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ASTM C 158 Standard Test Methods For Strength of Glass by Flexure (Determination of Modulus of Ru
ASTM C 158 Standard Test Methods For Strength of Glass by Flexure (Determination of Modulus of Ru
ASTM C 158 Standard Test Methods For Strength of Glass by Flexure (Determination of Modulus of Ru
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
TEST METHOD A—TEST FOR MODULUS OF (8.00 in.) apart and centrally position the loading edges with a
RUPTURE OF FLAT GLASS separation of 100 mm (4.00 in.). Break specimens having cut
edges with the cutter marks on the face under compression.
6. Test Specimens Carefully place each specimen in the test fixture to minimize
possible damage and to ensure alignment of specimen in the
6.1 Preparation of Specimens—Test specimens shall be cut
fixture. The permissible maximum fiber stress due to initial
from the sheet stock with a diamond or a cutting wheel. Both
load on the specimen shall not exceed 25 % of the mean
longitudinal cuts shall be on the same original surface and none
modulus of rupture. Load the specimen at a constant rate to
of the original edge of the sheet shall be used as a longitudinal failure. For annealed glass the rate of loading shall correspond
side of the specimen. End cuts may be on either surface. The to a rate of increase of maximum stress of 1.1 6 0.2 MPa/s
direction of cutting of half of the total number of specimens (10 000 6 2000 psi/min). Test prestressed glasses with the
shall be perpendicular to the direction of cutting of the increase of maximum stress per minute between 80 and 120 %
remainder. Specimens that must be cut from sheet stock prior of the modulus of rupture. The first six specimens of the group
to the use of a prestressing treatment shall have the corners of may be tested at a loading rate based on an estimate of the
the longitudinal edges rounded to minimize damage to the modulus of rupture and the average value for these specimens
edges in the prestressing process. All operations shall be used to correct this estimate. If range of width and thickness
performed with the direction of grind or polish parallel to the variation in the specimens is less than 5 %, the mean values
longitudinal axis. The radius of the corner shall not exceed 1.6 may be used to represent all specimens for the purpose of
mm (1⁄16 in.). calculation of rate of loading.
6.2 Size of Specimens—The specimens shall be approxi- 7.2 Determine the thickness and width of each specimen to
mately 250 mm (10 in.) in length and 38.1 6 3.2 mm (11⁄2 6 61 %. To avoid damage from gaging in the critical area, take
1⁄8 in.) in width. The variation in width or thickness shall not
measurements prior to testing near each end with a separation
exceed 5 % from one end to the other. equal to the support span, and average the values. Measure-
6.3 Number of Specimens—At least 30 specimens shall be ments following test shall be in the uniformly stressed region
used for one test and shall preferably be taken from several of the specimen.
sheets, or regions of a single sheet. 7.3 Determine the location of point of failure and note it as
6.4 Examination of Specimens—Any specimen may be edge or face origin. Plastic or other tape of low elastic
rejected prior to test for observable defects considered likely to modulus5 may be used on the compressive surface to contain
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affect the modulus of rupture. To be considered representative the fragmentation and allow observation of point of failure for
of annealed glass the specimens must meet the requirement of highly prestressed specimens. Report all values, although
3.2.2. At least 30 % of the specimens shall be examined for segregation of edge break values is permitted.
residual stress. If any of these fail to meet the requirement, the 8. Calculation
remainder of the specimens shall be examined and those
exceeding the stated limit shall be rejected. 8.1 Calculate the modulus of rupture, initial maximum fiber
stress, and rate of increase of stress as follows:
6.5 Float Glass—The surface of float glass in contact with
tin has been found to be lower in strength (7) as compared to
the “air” surface. For comparative tests, therefore, surface 5
Scotch Brand plastic tape, Catalog No. 191-A, manufactured by 3M Co., 3M
orientation should be kept constant. Center, St. Paul, MN 55144, has been found suitable for this purpose.
ANNEXES
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(Mandatory Information)
A1.1 The required determination of residual stress can be region of the specimen. The longitudinal stress may then be
carried out with either a polarizing microscope or a polariscope determined as follows:
(polarimeter) equipped with suitable means for quantitative R
measurement of birefringence. Suitable devices include the S 5 kt (A1.1)
Berek or Babinet compensators as well as the combination of
a quarter-wave plate and rotating analyzer referred to as the where:
Sénarmont (2)6 or Friedel (3) compensator. Method B of S = longitudinal stress, Pa (or psi),
Method C 148 requires the use of the latter form and includes k = stress optical coefficient, nm/m·Pa (or nm/in.·psi),
a description of a typical apparatus. R = relative retardation, nm, and
t = light path length in specimen, m (or in.).
A1.2 With all methods of compensation, the measurements A1.3 The stress-optical coefficient shall be determined for
are made with the polarizer and analyzer crossed to produce a the glass being measured. For common soda-lime glasses the
dark field. The path of the light through the specimen shall be value is approximately 2.57 3 10−3 nm/m·Pa (0.18 nm/cm. for
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the specimen, and for stress of 1 psi). The relative retardation is proportional to the
a specimen of rectangular shape shall be parallel to the faces of algebraic difference of the principal stresses in the plane
the specimen that will be placed in tension and compression. normal to the light path, averaged over this light path. The
The orientation of the specimen must be with the longitudinal method of calculation assumes the principal stress normal to
axis of the specimen at 45°, with the plane of polarization of the faces of the specimen to be zero. This assumption is valid
the polarizer. If not known, the plane of polarization can be for specimens used in Test Method A, or otherwise prepared
determined as being parallel to the longitudinal axis of the such that major temperature gradients during cooling have
specimen when this axis is rotated between the crossed been perpendicular to the faces of the specimen. This may not
polarizer and analyzer to produce minimum brightness in the be true for all specimens prepared for Test Method B, and
specimen. After prior orientation of the specimen, the magni- observations of birefringence should be performed with the
tude of the birefringence, or relative retardation in nanometers, light path perpendicular to both test surface and edge of the
is determined for the light passing through the appropriate specimen. Round specimens being examined should be rotated
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procedure can be found in the literature (4, 5).
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particles from mask surfaces before contacting the specimen. out by rotating the jar for 30 min after ten surplus specimens
A2.4.3.2 After abrasion a residue of grit particles remains have been added to the jar.
on the specimen. These can be shaken from the specimen. A2.5.4.3 Abrasion of the specimens for test is performed by
A2.4.3.3 Decentering of the abrasion density may be asso- rotation of the jar for 15 min with the jar containing the
ciated with shift of the vertical air inlet tube. Centering of this “conditioned” silicon carbide and a group of ten specimens.
tube should then be verified. A2.5.4.4 Abrasion procedure is repeated using successive
A2.4.4 Procedure: groups of ten specimens until ten groups have been abraded in
A2.4.4.1 The air pressure is regulated to 69 kPa (10 psi) as the jar.
determined by a pressure gage mounted on a standard 1⁄4-in. A2.5.4.5 The silicon carbide is then removed, a fresh charge
pipe tee at the end of the air inlet pipe. of 200 cm3 is added to the jar and preconditioned in accordance
A2.4.4.2 An appropriate rubber-faced mask is utilized to with A2.5.4.2.
A3.1 For conversion to SI units from inch-pound units or To Convert From To Multiply by
other non-SI units the following have been derived from and
pound-force (lbf ) newton (N) 4.448
rounded from the conversion factors given in Practice E 380: kilogram-force (kgf ) newton (N) 9.807
inch (in.) metre (m) 2.540 3 10−2
pound-force/inch2(psi) pascal (newton/metre2, Pa) 6.895 3 103
kgf/millimetre2(kgf/mm2) pascal (Pa) 9.807 3 106
(1) “Requirements for Flexure Testing of Brittle Materials,” Report TR (5) Mould, R. E., and Southwick, R. D., “Strength and Static Fatigue of
82-20, Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, April 1982. Abraded Glass Under Controlled Ambient Conditions: II, Effect of
(2) Rawson, H., “A Note on the Use of the Senarmont Method for Various Abrasions and the Universal Fatigue Curve,” Journal of the
Measuring Stresses in Glass,” Journal of the Society of Glass American Ceramic Society, Vol 42, No. 12, 1959, pp. 582–592.
Technology, Vol 42, 1958, pp. 119–124. (6) Mould, R. E.,“ Strength and Static Fatigue of Abraded Glass Under
(3) Durelli, A. J., and Riley, W. F., Introduction to Photomechanics, Controlled Ambient Conditions: III, Aging of Fresh Abrasions,”
Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol 43, No. 3, 1960, pp.
(4) Mould, R. E., and Southwick, R. D., “Strength and Static Fatigue of 160–167.
Abraded Glass Under Controlled Ambient Conditions: I, General (7) Gulati, S.T., Akcakaya, R., Gy, R., and Varner, J.R., “Strength and
Concepts and Apparatus,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Flow Distribution for Tin vs. Air Side of Soda-Lime Silica Flat Glass,”
Vol 42, No. 11, 1959, pp. 542–547. ICG XVIII, 18th International Congress on Glass, July 5-10, 1998.
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