in modern
Japanese texts, in combination with the two syllabaries (hiragana and katakana) it
does nevertheless provide a very sound basis for reading and writing modern
Japanese. In Japanese schools, 1,006 of the more commonly used JK List characters
are taught in the six years of elementary school, the balance of 939 characters being
spread out over the intermediate and high school curriculum. The JK List characters
also form the basis of character usage in modern newspapers, though sometimes
the Japan Newspaper Association chooses to deviate from the List in some ways.
At the end of 2001 the following 39 characters in addition to those in the JK List
were adopted by the Association for active use in newspapers: fi] #4 F Bt #5 St
EF] i OD ig BE AT Poe th Ea te AO GB
48 ik fk i . We simply list these here for readers’ possible future reference,
and do not go into readings or meanings.
For writing the names of their children, Japanese today can choose from a corpus
of characters consisting of the JK List together with a supplementary list of
characters for use in given names. The first such name character list, approved in
1951, consisted of 92 characters, but that has been expanded on repeated occasions
(and not without some controversy) to 285. We do not list these here.
This book is divided into two main sections. Section One presents the 1,006
characters designated by the Japanese Ministry of Education to be taught during INTRODUCTION
the six years of elementary school—termed here ‘Essential Characters’. The choice
of these characters is the result of extensive research and deliberation by the
Ministry. For these characters, the editors of this volume have endeavored to give
illustrative character compounds that are in common use.
Section Two of this book sets out the 1,945 characters designated for general
everyday use (including the 1,006 characters taught at elementary school). In 1946
the Japanese writing system underwent fairly radical reform in the direction of
simplification, but the 1970s onwards saw some movement away from what some
saw as an over-simplification, and the trend towards use of a bigger range of
Chinese characters has been encouraged by the development and popularity from
the mid-1980s of word-processors and computers that can handle conventional
Japanese text. Despite this trend, the major impact of the orthographic reforms of
the late 1940s has meant that the Japanese writing system of today still remains
much simpler than it was before 1946.
2.2. How Characters are Read in Japanese
Typically, each Chinese character has two types of readings—on-yomi and
kun-yomi. The on-yomi (on reading, i.c. Sino-Japanese reading) is a reading
originally based on the Chinese pronunciation associated with each character, and
reflects the fact that the Chinese script was adopted from China the best part of
2,000 years ago, when the Japanese themselves did not have a writing system.
Contrasting with the on-yomi is the kun-yomi (kun reading, i.c. native Japanese
reading). In some cases, a given Chinese character has several on readings,
reflecting different forms of underlying Chinese pronunciation. A given character
may also have more than one associated kun reading. Context and the use or absence
of accompanying kana (okurigana) are the pointers as to which reading is
appropriate in a given case.
In this book, the majority of the readings set out in the JK List as it appeared
in the Kanpé (Official Gazette) of 1 October 1981 have been included, but some
readings have been excluded, bearing in mind the aim of this book, because they
are archaic, obsolescent, or not common (e.g. nagomu [to soften] for #11). Also
excluded from among the formal readings listed in this book are the sort of common
minor—or relatively minor—variations in character readings which are found only
in certain environments in compounds. For instance, the character “# has the on
reading GAKU, which is truncated to GAK- in the compound “Bf gakk6 [school,
college], the kun reading ame [rain] of if) changes to ama- as the first element in
compounds such as ff amado [rain-shutters], and the character GO is read
GAT- in the compound 47 gatten (understanding, consent]. It was considered
best for readers of this book to leam such changes gradually as they progress. INTRODUCTION
In modern Japanese usage there are quite a number of characters which lack
either an on reading or a kun reading. For instance, nowadays the character i
[sugar] is employed only for its on reading TO, while the character #1 [box] is
used only for its kun reading hako.
2.3 Writing Characters
Firstly, the student should make every effort to practice so as to keep the
characters of uniform size in relation to one another. Thus, the 2-stroke character
J) katana should be written within the equal-sized imaginary square or circle as
the 15-stroke iti RON [argument, opinion], and by the same token the element =
should be written larger when used as an independent character (read GEN, GON,
[speech, word] than when used as a radical / component in a more complex
character such as #7 RON above.
Secondly, bear in mind that Chinese characters sometimes consist of just a few
strokes, sometimes many, but the characters are always written according to a set
stroke order. Listed below are some principles that will be of assistance with regard
to priority in the order of strokes.
1, Top to bottom:
—
—
ae
WN
are
|
a:
3 INTRODUCTION
Other rules are:
3. When two or more strokes cross, horizontal strokes usually precede
perpendicular ones:
+—[=[+
yt
[=|
K—[=LFR
4. Sometimes perpendicular strokes precede horizontal ones:
w+ |) a
L—|T | Fie
|] | |e
5. Center first, then left and right:
p—[T Tl [ab
TKR —> ¥ 7 FR
sae) AA | she
aS AR
viii INTRODUCTION
6. Perpendicular line running through center written last:
He | tk)
ft
th) fo}
=
7. Right-to-left diagonal stroke precedes left-to-right:
Aes | Ay
K+ | F|K
KF
While the above may all seem rather complicated, the student might find solace
in the fact that, as noted above, the writing system has been simplified to a
considerable extent compared with the past, and has been mastered by many
thousands of students having neither native speaker competence in Japanese nor
prior background knowledge of the Chinese script.
2.4 Romanisation
There are several different systems of representing Japanese using the Roman
alphabet. This book employs a slightly modified form of the Hepburn system, this
being a system which is widely used and which is based on conventions associated
with the spelling of English. The minor modification involves using the letter n
rather than m to represent the syllabic nasal A. when the latter occurs immediately
before the consonants m, 6 or p (thus, for instance, shinbun [newspaper], not
shimbun, and kenpé [constitution], not kKempo). Other points to note are:
1. use of a macron to indicate vowel lengthening for o and u, e.g. gakk6 [school],
renshi [practice]; INTRODUCTION,
2. use of a hyphen in cases where it is considered that this might facilitate
understanding of boundaries between constituent elements in a Japanese word,
e.g. sara-arai [dishwashing], rather than saraaraf; and
3. use of the apostrophe ’ instead of a hyphen after a syllabic nasal Au, such as
tan’i [unit] (a word of three short syllables, which in kana would be written 7
/u\9) as opposed to tani [valley] (a word of two short syllables, written {=
in kana).
2.5 Kana Signs and Combinations
The two main sections of this book are followed by a section setting out
individual symbols in the hiragana and katakana syllabaries, and illustrations of
stroke order for cach of those symbols. Each of the two syllabaries evolved and
became established over a period of many centuries, thereby becoming cemented
as integral components in the modern writing system.
Katakana, which are more angular in appearance than hiragana, are today used
first and foremost to represent loanwords of European origin, e.g. /\ 2” pan [bread]
and E—)l biiru [beer]. Hiragana are used widely and variously elsewhere to
represent such elements as grammatical particles, inflectional endings of verbs, and
frequently to represent in writing words which would otherwise need to be written
with intricate or uncommon characters such as those for 6mu [parrot] (2388) or
for the ken of sekken [soap] (fila®).
For the convenience of users of this book, the final part consists of an
alphabetical index of readings for the 1,945 JK List characters.
3 Layout Details
The 1,006 most essential characters are set out in Section One in accordance
with the Education Ministry's division into six grades. These are in running
sequence, but note that the grade divisions are:
1-80 = Grade One 81-240 = Grade Two
241-440 = Grade Three 441-640 = Grade Four
641-825 = Grade Five 826-1,006 = Grade Six
Characters within each grade are set out in the traditional ‘50 sounds’ (gojuion)
order which is commonly used for reference-type works in Japanese, except that
the characters in Grade One alone are ordered on the basis of semantic groupings.
Each character is typically accompanied by the on reading, then the kun reading
and English meaning(s). The context is the best guide as to which reading is
appropriate in a given case. INTRODUCTION
Also included for each of the 1,006 characters is information regarding the total
number of strokes (the stroke count) and the set order to be followed in writing
individual strokes. In most cases, three examples of character compounds are
provided for each of these Essential characters.
Section Two, which presents the total 1,945 General Use characters, gives them
with their on and/or kun readings, and English meanings, but without illustrative
compounds. In many cases, however, compounds containing characters which are
among the 939 ‘non-essential’ characters may be found among the compounds given
for each of the 1,006 characters in Section One. The order adopted for listing the
corpus of 1,945 characters is that of stroke count (and, within a given stroke count,
by radical). So as to avoid undue repetition, each of the 1,006 Essential characters
appearing in Section Two is given with the corresponding reference to Section
One, to which the reader can refer for details.
With regard to the typographical conventions employed in giving readings and
meanings for characters, these are explained by means of the example below.
SL KEN'; mi(ruy, to see, look*
| On reading in upper case.
° Kun reading in lower case italics. Parentheses used to indicate end-syllable(s)
to be written in kana (thus, mi(ru), since this word is conventionally written 5,
%).1
* English meaning(s) given in regular lower case.
Also note the use of a comma after a single on-reading to indicate that it can
be used as a stand-alone word, e.g. “ZA, seat...” (i.e. ‘za’ exists as a word meaning
‘seat’), as opposed to “U canopy...” (ie. ‘w’ does not exist as an independent word).
4 Final Notes
Good luck with your study. For aspects of the modern Japanese language such
as grammar, vocabulary, or style, you should refer to other appropriate textbooks
and reference works, a variety of which are now available from Tuttle Publishing.
5 Select Bibliography of Main Works Consulted for this Edition
Note: All the books in Japanese listed below have been published in Tokyo.
Haig, J.H. et al. (ed.), The New Nelson Japanese-English Character Dictionary.
Charles E. Tuttle, Tokyo, 1997.
Henshall, K. G., A Guide to Remembering Japanese Characters. Charles E. Tuttle,
Tokyo, 1988.
xi INTRODUCTION
Masuda, K., et al. (ed.), Kenkyusha’s New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha,
4th ed., 1974.
Morohashi T., Dai kanwa jiten. 13 vols. Taishukan, 1955-60.
Sanseido henshiisho (ed.), Atarashii kokugo hyoki handobukku. Sanseido, 1991.
Satd K. (ed.), Kanji hyakka daijiten. Meiji shoin, 1996.
Seeley, C. A History of Writing in Japan. Paperback edition: University of Hawai'i
Press, 2000.
Shirakawa S., Jit6. Heibonsha, 2nd ed., 1992.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The editors of the Newly Revised Edition respectfully acknowledge the work
of the earlier editions carried out by Florence Sakade and her editorial team, work
which has been of assistance to generations of students (including the present
editors).
Grateful acknowledgement is also due to Flavia Hodges, Tan Mike Tze, Nancy
Goh, Nathan Burrows, Neil Chandler, Bruce Penno, Paul Eagle, Shozo Tsuji,
Yasuko Tsuji, and Kazuko Seeley. The 1,006
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
ICHI, ITSU, hito-, hito(tsu), one
Fl ichigatsu, January
a ichiban, first, best
—fff issatsu, one (book, magazine)
NI, futa(tsu), wo
=A nigatsu, February
—7\FA_ nikagetsu, two months
Sle] nikai, twice
SAN, mi-, mit(tsu), three
=A sangatsu, March
=A sannin, three people
=H mikka, three days, the third day
3 strokes,
SHI, yon, yo-, yot(tsu), yo(tsu), four
VOFL shigatsu, April
PYEL yokka, four days, the fourth day
DU+ shija, yonjir, forty
4
S strokes 5-9 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
5
4 strokes
a
7N
4 strokes
4c
7
2 strokes
JN.
8
2 strokes
9
2 strokes
GO, itsu(tsu), five
LAL gogatsu, May
HA _ gonin, five people
E+ gojii, fifty
ROKU, mut(tsu), mu(tsu), six
7A rokugatsu, June
A® AL rokkagetsu, six months
A+ rokujii, sixty
SHICHI, nana(tsu), nana, seven
GAL shichigatsu, July
+42. nanakagetsu, seven months
E+ shichijé, nanajii, seventy
HACHI, yai(tsu) ya(tsu), eight
J\AL hachigatsu, August
J\2.AL_ hachikagetsu, eight months
A+ hachijii, eighty
KYU, KU, kokono(tsu), nine
JLAL kugatsu, September
At kujii, kyaja, ninety
JU — kuji, nine o'clock ++
10
2 strokes
a
ul
6 strokes
a
12
3 strokes
A
13
4 strokes
A
14
4 strokes
TIAL CHARACTERS * 10-14
JU, 6, ten
+A jagatsu, October
+H toka, ten days, the tenth day
-HIEljikkai, ten times
HYAKU, hundred
nihyaku, two hundred
sanbyaku, three hundred
i hyakkaten, department store
SEN, chi, thousand
+-F4_sen‘en, a thousand yen
=F _ sanzen, three thousand
TILT — gosen, five thousand
NICHI, JITSU; hi, day, sun; ~ka, suffix
for counting days
Hill nichiyobi, Sunday
PEA — sakujitsu, yesterday
SF asahi, morning sun
GETSU, GATSU; tsuki, month, moon
HAIMLEL getsuyabi, Monday
FL raigetsu, next month
“A mikazuki, new moon 15-19 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
4 strokes:
16
4 strokes
7K
17
4 strokes
eS
18
8 strokes
oa
19
3 strokes
KA; hi, fire
ACMEEL kayobi, Tuesday
(LE hibachi, charcoal brazier
AH kaji, fire, conflagration
SUI; mizu, water
XK 6-mizu, flood, inundation
ACH suiryoku, water power
AKS% — suihei, sailor
BOKU, MOKU: ki, tree, wood
ARIE] mokuyobi, Thursday
#HAS—zaimoku, lumber
AML mokusei, made of wood
KIN, gold; KON gold; kane, money
PEA kin'yobi, Friday
23 — o-kane, money
fi —_kingyo, goldfish
DO, TO; tsuchi, carth, soil
1: E1 doyobi, Saturday
-Eth —tochi, ground, plot of land
+A dojin, native ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 20-24
20
6 strokes
Le
21
5 strokes,
4a
a2
5 strokes
E
23
3 strokes
e
24
3 strokes
NEN; toshi, year
/\4EE_ rokunensei, sixth-grade pupil
480 toshiyori, old person
#46 seinen, youth
SA; hidari, left
Fei — saha, leftist (political), left wing
efi] sasoku, hidarigawa, left side
42F hidarite, left hand
U, YU: migi, ight
Jedi sayéi, left and right
Ai uba, right wing (political)
4ifll usoku, migigawa, right side
JO; ue, top, above, on; kami, upper;
nobo(ru), to go up, to go toward Tokyo;
a(geru). to raise; a(garu), to rise
Lift jorya, upstream, upper class
iff. kaij6, on the sea, maritime
JILL: kawakami, upstream
KA, GE; shita, bottom, under, beneath:
moto, base: shimo, lower; kuda(ru), to go
down, to go away from Tokyo: sa(geru), to
hang (v.t.), to lower; sa(garu), to hang
down; kuda(saru), to bestow
JF kawashimo, downstream
‘Fidh — gehin, vulgar, coarse
Jit F 8k chikatetsu, subway 25-29 « ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS,
25
3 strokes
26
4 strokes
7|\
27
3 strokes
28
2 strokes,
29
5 strokes
DAI, TAL; 6¢kii), big, large, great
KY — daigaku, university, college
KE taihen, tremendous, serious
AJKI#) O-hiroma, grand hall
CHU; naka, middle, within, inside
1H2eKE chdgakk6, middle school
1.0) chushin, center, heart (of a city,
etc.)
4&4 shaichd, concentration
SHO; ko, o-, chii(sai), small, minor
ANEBE shOgakk6, primary school
Nat Koya, but
‘dt shdsetsu, novel (fiction)
NYU; iri, entering, attendance; i(reru), to
put in; hai(ry), to enter
A°F — nyagaku, entering school
‘iA yunya, importation
AM iriguchi, entrance
SHUTSU, SUK; de(ru), to come out, to go.
out; da(su), to put out, to take out, to bring
‘out, to draw out
tL3é — shuppatsu, setting out, departure,
starting
{Hi — shuppan, publishing
HAM deguchi, exit ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 30-34
30
5 strokes
-
31
7 strokes,
f
32
6 strokes
Ss
=
33,
9 strokes.
34
3 strokes
MOKU, BOKU; me, eye; also used as an
ordinal suffix
HHH yokome, side glance
FAY mokuteki, purpose
FRR mokuhyo, mark, target
KEN; mi(ru), to see, to look; mi(eru), to
be visible, to be able to see: mi(seru), to
show, to display
AG — migoto, splendid
AY — kenbutsu, sightseeing
RA mihon, sample
J; mimi, ear
ay hayamimi, keen of hearing
30 —— miminari, ringing in the
ears
EEAGRUY mimi ga tdi. deaf
ON, IN; ne, ofo, sound
HE ongaku, music
3€# _ hatsuon, pronunciation
BEE boin, vowel
KO, KU; kuchi, mouth
HOF kuchihige, mostache
AQ iriguchi, entrance
1% — koron, dispute 35-39 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
5
"
\v
35
4 strokes
\
JE Viele
36
I
37
S strokes
A
38
5 strokes
A
39
2 strokes
SHU; te, hand
427 akushu, handshake
48 tebukuro, gloves
FM tegami, lewer
SOKU; ashi, foot, leg; ta(riru), to be
sufficient; ta(su), to add, to supplement
JLB — ashi-ato, footprint
iii manzoku, satisfaction
ANE fusoku, insufficiency
RITSU, RYU; ta(tsu), (v.i.), to stand;
fa(teru) (v.t.), to erect, to set up
$H\7 — dokuritsu, independence
{LD yakudatsu, useful
Vise
tachiba, standpoint
RYOKU, RIKI; chikara, strength, power
AE
(4
BA
chikaramochi, strong person
kyoryoku, co-operation
doryoku, endeavor
JIN, NIN; hito, person
Ai jinrui, human race
ningen, human being
jinko, population
Aft
An ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 40-44
+
40
3 strokes
x
41
3 strokes
42
7 strokes
7
43
6 strokes.
ea
44
5 strokes
SHI, SU; ko, child
FL kodome, child, children
IR genshi, atom
ERT —_ysu, the state of things,
appearance
JO, NYO; me, female; onna, woman, girl
EH) jochd, maid
yk shojo, maiden
KE joo, queen
DAN, NAN; otoko, man, male
FAVE dansci, male sex, male
7 danshi, male, boy
$e chénan, eldest son
SEN; saki, previous, ahead
S42 sensei, teacher
4€A senjitsu, the other day
fF X5E yukisaki, destination
SEI, SHO birth, life; u(mareru), to be
born; u(mu), to give birth; i(kiru), to live:
ki, pure, genuine; nama, raw; ha(eru), to
grow, to spring up
—" — isshd, one’s (whole) life
“E18 seikatsu, livelihood
AEE daigakusei, college student 45-49 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS.
. a yv_ | GAKU, learning, science; mana(bu), to
D> learn
45
8 strokes
“£86 gakko, school
FEY igaku, medicine
BF kagaku, science
KO school; to correct, to investigate, to
compare, to think
BEE _ kosei, proofreading
#&#; _ késha, school building
#_ koyil, alumnus
10 strokes
0. king
dsama, king
ji, prince
Okoku, kingdom, monarchy
41
4 suokes
GYOKU,; tama, jewel, round object
KE mizutama, drop of water
HE medama, eyeball
48
5 strokes
kai, sea shell
Fi — kaigara, shell
EL48U. kaihiroi, shell gathering
FERAL shinjugai, pearl oyster
49
7 strokes FA
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 50-54
EN, circle, yen Japanese monetary unit);
maru(i), round
Fi enman, perfection, satisfaction
FUEL sen’ensatsu, thousand-yen bill
Put = enban, disc
50
4 strokes
zi
SEKI. SHAKU: aka, aka(i). red:
aka(rameru) (v.t.), to colour up, to add
blush; aka(ramu), to tum red, to blush
AR Ay akachan, baby, infant
SI
7 strokes
a
AEF sckijtlji, Red Cross
ARSE shakud6, alloy of copper and
gold
SEI, SHO; ao, ao(i), blue, green,
inexperienced
V4 seinen, youth
HEL aojiroi, pale
52
8 strokes
aozora, blue sky
HAKU, BYAKU; shiro, shiro(i), white
FLA hakujin, Caucasian
FAK hakujé, confession
[LE hakucho, swan
a
5 strokes
gy
SEKI; ya, evening
Fj yiigata, evening
4% yahan, supper
STB yiikaze, evening breeze
54
3 strokes 55-59 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
7
e
MEI, MYO name, fame; na, name
GA namae, name
Az
At
Bh
yiimei, famous, well-known
meijin, an expert
55
6 strokes
SO; haya, haya(i) early, fast
40} 1
SLT haya-guchi, quick speaking
128 soshun, early spring
FLU tebayai, quick, nimble
56
6 strokes
$0; kusa, grass, vegetation
eR
kusahara (kusawara), grassy
plain
san, draft (of a manuscript)
GRD
57
9 strokes
kusatori, weeding
SAN; yama, mountain
WG sand6, yamamichi, mountain path
Wi sanmyaku, mountain range
1) tozan, mountain climbing
58
3 strokes
3 strokes
) ) | ) ] | SEN, kawa, river
4$)!|_ tanigawa, mountain stream
JIE7E Kawabata, riverside
JIL kawaguchi, mouth of a river
59 [sa
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 60-64
DEN; fa, rice field
FABER] den’en, fields and gardens, rural
districts
FEA inada, rice field
FAH taue, rice planting
60,
5 strokes
CHO; machi, town
NT9441 machihazure, outskirts of a town
HY chénai, the neighborhood
HT chéché, mayor of a town
61
7 strokes,
SON; mura, village
EG sonmin, villager
#YE& sonchd, village mayor
BEAY ndson, a farm village
62
7 strokes:
SHA, kuruma, wheel, vehicle
H18)# jiddsha, automobile
Fiz jitensha, bicycle
3€4i —_hassha, departure of a vehicle
63
7 strokes
RIN: hayashi, woods
4H shokurin, reforestation
84K — mitsurin, thick forest
ASK ndrin, agriculture and forestry
64
8 strokes 65-69 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
SHIN; mori, forest, grove
FH shinrin, forest
BR
AR
Pest
shinkan, silent
shingen, solemn, awe-inspiring
65
12 strokes
KU, sora, sky; a(ku), to become empty:
a(keru), to vacate; kara, emptiness
Pe
=
WE
BA
eh
aozora, blue sky
kaki, air
kako, airport
66
8 strokes.
TEN, ame, sky, heaven
KS tenki, weather
KH
RF
tenjo, ceiling
tensai, genius
67
4 strokes
KI, spirit, energy, mind; KE
KEL tenki, weather
JER genki, good spirits, health
JR byoki, sickness
U; ame, rain
x
6-ame, heavy rain
7% amado, rain door, shutter
HER baiu, rainy season of early
summer
8 strokes 70
7 strokes
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 70-74
KA; hana, flower
{EH hanaya, flower shop, florist
{EU/u_ kabin, vase
42 hanabi, fireworks
CHIKU: take, bamboo
{1-3 takeyabu, bamboo grove
FAL takezaiku, bamboo ware
4225 takekago, bamboo basket
7
6 strokes,
SEKI, KOKU, SHAKU; ishi, stone
“ti ko-ishi, pebble
Git sekitan, coal
Fi jishaku, magnet
72
5 strokes
KEN; inu, dog
sb ko-inu, puppy
XK _ banken, watchdog
JERI kydkenbyé, rabies
a
4 strokes.
U; mushi, insect, bug, worm
gaicha, harmful insect
mushiba, decayed tooth
konchi, insect, bug
14
6 strokes 75-79 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS.
SHI; ito, thread
2 |2)4
£% keito, woolen yam
\ (1 itoguchi, clue
2? 4 4 # itomaki, spool for thread
é TN
75
6 strokes
HON, book, suffix for counting long,
slender objects; moto, basis, essence,
(tree) root.
-AS ippon, one (bottle, rod, etc.)
Afi honbako, bookcase
76 HA Nihon, Nippon, Japan
5 strokes
BUN, writings, a sentence; MON, old
unit of money; fumi, letter, book
ete bunka, culture
we bungaku, literature
Monbudaijin, Minister of
Education
77
4 strokes
JI, letter, mark; aza, section (of a village)
; "F5| _jibiki, dictionary
MF — moji, monji, letter, character,
ideograph
SCF sdji, number, numeral
78
6 strokes
SEI, SHO; tada(shii), correct, right;
tada(su), to correct, to rectify; masa(ni),
surely, truly
TERE shdjiki, honesty
iE iH scihokci, square (geometrical
19 figure)
TEAL shogatsu, New Year's ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 80-84
KYU; yasu(mi), rest, vacation; yasu(mu),
to rest
{KE kyakei, rest, intermission
{KA kydjitsu, holiday
(K€ kyaly6, relaxation, recreation
6 strokes
5 |
IN; hiki, pulling; hi(ku), to pull, to draw
#451 fukubiki, lotery
Sil in’y6, quotation, citation
SIZ97T _ hikitate, favor, patronage
81
4 strokes,
NIN
viv
U; hane, ha, feather, plumage; -wa,
counter for birds
VE ums, feathers, plumage
ichiwa, one (bird)
28% haori, haori coat
82
6 strokes
UN; kumo, cloud
unj6, cloudlike, nebulous
AGB nyidéguma, gigantic clouds
seiun, nebula
12 strokes
EN; sono, garden
43f|_—_-k6en, public park
4E1——hanazono, flower garden
SYR] dObutsu-en, zoo
84
13 strokes 85-89 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
EN, ON; t6(i), far, distant
3 ensoku, excursion, long walk
ix 4 enpo, long distance
AK cien, eternity
13 strokes
KA; nani, what, how many (interrogative
prefix)
(81, nannin, how many people?
{a[.FR nanjikan, how much time?
{of nanji, what time?
86
7 strokes
KA, course, branch
“261 gakka,a school subject
HELE kyokasho, textbook
FL~ — kagaku, science
87
9 strokes
KA; natsu, summer
HERA natsuyasumi, summer vacation
#3 shoka, early summer
SL manatsu, midsummer
KA, KE; ie, ya, house
~—
FAE_yanushi, owner of a house,
landlord
RK Kazoku, family
#3¢ —_ndka, farmhouse
89
10 strokes Ne
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 90-94
KA; uta, song; uta(u), to sing
FEN kokka, national anthem
SUE] kageki, opera
HA kashu, singer
90
14 strokes
ey
GA a picture; KAKU, stroke of a
Japanese character
PAIR zuga, a drawing
BRI] eiga, moving picture
StH keikaku, plan
1
8 strokes
2]
KAI, a turn; mawa(su), to turn (v.t.);
mawa(ru), to turn (v.i.)
fil] nankai, how many times?
(olf, Kaiten, revolution, rotation
[13 _kaisii, number of times,
92
6 strokes
&
frequency
KAL meeting: a(u), to meet; E
2:44 kaijo, place of meeting, site
44% kaiché, president (of a society),
chairman (of a committee)
Zi kaiwa, conversation
93
6 strokes
aa
ve
KAI; umi, sea, ocean
iii —_kaigan, seacoast, seaside
WK 8 kaisuiyoku, sea bathing
W854 ~—_kaigai, overseas, abroad
94
9 strokes 95-99 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS.
f
KAI; E, picture
PERE ukiyoe, Japanese print
429828 chagaki, picture postcard
+1 LAS sashie, illustration
12 strokes
Fh ia
e
g
xq
GAI, GE outside, foreign; hoka, other;
soto, outside
4K] gaikoku, foreign country
1A gaikokujin, foreigner
JRL geka, surgery
96
5 strokes
KAKU, angle; tsuno, horn of an animal:
kado, comer
= 8 sankaku, uiangle
p44 shikaku, square
44) — kakudo, angle
97
7 strokes
eR
AN
GAKU, music; RAKU, comfort, ease;
tano(shii), pleasant
aR LA tanoshimi, pleasure
2 ongakukai, concert, musicale
K _ kiraku, ease, comfort
98
13 strokes
‘
‘
d
KATSU energy
“E18 — seikatsu, life
TEQ) — katsud6, activity
YGF katsuji, printer’s type
99
9 strokes
20 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 100-104
KAN, KEN; aida, interval, space; ma,
interval, room, time
490 jikan, time
F(A] nijikan, two hours
‘Ef hiruma, daytime
100
12 strokes
GAN; maru(i), round (adj.); -maru,
suffix in ship names; maru(meru), to
make (something) round
FLX gan'yaku, pill
HO3L hinomaru, Rising Sun flag
101
3 strokes
LL
Ja
UA maruta, log (of timber)
GAN: iwa, rock, crag
162544 kakogan, granite
An ganseki, rock
BB iwaya, cavern
102
8 strokes.
a
GAN; kao, face
BRIA ganmen, face
#4 kao-iro, complexion
Bi} kaotsuki, face, look, countenance
103
18 strokes,
P=
5
KI steam, vapor
YUE kisha, steam-driven train
Yh kiteki, steam whistle
YUil — kisen, steamship, steamboat
21 105-109 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
kinen, remembrance, souvenir
kisha, journalist
10 strokes
KI; kae(ru), to return, to leave
it 038 kaerimichi, (on) one’s way back
WAM. kikajin, naturalized person
‘#0 kikoku, return to one’s native
country
10 strokes
KYO; yumi, bow, archery
*ji8 kyudo, archery
73%, yumizuru, bowstring
FAR kyajo, arch, bow shape
107
3 strokes
GYU; ushi, cow, bull
“v4 ko-ushi, calf
4F9L gydnyd, milk
“E/8) gydiniku, beef
108
4 strokes
GYO; uo, fish; sakana, fish
#8 kingyo, goldfish
TH H4 uo-ichiba, fish market
dvv\N f2) uotsuri, fishing
109
11 strokes ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS ° 110-114
aN
KYO, capital, KEI
FRAC
§ Kyéto, ancient capital of Japan
ERE jdky6, going to Tokyo
110
8 strokes
KYO, GO; isuyo(i), strong; tsuyo(meru)
(v.t.), to reinforce, to emphasize;
shi(ite), by force
25% — benkyd, study
$839 kyOjaku, strength and weakness
an
11 strokes,
S81 — gojo, obstinacy
KYO; oshi(eru), to teach
$2 kyoshitsu, classroom
SCH kydiku, education
#2 kyokai, church
112
11 strokes
Ht
KIN; chika(i), near
VE chikamichi, shortcut
EPI kinjo, neighborhood
Hull saikin, recently
113
7 strokes
KEI, KYO; ani, older brother
Jia; kyodai, brothers (and sisters)
SChl_fikei, guardians (of pupils)
M4
5 strokes
23 115-119 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS,
\\
KEI, GYO; katachi, ~gata, shape, form
Ae _ ningyé, doll
He
E2Ai¥) chohokei, rectangle
AAI han’enkei, semicircle
115
7 strokes
KEI, haka(ru), to measure; haka(rau), to
arrange, to discuss
at
gokei, sum, total
kandankei, weather
thermometer
116
9 strokes
taionkei, clinical thermometer
GEN, GAN; moto, beginning, foundation
#250 kongen, root, origin, source
WU
FEH —ganrai, originally, primarily
ZEA ganjitsu, New Year’s
17
4 strokes
GEN, GON, speech, statement; koto,
word, speech, expression; i(u), to say
Hi hogen, dialect
mugon, silence, muteness
kotoba, word, language
118
7 strokes
GEN original; hara, field, meadow
‘N
D.
JIA) gen‘in, cause
HA kogen, plateau
HERA kusawara, grassy plain
119
10 strokes
24 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 120-124
G
121
5 strokes,
122
4 strokes
1
123
9 strokes
A.
vu
124
14 strokes
KO; to, door
FYk kogai, outdoors
ARF kido, gate, door
iLF Edo, old name for Tokyo
KO; furu(i), old, ancient
G18 kodai, ancient times
44 — kokon, past and present
Sti kokogaku, archeology
GO noon
Fill gozen, morning, AM.
"F4#% gogo, afiernoon, PM
iE“F shégo, noon
GO, KO; ushi(ro), behind; nochi, after;
ato, the rear, after, the remainder
Sei —shokugo, after a meal
$RI% — saigo, last
fi —zengo, before and after, context
GO, word, speech; katari, narration;
kata(ru), to tell, to speak
SKE gaikokugo, foreign language
HSE ego, English language
‘i — monogatari, tale 125-129 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
KO, KU worker, construction
LX _ kofa, workman, laborer
“LEH kéjichi, under construction
I — kégaku, engineering
125
3 strokes
JAN
KO; Gyake, public
SEA4S shujink6, hero, heroine
Ly
Zi —_-koen, public park
48% __koten, revolution, turning
126
4 strokes
iro(i), wide; hiro(geru) to spread
.); hiro(garu), to spread (v.i.);
Id
hiro(maru), to be spread
J&4 _ hiroba, open space, plaza
JK kokoku, advertisement
127
5 strokes
JK kédai, vast
KO; macjiru), to be mixed; maji(waru),
to associate with; ka(wasu), to exchange
RN
A
288% — késai, intercourse, association
384% — koban, police box
kétsii, waffic
128
6 strokes
KO; hikari, light, ray; hika(ru), to shine
ESE kénen, light-year
3
HR kha, light wave
LE kank6, sightseeing
129
6 strokes
26 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 130-134
KO; kanga(e), thought, idea, opinion;
kanga(eru), to think
+ {+
BS sanké, reference
a # #%# — kéan, idea, plan, scheme
#8 _kosa, examination
130
6 strokes
2 2 KO, GYO, AN; i(ku), yutku), to go;
A. 7 4 oko(nau), to hold, to conduct
Ze | Za] ZH_| iM svoretsu, procession, queue
4 4 4— 4 att kyak6, express
§R{T —ginkd, bank
131
6 strokes
= | = | KO: taka(i), high, costly; taka(maru), to
v
=a rise, to be elevated; taka(meru), to lift, to
boost
=> | >|
Ye) na mW nea WEEK kotdgakk6, high school
BS saiko, highest
132 ee takadai, elevated land
10 strokes
KO, 0: ki, yellow
Bef —_—ki-iro, yellow
ak
#{% gon, gold
aE HEME onetsubyé, yellow fever
ZN
133
11 strokes
GO; a(u), to be together, to fit; a(waseru),
to join, to combine
#82 — tsugo, circumstances, convenience
Me
Ds | Bid sta sieml sien
w
kumiai, union
6 strokes 135-139 « ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
135
7 strokes
136
8 strokes
7\NN
137
11 strokes
ZX
GS
138
4 strokes
KOKU; tani, valley
fi] tanima, valley
IK tanizoko, bottom of a ravine
KOKU; kuni, country
[1 —kokugo, national language
(Japanese)
E12 kokkai, the National Diet
4:[61 —zenkoku, national
KOKU; kuro, kuro(i), black
BLA kokujin, negro
324K kokuban, blackboard
FER ankoku, darkness, blackness
KON, KIN; ima, now, the present
4. kongetsu, this month
41% kondo, next time
4-%& kon'ya, tonight
+
139
3 strokes
SAI, talent, suffix for counting age
LAF jirok xteen years old
KF —‘tensai, genius
FYHE — saind, talent
28 so
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 140-144
SAI, hoso(i), slender, narrow; koma(kai),
minute, fine, detailed
M18 hosomichi, narrow road
#1 saiku, work, craftsmanship
M04 saikin, bacillus, germ
11 strokes
SAKU, SA; tsuku(ru), to make
{€X< sakubun, (literary) composition
44{F — meisaku, masterpiece
{Ft sakkyoku, musical composition
141
7 strokes
&
TT
SAN reckoning
4K sansa, arithmetic, calculation
at keisan, computation, figuring
i yosan, budget
142
14 strokes
SHI; fo(maru), to stop (v.i.); to(meru), to
bring to a stop; tome, stop
"Bik chiishi, discontinuation
x Kinshi, prohibition
JHI{TIE tsukddome, suspension of traffic
143
4 strokes
4
rh
SHI, city: ichi, market
H(i shiyakusho, city office
it} ichiba, shijd, market
&Biti—_toshi, cities
144
5S strokes 145-149 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
SHE, ya, arrow
RED
‘yajirashi, arrow(-sign)
DR
ie
“yumiya, bow and arrow
isshi, retort, shot in return
145
5S strokes
SHI; ane, elder sister
‘iso
shimai, ane-imdto, sisters
sip
ida
b
anemusume, elder daughter
anemuko, elder sister’s husband
146
8 strokes
SHI; omo(u). to think, to recall
FEAR shisd, thought, idea
iss)
NS
gst)
Bote
fashigi, strange
omoide, remembrance,
recollection
147
9 stokes
SHI; kami, paper
TK—JLBE borugami, cardboard
7\\
2 hy@shi, cover, binding
MESS kamikuzu, wastepaper
148
10 strokes
JI; tera, temple
“bi ji-in, Buddhist temple
=
LI — yamadera, mountain temple
149
6 strokes B
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 150-154
JI, SHI; mizuka(ra), self, in person
Ei? jibun, self
i jishin, confidence
ji, freedom
150
6 strokes
BF
JI; toki, time
4 — tokidoki, sometimes
Kyat tokei, watch, clock
Kitt jidai, period, epoch
151
10 strokes
€
SHITSU, room; muro, storeroom, cave
#(GE__kyoshitsu, classroom
387) shitsunai, indoors
i432 onshitsu, hothouse, greenhouse
152
9 strokes.
a
SHA, a company; yashiro, Shinto shrine
4t& _ shakai, society, the world, the
community
3¢L kasha, (business) company
153
7 strokes:
#¢L jinja, shrine
JAKU: yowali), weak: yowa(ru), to grow
weak, to be perplexed; yowa(meru) (v.L),
to weaken
9922 yowamushi, weakling
5323 —yowane, complaints
154
10 strokes
#38 hinjaku, scantiness, meagerness
31 155-159 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
SHU; kubi, neck
ati
kubiwa, collar (dog)
155
9 strokes
2a
Mt
tekubi, wrist
shufuy, capital
SHU; aki, fall, autumn
4) — shoshii, early autumn
7
$k) akikaze, autumn breeze
X45) shiibun, autumnal equinox
156
9 strokes
SHU, week
HHF08K shakanshi, weekly magazine
IX raishi, next week
4738 konshuy, this week
11 strokes
SHUN; haru, spring
45H harukaze, spring breeze
4¥ _ seishun, springtime of life
4 — banshun, late spring
158
9 strokes
SHO; ka(ku), to write
HEH —_ jisho, dictionary
4% —— shomotsu, book, volume
#8 kyokasho, textbook
10 strokes
I) WM] VS) yp
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 160-164
SHO; suko(shi), suku(nai), few, little,
scarce
“4B shonen, boy, lad
4 tashé, more or less, somewhat
‘Dt shdsa, major (army), lieutenant
160
4 strokes
ij
commander (navy)
JO; ba, place
LH} k6j6, koba, factory
589 — basho, place
{338 shigotoba, place of work
161
12 strokes
SHOKU, SHIKI; iro, color
4% —_kao-iro, complexion
KP tennenshoku, natural color,
technicolor
shikisai, color, hue
162
6 strokes
SHOKU, food; ta(beru), to eat; ku(u), to
cat
#2%) — shokumotsu, food, edibles
fet shokud6, dining hall
Ay
R
9 strokes.
£¢%% — shokuji, a meal
SHIN; kokoro, spirit, heart, mind
AM#5 kokoromochi, mood, feeling,
sensation
magokoro, sincerity, devotion
isshin, whole-heartedness
4 strokes: 165-169 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
SHIN; atara(shii), new; ara(tani), newly,
afresh; nii-, first, new
iE shinbun, newspaper
Sit shinnen, the New Year
#°F HA shingakki, new school term
165
13 strokes
SHIN; oya, parent; shita(shimu), to make
friends with, to take kindly to; shita(shii),
intimate, familiar
iP. rydshin, parents
#45) shinsetsu, kindness
166
16 strokes
BUH shinrui, relative, relation
ZU, drawing, plan; TO; haka(ru), to
devise
zuga, drawing, a picture
chizu, map
P4s988 toshokan, library
ial
sth
167
7 strokes
SU; kazu, number; kazo(eru), to count
4 saji, figure, numeral
BC# — sugaku, mathematics
8 ninzii, the number of people
168
13 strokes
SEI, SAT; nishi, west
the West, the Occident
6, Atlantic Ocean
t6zai, east and west, Orient and
Occident
169
6 strokes
34 as
FP
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS « 170-174
SEI, SHO; koe, voice
i nakigoe, crying voice
‘E onseigaku, phonetics
47 seitai, the vocal cords
of
=
aye
170
7 strokes
Ee
SEI, JO; hoshi, star
SRE seiza, constellation
SE kasei, Mars
BASE —mydjo, Venus
171
9 strokes
Pe
SEI; ha(re), fine weather; ha(reru), to
clear (weather), to be dispelled;
ha(rasu), to clear away, to dispel
(doubts)
*KWHTL akibare, clear autumn weather
172
12 strokes
t7]
121% haregi, one’s best clothes
HFK —_ seiten, fine weather
SETSU, SAL; ki(ru), to cut; ki(reru), to be
sharp, to snap, to break, to run out, to
expire
—)41_hitokire, one slice
#24) shinsctsu, kindness
173
4 strokes
-¥)_issai, all, everything
SETSU; yuki, snow
ESE yukidaruma, snowman
yukidoke, thaw
sekisetsu, snowdrift
11 strokes
| 175-179 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
fies
175
11 strokes
AY,
176
15 strokes
A
177
9 swokes
AL
178
11 strokes.
179
7 strokes
SEN; fine, funa, boat, ship
YELM} watashi-bune, ferry
AMEX sen’in, sailor
Hii —_kisen, steamboat, steamship
SEN, line, track, wire, string
MEG chiheisen, horizon (on land)
#8 —_kOsen, light, beam, ray
(.@ — chokusen, straight line
ZEN: mae, before. in front of, previous
“FR
wee
LAR
gozen, morning, A.M
zengo, before and after, context
izen, ago, since, before
SO; kumi, class, group, set; ku(mu), to
join, to unite
#124\1-C — kumitate, construction,
structure
hitokumi, one set, one class
bangumi, program
ei
SO; hashi(ru), to run
ie kyOs6, race, running match
#02 _ hashingaki, hasty writing
#044 _ hashirisaru, to run away
36 B
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 180-184
TA; O(i), many, much, abundant
4% tasti, large number
25} tabun, perhaps
4% _ tary6, great quantity
180
6 strokes
A
TAL, TA; futo(i), big, deep (voice), bold
(lines), shameless; futo(ru), to grow fat
x taiyo, sun
A maruta, log
ACHE Taiheiyo, Pacific Ocean
181
4 strokes
TAI, TEI body; karada, the body, health
{KF tai-iku, physical education
182
7 strokes
ZA
OD
GI dantai, a group
HEP shatai, body of a vehicle
DAI, TAL, a stand
F/R taifa, typhoon
SET) burai, stage
JE t6dai, lighthouse
183
5 strokes
$
CHI. JL earth, ground
3: chijo, on the ground
184
6 strokes
Ht F chika, underground
Jthiii jimen, surface of the earth
37 185-189 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
CHI; ike, pond, lake
ith —denchi, electric cell, battery
iH
WHEE —chihan, side of a pond, around a
pond
JH 7k#th yosuichi, reservoir
185,
6 strokes
CHI; shi(ru), to know; shi(raseru), to
inform
a
RIA
FEAL
chishiki, knowledge
chijin, an acquaintance
shdchi, assent, agreement
186
8 strokes
CHA, tea, tea plant, SA
4544 cha-iro, light brown
ab
aS
2EO'B cha-no-yu, tea ceremony
28D A. chawan, teacup, rice bowl
187
9 strokes
CHU; hiru, noon, daytime
ABI hiruma, daytime
R7% — chuya, day and night
4242 chiishoku, noon meal, lunch
CHO; head of an institution or
organization; naga(i), long
189
8 strokes
MIE V2 hosonagai, long and narrow
CD nagagutsu, boots
BER —_kochd, principal of a school inn
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 190-194
CHO; tori, bird
KGS chorui, birds (as a species)
/\& —_ kotori, small bird
¥20 5% wataridori, migratory bird
190
11 strokes
CHO; asa, morning
#71 chokan, morning paper
{££ choshoku, breakfast
#64] mai-asa, every morning
191
12 strokes,
iEL
CHOKU, upright, honest, cheap; JIKI,
direct: tada(chini), immediately;
nao(su), to repair, to put right, to
convert; nao(ru), to be repaired, to
change for the better
192
8 strokes
af
#94 chokkaku, right angle
JE( — shOjiki, honesty
31% sunao, gentle, obedient
TSU; t0(ru), to go along, to pass; t6(su),
to let pass, to continue; kayo(u), to go
back and forth, to commute
AGH 6-dori, main street
3H{8 —_tsushin, correspondence,
193
10 strokes
Ho
communication
388R taku, interpreter
TEL, DAI: ot6to, younger brother
525 kyédai, brothers
564K — teimai, younger brothers and
sisters
194
7 strokes
39 195-199 » ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
TEN; mise, store
J5%% — miseban, tending a store
R4I% — shéten, store (shop)
ehh — baiten, stand, stall
TEN, point, marks, dot
si tensd, merit marks
SAT tenji, braille points
DORAL kesshoten, goal
DEN lightning, electricity
ES denki, electricity
iG —denwa, telephone
WEM — denpo, telegram
+
197
13 strokes
TO; katana, sword
AJ] kogatana, pocketknife
KT) daito, long sword
EJ) gunt6, sabre
198
2 strokes
TO; fuyu, winter
AfKA fuyuyasumi, winter vacation
~
™~
AIR 16min, hibernation
4g} toki, winter season
199
5 strokes
40 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS » 200-204
Vy
201
8 strokes,
ot
202
12 strokes
vp
_ 3S
a
YAR Ie ls le
203 vo’ lo Do
16 strokes. Z 38 Z
‘TO, ZU; atama, head, top, brain; kashira,
TO; a(taru), to hit, to be equal to, to win
(v.i.); a(feru), to hit, to apply, to guess
(vA)
kemtd, guess
teate, treatment, allowance
t6zen, justly, naturally
TO; higashi, east
HU] higashigawa, east side
SUF toyo, the East, the Orient
ALL hokut6, northeast
TO; kota(e), answer; kota(eru), to answer
3 toan, examination paper
12 mondé, questions and answers
RS kaito, answer, solution
head, top, leader
YESH sentd, leader, head
#GA youd, head teacher
SSUAF zutsti, headache
34)
204
6 strokes
41
DO; ona(ji), same
[AIA — doji, the same time
[alt# dojo, sympathy
—IF]__ichid6, all (of us, them), all the
persons concerned. 205-209 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
DO; michi, road, path
7Ki#i suid6, waterworks
JH dégu, tool
Sk tetsud6, railroad
205
12 strokes
DOKU, TOKU; yo(mu), to read
me dokusha, reader (person)
ee dokusho, reading
miRT —yomikaesu, to reread
14 strokes
NAI, DAI; uchi, inside, home, within,
during, among, between
SRN annai, guidance, invitation
NY = uchiumi, naikai, inland sea
FA _ naiyé, contents
207
4 strokes,
NAN; minami, south
i#8 — nanbu, southem part
(Hi Nankyoku, South Pole
va
seinan, southwest
208
9 strokes
NIKU, meat, flesh
420 gyiiniku, beef
A
{5/9 kinniku, muscles
FE nikuya, butcher, butcher shop
209
42 dvs
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 210-214
BA; uma, horse
‘GH basha, carriage
ENGI keibajo, race track
210
10 strokes
IG
BAI; u(ri), sale; u(ru), to sell
FOUL uridashi, opening sale,
shGbai, business
hatsubai, sale
211
7 strokes.
BoD
“
BAL; ka(u), to buy, to purchase
7¢ _ baibai, purchase and sale,
buying and selling
QU.) kaimono, shopping
HUF kaite, buyer
212
12 strokes
RK
BAKU; mugi, barley, wheat
#DS mugiwara, (barley) straw
#230 mugikari, mowing barley
Wy komugi, wheat
213
7 strokes
x
HAN; naka(ba), half
“£4 hanbun, half
#94 ichiji-han, one-thirty, half-past
one
44H) hanto, peninsula
214
5 strokes
43 215-219 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
BAN, number, guard, order, (one’s) tum
AL bengumi, program
Pp le |
css ee | se | se
384% — kban, police-box
NE junban, order, one’s turn
215
12 strokes
te
>>
HK
FU; chichi, father
RRA fukeikai, parents’ association
AR
#152 sofu, grandfather
SCRE fiubo, parents
216
4 strokes
FU; kaze, wind
AE flkei, scenery
jal
AVA taifit, typhoon
1/8, minamikaze, south wind
217
9 strokes
2™
BUN, BU, part, share; FUN, a minute;
wa(keru) (v.t.), to divide; wa(kareru), to
7)
be separated, to branch off; wa(karu), to
know, to understand
114) jibun, self
218
4 strokes
F.
iT
—45} nifun, two minutes
{4} jippun, ten minutes
BUN; ki(ku), to hear, to listen to, to ask,
to obey; ki(koeru), to be heard
shinbun, newspaper
HEL shinbunsha, newspaper office
FiBH —kenbun, information, experience
219
14 strokes
44 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 220-224
K
kK
BEI America, rice; MAI rice; kome, rice
KE] Beikoku, America, the United
States
EME beisaku, rice-growing (crop)
Fk hakumai, polished rice
220
6 strokes
y
HO, BU; ayu(mu), aru(ku), to walk, to
step
384A dai-ippo, the first step
#€4% —shinpo, progress
4s sanpo, a walk, a stroll
221
8 strokes
4
BO; haha, mother
®EOH Haha-no-hi, Mother's Day
1] bokoku, mother country
#ERR haha-oya, mother
222
5 strokes
+
HO, direction, side; kata [gata], side, way
of ~ing, person
HGF —_rydh6, both sides
40 4 tsukurikata, way of making
Sh yugata, evening
223
4 strokes
3b
—|—
HOKU: kita, north
tH Hokkyoku, North Pole
fi4t nanboku, north and south
CIR kitakaze, north wind
224
5 strokes
45 225-229 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
MAL every (prefix)
4A mainichi, every day
&
£84 mai-asa, every moming
4558 maishil, every week
225
6 strokes
MAL; imdto, younger sister
Bahk
teimai, younger brothers and
aR
sisters
shimai, sisters
wit
226
8 strokes
MAN, ten thousand; BAN
7i*E% mannenhitsu, fountain pen
AT
Fi— — man‘ichi, if by any chance
Al bankoku, all countries
227
3 strokes
MEI, MYO bright; aka(rui), light, bright;
aki(raka), bright; a(Keru), to dawn, to
H
break (day); a(Kasu), to disclose (a secret),
to pass the night
AAW yoake, dawn
228
8 strokes
yy
284] setsumei, explanation
3691 —_hatsumei, invention
MEE: na(ku), to sing (birds). to ery
(animals), to howl (animals), to chirp
(insects); na(ruy) (v.i.), to ring, to sound;
yy
na(rasu) (v.t.), to ring (a bell), to sound (a
drum), to complain, to be famous
229
14 strokes
8&3 nakigoe, cry (of animals)
himei, scream, cry of distress
meido, rumbling ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 230-234
MO; ke, hair
7% — keito, woolen thread, yarn
E kemushi, caterpillar
EA mofu, blanket
230
4 strokes
i.
MON, gate: kado, gate
#P] komon, school gate
#ZP4 senmon, specialty
FY kadoguchi, door, entrance
231
8 strokes
Be
YA; yo, yoru, evening, night
#4 —yonaka, midnight
>
+Htk jagoya, night of the full moon
RF | 44% “kon’ya, tonight
232
8 strokes
#
YA; no, field, plain
7151 nohara, field
SFER yakyG, baseball
5744 — yagai, outdoors
233
II strokes
YU; tomo, friend
KIZ% tomodachi, friend
234
4 strokes
47 235-239 » ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
A
YO, business; mochi(iru), to use
JAR yoi, preparation
FHC) _yjin, heed, care, caution
IF yOji, business
235
5 strokes
YO term used for days of the week
WEA mokuydbi, Thursday
Hz
ALHEEL doyobi, Saturday
7KHEE suiydbi, Wednesday
236
18 strokes
RAI; ku(ru), to come; kita(ru), to arrive,
next; kita(su), to cause, to induce
SAE
Dk
ok
rainen, next year
irai, since, from that time
shorai, the future
237
7 strokes
RI, Japanese linear unit (2.44 miles); saio
village, country, one’s native home
(usually as viewed by a woman married
into another family)
$6'H _kydri, one’s native place, home
238
7 strokes
AT" murazato, village
—H
ichini, one ri
RI, reason, logic
S92 rikai, understanding
EE
EE
seiri, arrangement, adjustment
ry6ri, cooking
239
11 strokes
48 3
a
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 240-244
WA; hanashi, story; hana(su), to speak
HHtii sewa, aid
‘ii denwa, telephone
a8 kaiwa, conversation
240
13 strokes
Ww
AKU, badness, evil; waru(i), bad, evil
3601 warukuchi, evil talk, gossip
SBA. akunin, bad man, villain
HEB akuro, bad road
241
11 strokes
pis
a
AN: yasu(i), cheap, inexpensive
#0» anshin, peace of mind
2 anzen, safe
A# fuan, uneasiness
242
6 strokes
Be
AN; kura(i), dark
BLO M§ makkura, pitch dark
ME ang6, code, cryptograph
a2 anki, memorization
243
13 strokes,
RK
Ito heal, to cure
[&# _ isha, physician, doctor
BE4# _igaku, medical science
[EBé i-in, medical practitioner's office
244
7 strokes
49 245-249 « ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
I to entrust with
AR 4A i-in, committee, delegate
#& fe i-inchéd, chairman of a
committee
ZA4£ — i-nin, charge, trust, commission
245
8 strokes
J, mind, heart, attention, care
sz ZEA ohiiicare, attention
Be 3651. _iken, opinion, admonition
iw 0K imi, meaning
246
13 strokes
TKU; soda(teru), to bring up, to educate,
2 to raise; soda(tsu), to grow up
SCH kydiku, education
878 tai-iku, physical education
#42 — ikuji, upbringing of a child
247
8 strokes
i man‘in, no vacancy, full house
— ichi-in, (one) member
NN H&E shokuin, staff, personnel
248
10 strokes
IN member, official, personnel
IN temple, academy, board, suffix for
(—_ “institution”
y i #iBe —_bydin, hospital
: ABE biydin, beauty shop
FB% —_ ka-in, House of Representatives,
249 Lower House
10 strokes
50 BK
250
12 strokes
ao
251
12 strokes
252
8 strokes
ny
253
14 strokes
254
5S strokes
51
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 250-254
IN; no(mu), to drink
fk Elk inrydsui drinking water
$KA7K nomimizu, drinking water
$44 nomimono, drinks
UN, luck; hako(bu), to carry, to
transport
FEK<_ un’yoku, luckily
J£8) —_und6, exercise, motion
irr unmei, fate
EL; oyo(gu), to swim
Aik suiei, swimming
3X hira-oyogi, breast stroke
AGA suiei taikai, swimming meet
EKL, station
SRFii ekimae, in front of the station
BRA ekiché, station master
BRE eki-in, station employee
O center, middle
"PR child, center
URGE Chad-sen, the Chad Line
(electric railway in Tokyo)
#2'R __shin’6, the epicenter, the center
of an earthquake 255-259 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
—_ 4 | 0: yoko, the side, the width
Ha 4 # t BEB yokogaki, writing from left to
right
PN Raa | be
6dan, crossing, intersection
RER —_-yokogao, side view of a
35 person's face, profile
isarokes [REE | 78S | RE
OKU; ya, shop
BR yane, roof
Kat tokeiya, watch shop
f= okujé, housetop, roof
256
9 strokes
ON: warm; atata(kai), warm (to the
touch); atata(maru), to warm oneself;
atata(meru), to heat
iJ ondo, temperature
iJ — onsen, hot spring
(iid taion, body temperature
12 strokes
KA, KE; ba(keru), to take the form of,
ba(Kasu), to bewitch
246 henka, change, variation,
alteration
(t*# kagaku, chemistry
(CHE keshd, make-up
258
4 strokes
KA; ni, a load, burden
414 —_ nimotsu, baggage
taf} —_-mibune, freighter
#90 nizukuri, packing
10 strokes
52 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS « 260-264
KAI world
tt sekai, world
[¥k— sekai-ichi, best in the world
BRI genkai, boundary, limits
260
9 strokes
FF.
KAI; hira(ku), to open (v.t. & i.); a(keru)
(v.t.), to open; hira(keru), to be civilized,
to open; a(ku) (v.i.) to be open
PAZ kaikai, opening a meeting
WBA mankai, full bloom
261
12 strokes.
Be
BASE —kaihatsu, development,
exploitation
KAI, story of a building, floor, grade
BEER kaidan, stairs, stairway
FEB kaikyd, class, caste
= — sangai, 3rd floor
262
12 strokes
me
AR
KAN, the coldest season of the year,
samut(i), cold
499" _gokkan, bitter cold
$€°H — kanchii, cold season
Z€ii, -kanryéi, cold current
263
12 strokes
Fa
we
KAN, feeling, thought
1M kanso, thoughts, impressions
‘uly _kanshin, admiration
Wi kankaku, sensation
264
13 strokes 265-269 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
KAN China; ~kan, suffix for “man”
BEF kanji, Chinese character
YL kanbun, Chinese composition
ARR akkan, villain, crook
265
13 strokes
KAN building, hall
BH toshokan, library
id
BRIBIRG cigakan, movie theater
W€88 ~——_ryokan, inn, hotel
266
16 strokes
GAN:
He?
MLE
ishi, bank, shore
Kaigan, seashore
ganpeki, quay, wharf
‘kawagishi, riverbank
8 strokes
KI; o(kiru), to rise, to get up; o(kosu), to
raise, to awaken (v.t.); o(koru), to occur,
to develop
SLE hayaoki, early rising
268
10 strokes
2A kigen, origin
424% Aijiiki, crane, derrick
KI, GO period, term
40) gakki, school term
‘
F
B
+
A
az
T
#
WG kitai, expectation
FH] jiki, the times, season
269
12 strokes
y
a
&
54 270
9 strokes
ne
Fu
271
7 strokes
GB
WS
272
9 strokes
273
9 strokes
7
274
10 strokes
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 270-274
KYAKU, guest; KAKU.
23% /v o-kyaku-san, guest
BHO kyakusha, railroad passenger
car
my kyakusen, passenger boat
KYU study; kiwa(menu), to study
thoroughly
RYE kenkyd, research
RYE kenkyikai, research society
WALA kenkyaka, researcher
KYU; iso(gu), to hurry
4255 kyaby6, sudden illness
‘fT __ kyak6, express
KAZ o-isogi, great haste
KYU, rank, grade
“29 gakkya, school class
i = jokyit, high class
IFIRAE dokyéisei, classmate
KYU, GU, KU; miya, shrine, prince (of
the blood)
‘BBY kyiiden, palace
HEF jingd, Shinto shrine
‘88K miya-sama, royal prince
55 275-279 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
KYU, sphere, globe; tama, ball
SER yakya, baseball
SUER
HER
chikya, the earth, the globe
denkya, electric light bulb
11 strokes
KYO, KO past; sa(ru), to leave, to depart
te
yonen, last year
ea
i82 kako, the past, past tense
276
5 strokes
KYO; hashi, bridge
Ba
sanbashi, pier
*
Li
AG
dobashi, earthen bridge
tekkyé, iron bridge
277
16 strokes
GYO, occupation, business, industry,
studies; GO, karma; waza, act, deed
Ea
HE shokugyo, occupation, profession
HEE — sangyo, industry
TM kogyd, industry, manufacturing
278
13 strokes.
industry
KYOKU, melody: ma(garu), to bend, to
twist, to tum, (v.i.); ma(geru), to bend, to
HH
twist, to turn (v.t.)
HbR
fer
kyokusen, curved line
sakkyoku, musical
279
6 strokes
composition
magarimichi, crooked road,
winding lane
Haas 05
56 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 280-284
KYOKU, bureau, board, office,
department
GE) hOsdkyoku, broadcasting station
#5 henshakyoku, editorial
department
VP
SK(ER} yabinkyoku, post office
GIN, silver
SUT ginko, bank
(4 gin’iro, silver color
$1 ginka, silver coin
281
14 strokes.
x
KU, ward, section
[X $Y kubetsu, distinction, classification
HER chiku, area
PBI kukaku, boundary, block, division
282
4 strokes
=
KU, pain, anxiety; kuru(shii), painful;
niga(i), bitter
i347 — kuro, troubles, toil
fils kushin, pains, hard work
{54% kusen, hard fighting
283
8 strokes,
GU, tool, utensil; ingredients
48 guai, condition, state
FUKAY gutaiteki, concrete, definite
284
8 strokes
WO) W} 3} ott} te) 1
\
4
57 285-289 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
KUN Mister, Master; kimi, you (familiar
form)
“eRRE Sat6-kun, Mr. Saté
A skikun, you (lit., masc.)
#84 shokun, gentlemen, ladies and
285
7 strokes
gentlemen, you
KEI; kakari, charge, duty, in charge (of);
kaka(ru), to affect, to concern
AR
A
RR
kakari-in, clerk in charge
kankei, relation, connection,
participation, implication
286
9 strokes.
BER kirokugakari, person in charge
of records, recorder
KEI, karu, karu(i), light (in weight),
slight, easy; karo(yaka), airy, light
EZ
£76 —_keisotsu, rashness, hastiness
‘EA kei-ongaku, light music
4% kigaru, light-hearted
287
12 strokes
KETSU; chi, blood
i ketsueki, blood
im
‘Hin shukketsu, bleeding, hemorthage
tl _kekkan, blood vessel
288
6 strokes,
KETSU; ki(maru), to be decided;
ki(meru), to decide
.
d
URL. kesshin, making up one's mind
TRE kettei, decision
fi kaiketsu, solution
289
7 strokes
58 hi
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 290-294
KEN study; ro(gu), to sharpen, to wash
(rice)
BR kenkya, study, research
WEB kenkydshitsu, laboratory
DAA kenkyajo, research institute
290
9 strokes
\B.
KEN, prefecture
IKGii —_kend6, prefectural road
i prefectural office
W134 kenchiji, prefectural governor
291
9 strokes
KO warehouse
WJ shoko, library
SNA s0ko, warehouse
YAUEIK reizdko, icebox, refrigerator
292
10 strokes
wm
KO; mizu-umi, lake
VK kosui, lake
WE kogan, shore of a lake
WIE Kohan, border of a lake
293
12 strokes
yp
KO; mu(ku), to turn toward, to be suited
for; mu(kau), to face, to head for; mu(kO),
the opposite side, beyond
JZ —_ muké, opposite
[= 5 Ol) mukdgawa, opposite side
294,
6 strokes
Fiat HOk6, direction, course
59 295-299 » ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
KO; saiwa(i), blessings, good luck,
happiness, fortune; sachi, happiness, luck;
shiawa(se), happiness, good fortune
78% fuk6, unhappiness, misfortune
484 kofuku, happiness
295
8 strokes
3218 — k6un, good fortune
KO; minato, harbor
ZA] minatomachi, port town
AHE nyu, entry into port
ZERE — kiik6, airport
296
12 strokes
GO, number, issue (of a magazine)
5
bangé, number
ac
ae
kigo, symbol
shingo, signal, code
297
5 strokes
KON, root (math.), perseverance; ne, root
Bat
Konki, patience, perseverance
A
HA
daikon, giant white radish
onpon, basis
298
10 strokes
SAI; matsu(ri), festival; matsu(ru), to
deify, to worship as a god, to offer prayers
BR
sR
for the sake of
#1280 muramatsuri, village festival
$88 saijitsu, national holiday
299
11 strokes
SC{ESE bunkasai, cultural festival
60 SUL
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 300-304
sara, plate, dish, bow!
MILEY sara-arai, dishwashing
ULEL2# sara-araiki, dishwasher
PRAM. haizara, ashtray
300
5 strokes.
SHI, JI work; tsuka(eru), to serve
{E38 shigoto, work
Hitt kya. office boy, waiter
1195 shikara, way of doing
301
5 strokes
bt
SHI, death; shi(nu), to die
SEM shitai, corpse
3t(%% shishdsha, dead and injured,
casualties
WE hisshi, certain death, desperation
302
6 strokes,
SHI; tsuka(u), to use
#8. sukai, errand, messenger
(843 — shimei, mission, errand
(85H shiy6, use
303
8 strokes
2
D
SHI; haji(maru), to begin (v.i.);
hhaji(meru), to begin (v.t.)
Bia kaishi, commencement, start
G98 — shimatsu, circumstances, the
particulars; management
304
8 strokes
G32 shigyd, beginning of work or class
61 305-309 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
&
SHI: yubi, finger; sa(su), to point at, to
indicate
a
SUG © oyayubi, thumb
48 — yubiwa, ring
SHEA shikisha, conductor, commander
305
9 strokes
LE.
SHI; ha, tooth
4u4 — mushiba, decayed tooth
Be]
(HER ha-isha, dentist
HEE —haguruma, gear, cogwheel
306
12 strokes
SHI, poetry, poem
BUN jojishi, epic poem
13 strokes
JI, SHI, tsugi, next; isu(gu), to rank next
to
“KF shidai, order, reason, as soon as
RB jikan, vice-minister
6 strokes
ELK “‘mokuji, table of contents
JI; koto, thing, action, affair, fact
ft 3 shigoto, work
FAS ydji, business
AF daiji, great matter, serious affair,
309
8 strokes
importance ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 310-314
JI; mo(chi), durability; mo(tsu), to have,
to hold
Si$# kimochi, feeling
FFB jisan, bringing
E44 “shiji. support
310
9 strokes
SHIKI, ceremony, form, model; ~shiki,
~style (suffix for “style”, “type”)
x43 shikijd, ceremonial hall
284230 sotsugyd-shiki, graduation
ceremony, commencement
311
6 strokes
[HX kydshiki, old-style
JITSU, reality; mi, nut, fruit, mino(ru), to
bear fruit
VR jissai, actual state, reality
FX shinjitsu, truth
SRF kajitsu, fruit
312
8 strokes
rh?
SHA; utsu(su), to copy, to imitate, to take
(a photograph)
shashin, photograph
shasei, sketch, drawing from
nature
313
5 strokes
eisha, projection
SHA; mono, person
44 — wakamono, young man
R# isha, doctor
“£# — gakusha, scholar
314
8 strokes:
63 315-319 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
SHU, SU; nushi, master, owner; omo,
main, foremost
A
=A shujin, master
fREEHE_minshushugi, democracy
hE mochinushi, owner
315
5 strokes
SHU, SU; mamo(ru), to protect, to guard,
to defend, to obey (the law), to keep (a
oF
promise); mori, nursemaid, baby-sitter
4550 o-mamori, amulet, charm
fASF ——rusu, absence
316
6 strokes
(RSF hoshu, conservatism
SHU; to(ru), to take
FROUS toridasu, to take out
5a
Wat
Ades
shuzai, choice of subject
toriatsukai, treatment,
handling
317
8 strokes
SHU; sake, rice wine, liquor
SES IA budéshu, wine
ye
PARA sakenomi, drinker
we sakaya, liquor shop
318
10 strokes.
JU; u(keru), to receive; u(karu), to pass
(an exam)
eZ
—X
ukemochi, charge, matter in
hand
uketsuke, receptionist,
319
8 strokes
information desk
‘23S juwaki, telephone receiver
64 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 320-324
——
y
~
SHU, province, state (U.S.A.); su,
shallows, a sandbank
ASM Honshd (main island of Japan)
FUN Kydishii (Japan’s third largest
island)
320
6 strokes
LN
=
43H Yuta-shi, State of Utah
SHU; JU, ten (used in legal documents);
hiro(u), to pick up
48041 hniroimono, something picked
up, windfall, bargain
fM48% inochibiroi, narrow escape
321
9 strokes.
Ys
(from death)
fa 0FY jani-en, 12 yen
SHU; o(wari), end; o(waru), to come to
an end; o(eru), to finish
#18, shiisen, end of a war
AK shiigyo, end of work
Jk saishii, the last
322
11 strokes
7
U; nara(u), to learn, to study
renshii, practice
shijji, penmanship
shikan, habit, custom
Bas
11 strokes
SHU; atsu(meru), to collect (v.t.);
atsu(maru), to gather together (v.i.);
tsudo(u), to meet, to gather
358 henshi, editing
#8 shisha, anthology of poems
324
12 strokes
XS bunshi, literary anthology
65 325-329 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS
JU dwelling; su(mu), to dwell, to live;
su(mai), dwelling
a
{EF jisho, address
AEE ishoku-ja, necessities of life
(clothing, food, shelter)
325
7 strokes
4E% —_jataku, dwelling, living quarters
JU, CHO; omo(i), heavy; kasa(neru), to
pile (things) up: kasa(naru), to be piled
up; ~e, ~fold
{KE taiji, weight (of the body)
326
9 strokes
t# — genji, strictness
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