EE 653

Power Electronics - 1

Instructor: Prof. Anshuman Shukla

Email: ashukla@ee.iitb.ac.in
Office: Power Electronics Lab 2, EE Main Building
Lecture hours: Slot 14
Office hours: Wednesdays: 12:45-13:15 pm
 EE 653
This course discusses conversion of electrical
energy using solid-state electronic switches.
EE 653, in general, discusses the four main converter types uses in power
electronics: {dc|ac} to {dc|ac} converters. You will learn the principles of operation
and modeling and analysis methods tailored for these converters.
The goals of this course is to develop all major power electronics concepts, from
both systems and components perspectives. To present major design
considerations for switching power conversion.

• Overview of power semiconductor devices

• AC-DC uncontrolled rectifiers modeling and analysis
• AC-DC controlled rectifiers modeling and analysis
• DC-DC switch-mode converters modeling and analysis
• DC-AC inverters modeling and analysis
• AC-AC converters modeling and analysis
• Introduction to some advanced converters and application examples
• Design issues for practical converters
Relation with multiple disciplines

Systems & Signal

Control theory processing
Circuit
Simulation &
theory
computing

Electric Power
machines Electronics
electronics

Power Solid state

systems physics
Electromagnetics

Power electronics is currently the most active discipline in electric

power engineering worldwide.
EE 653 Required Background

You need to have taken the following courses. A general knowledge of other
topics typically covered in the respective course is preferred.

Electronics: Circuit representation of semiconductor devices (MOSFET, IGBT,

diode and other power semiconductor devices).

Electrical Circuits: Transient analysis of circuits, three-phase circuits, transfer

functions, Fourier series representation, and transformers.

Simulation Software

PSCAD/EMTDC: This is not an official prerequisite of the course, but you may
need this software package to do some of the assignments of the course. A free
version of PSCAD is available for download at https://mycentre.hvdc.ca (watch
the video “How to get the Free version”). Several short tutorial videos are
available on the same website. You can ask myself or your TA your PSCAD
questions. You can also use the support request form from within PSCAD.
EE 653 Required Background

MATLAB/SIMULINK: You also need to be familiar with MATLAB for the

programming assignments. Students who wish to have MATLAB on their
own personal computers can purchase MATLAB Student Version from the
Bookie or from http://www.mathworks.com/store. One great source is
“matlab Programming Tips,” available from The MathWorks for free at
http://www.mathworks.com/help/pdf_doc/matlab/programming_tips.pdf.

SEQUEL: SEQUEL is a general-purpose circuit simulation package

developed at IIT Bombay. Its GUI includes a schematic editor for entering
the circuit diagram and a graphing utility for viewing the simulation results.
Several simulation examples in electronics and power electronics are
included in the package.
https://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sequel/
 Books for Reference
The required textbook is
[1] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics:
Converters, Applications, and Design, 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &
Sons, 2003, 824 pp.

The following are useful references for power electronics.

[2] M. H. Rashid, Ed., Power Electronics Handbook: Devices, Circuits, and
Applications, 3rd ed. Burlington, MA: Elsevier, 2011, 1417 pp.
[3] R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimoni´c, Fundamentals of Power Electronics,
2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2001, 912 pp.
 EVALUATION
Evaluation:
Projects/Quizzes: 30%
Mid sem: 25%
End-sem: 45%

Audit for BB or
higher grades only.

Collaboration policy: You may collaborate with others, but do your own
project.

I encourage you to work with classmates on assignments. However, each

student must turn in original work. No copying will be accepted. Students who
violate IITB’s Standards of Conduct for Students will receive an FR as a final
grade in this course, will not have the option to withdraw from the course and
will be reported to the Dean of Students Affairs.
 Class Attendance

• Regular attendance and active participation are expected in all

classes.

• Students are responsible for class work even if there are

legitimate reasons for their absence.

• Unexcused absences may result in a student being withdrawn

from the class or receiving a failing grade.

• In cases where a student is unable to contact his or her

instructor due to major illness, serious injury, or hospitalization,
a notice may be sent to the student's instructor by a family
physician or the Student Affairs Office. This notice is for the
instructor's information only and does not relieve the student of
contacting instructor as soon as possible.
 Definition of Power Electronics
Power Electronics is the electronics applied to conversion and control of
electric power.

Range of power scale :

milliwatts(mW) megawatts(MW) gigawatts(GW)

A more exact explanation:

To convert, i.e. to process and control the flow of electric power by
supplying voltages and currents in a form that is optimally suited for
user loads.
Processor and Power
Power
input Controller output
(Power Electronics)
60/50 Hz, 1-ph PE has a significant role in
or 3-ph different industries where power
Phase-angle? Transformer? processing is required such as in
Only AC-AC, Only voltage and computers, telecommunications,
current change, not controllable, motor drives, cars, alternative
phase angle change? energy and transmission and
distribution systems.
Generic structure of a power electronic system

Power Power Power

input output
Converter

Control input
Feedforward/Feedback Feedback/Feedforward
Controller
( measurements of input signals ) ( measurements of output signals )
Reference
(commanding)

• Building Blocks:
– Input Power, Output Power
– Power Processor
– Controller

The processed output (voltage, current, frequency

and the number of phases) is as desired by the load.

The power flow may be reversible, thus the

input and output may be interchangeable.
 Power Electronics
The controller consists
of linear integrated
circuits and/or digital
signal processors.

Lately, there have been significant improvement in the voltage and

current handling capabilities and the switching speeds of power
semiconductor devices, which make up the power processor unit.

There is a greater and

increasing demand for
increasing and efficient,
controllable, reliable and
clean energy now, which
leads to more usage of PE.
Typical power sources and loads for a power electronic system

Power input Power Power output

Source Load
Vi ii Converter io Vo

-Electric utility -Electric Motor

-battery Feedback/ -light
-other electric energy source Feed forward
-heating
-power converter Controller -power converter
Reference -other electric or
electronic equipment
The task of power electronics has been recently extended to also
ensuring the currents and power consumed by power converters
and loads to meet the requirement of electric energy sources.
The main aims in modern PE systems are to convert electrical
energy from one form to another, i.e. from the source to load with:
– highest efficiency,
– highest availability
– highest reliability
– lowest cost,
– smallest size
– least weight.
Power Electronics (PE) Systems Application Categories

• Static applications
– involves non-rotating or moving mechanical components.
– Examples:
• DC Power supply, Un-interruptible power supply, Power
generation and transmission (HVDC), Electroplating, Welding,
Heating, Cooling, Electronic ballast

• Drive applications
– contains moving or rotating components such as motors.
– Examples:
• Electric trains, Electric vehicles, Airconditioning System,
Pumps, Compressor, Conveyer Belt (Factory automation).
Power Electronics (PE) Systems Application examples
Voltage and current rating for different power electronics application areas

.Industrial
.Transportation
.Utility systems
.Power supplies
for all kinds of
electronic
equipment
.Residential and
home
appliances
.Space
technology
.Other
applications

The yellow shading indicates that the combined voltage and current ratings
exceed those of today’s power electronics technology and that several devices
must be combined in series or parallel in order to achieve the required application
rating for many high-power utility applications.
Power Conversion concept: example

• Supply: 50Hz, 240V RMS (340V peak).

Customer needs DC voltage for welding purpose, say.

• The sine-wave supply gives zero DC component!

• We can use simple half-wave rectifier. A fixed DC

voltage is now obtained. This is a simple PE system.

Average output voltage :

Conversion Concept
How if customer wants variable DC voltage?

More complex circuit using SCR is required.

Average output voltage :

By controlling the firing angle, α, the output DC

voltage (after conversion) can be varied.
Obviously this needs a complicated electronic
system to set the firing current pulses for the SCR.
Conversion of electric power Power Electronics Converters

Electric Other names for electric power converter:

Power Power Power - Power converter
input output - Converter
Converter
- Switching converter
- Power electronic circuit
Control
input - Power electronic converter

Changeable properties in
Two types of electric power
conversion

DC(Direct Current) Magnitude

Frequency, magnitude,
AC (Alternating Current)
number of phases
Classification of power converters

Power
output
Power DC AC
input
AC to AC converter
AC AC to DC converter (Fixed frequency : AC controller
(Rectifier) Variable frequency: Cycloconverter
or frequency converter)

DC DC to DC converter DC to AC converter
(Chopper) (Inverter)
The history

Application of
fast-switching
Invention of fully-controlled
Thyristor semiconductor
devices GTO
GTR IGBT
Mercury arc rectifier Power diode Power MOSFET Power MOSFET
Vacuum-tube rectifier Thyristor Thyristor Thyristor
Thyratron (microprocessor) (DSP)
1900 1957 mid 1970s late 1980s

Pre-history 1st phase 2nd phase 3rd phase

The thread of the power electronics history precisely follows and matches the
break-through and evolution of power electronic devices
A simple example

A dc-dc converter example

Input source: 100V

Output load: 50V, 10A, 500W

How can this converter be realized?

Dissipative realization

• Resistive voltage divider

 Dissipative realization

• Transistor operates in active region

The transistor is controlled to absorb the voltage difference between Vg

and V, thus providing a regulated output. The transistor operates in its
active region as an adjustable output.
Use of a SPDT switch

SPDT: Single pole

double throw

The switch changes the dc voltage level

Addition of low pass filter

Addition of (ideally lossless) L-C low-pass filter,

for removal of switching harmonics:

Choose filter cutoff frequency f0 much smaller than switching frequency fs

This circuit is known as the “buck converter”
Addition of control system for regulation of output voltage