CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Materials

3.2.1 Reagents

3.2.2 Wastewater samples (name of industry/kilang) … buat surat permission letter

3.2.2.1 Wastewater characteristics

3.2.2.2 Total suspended solids (TSS)

3.2.2.3 pH, conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS)

3.2.4.4 Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

3.3 Experimental methodology (preparation of adsorbent)

3.3.1 Pulping and bleaching

3.3.2 Preparation of CNC

3.3.3 Preparation of surface-carboxylated CNC (oxidized CNCs) via TEMPO-mediated oxidation

3.3.4 Manufacturing of nanocellulose filter paper

3.4 Characterization of nanocellulose filter paper

3.4.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

3.4.2 X-ray diffraction

3.4.3 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

3.4.4 Mechanical properties

3.4.5 Zeta potential

3.4.6 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)

3.5 Experimental for batch adsorption studies

- adsorption parameters (pH, temp, contact time, dosage, concentration); or continue from hui hui’s

3.5.1 Adsorption kinetics of organic dye pollutants generated by textile industry