BOOK TWO en Baja

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Copy right MCMXCVII, MCMXCIX, MMV, by Disonex S.A.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted

in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher.
ISBN: 95833-0531-6 MARTHE MULLER
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BOOK TWO.p65 6 12/07/2005, 08:24 p.m.
BOOK TWO
HOW DOES ONE LEARN A LANGUAGE?
Learning a new language can seem to be a magical accomplishment, since

it opens up a whole new world, a world of literature, theater, cinema,
magazines, newspapers and verbal contact with people who speak that
language. But learning a new language never happens overnight, language
learning is problem solving. Learning comes from repetition and use.
One does not learn to play the piano by reading a book about it. One
learns to play the piano by practicing. In the same way one can read many
grammatical rules and learn the meanings of many words, but to acquire
a new language it is important that it be practiced regularly in a variety of
situations. Only by repetition do items get transferred from the short-
term memory to the long-term memory.
INTRODUCCION
¿COMO SE APRENDE UNA LENGUA?
El aprendizaje de una nueva lengua le puede parecer a uno un logro

mágico ya que le abre a uno un mundo totalmente nuevo, un mundo de
literatura, teatro, cine, revistas, periódicos y tambien un contacto verbal
con gente que hable ese idioma. Pero este aprendizaje nunca acontece de
la noche a la mañana. Aprender una lengua es solucionar problemas. El
aprendizaje es el resultado de la repetición y el uso.
Uno no aprende a tocar el piano leyendo un libro acerca del piano. Uno
aprende a tocar el piano practicándolo. De la misma manera uno puede
leer muchas reglas gramaticales y aprender los significados de muchas
palabras pero para adquirir una lengua nueva es importante que se la
practique regularmente en una amplia variedad de situaciones. Solo a
través de la repetición de los datos, estos se transfieren de la memoria
inmediata a la memoria permanente
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BOOK TWO
HOW WILL I USE THIS COURSE?
This course is a complete, self-contained course for individual study, assuming

no previous knowledge of the language.
This course is based on the assumption that the spoken language is primary.
Listening and speaking come before reading and writing.
The material for this course consists of four books, one exercise book, ten
audio cassettes, a video and a two-way dictionary with more than 6000 words
in each language.
The course itself consists of 40 units, divided in three books. Each unit, with
the exception of the review units, has six sections:
LISTEN: A dialog that uses common, useful expressions

SPEAK: A pronunciation exercise
LEARN: A grammar and vocabulary section
BEWARE: A section dealing with specific difficulties
READ: A Reading or song
NOW I CAN: A section that highlights the language skills
that you have acquired in each unit.
In each unit you will regularly come across many words that you do not know.
Try to understand the sentence without looking up the word. You should learn
to tolerate partial understanding as a normal condition of learning. At the end
of each unit you should go back and read the dialog again. If there are still
words you do not understand, look them up. You will find a complete vocabulary
list for each unit in your exercise book.
Units 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 are review units aimed at reinforcing basic
language skills.
Book Four is a reference aid that contains an essential grammar kit, a list of
useful idioms in English with Spanish translations, a list of two-word verbs
and a list of words with multiple meanings.
Dedicate forty minutes a day for five days to each unit, repeating the dialog
and the pronunciation each day. Do the exercises and correct them.
Good luck!
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BOOK TWO
¿ COMO SE USA ESTE CURSO?

Este curso es un curso integral para estudiar individualmente en casa sin
necesidad de tener previo conocimiento de la lengua. Está basado en la suposición
de que la lengua verbal prima sobre la lengua leída y escrita. Oir y hablar
vienen antes que leer y escribir.
Este curso consta de cuatro libros, un libro de ejercicios, diez cassettes de audio,
un video y un diccionario inglés-español, español-inglés con más de 6000
palabras en cada idioma.
Son 40 unidades divididas en tres libros. Cada unidad, con la excepción de las
unidades de revisión, consta de seis secciones, a saber:
ESCUCHE: Un diálogo que utiliza expresiones comunes y útiles.

HABLE: Un ejercicio de pronunciación.
APRENDA: Una sección de gramática y vocabulario.
CUIDADO: Una sección que trata algunas dificultades
específicas.
LEA: Una lectura o canción
AHORA PUEDO: Una sección que ilustra las habilidades de lenguaje
que usted ha aprendido en cada unidad.
En cada unidad usted encontrará muchas palabras que no conoce. Trate de

entender sin buscar la palabra. Acepte el entendimiento parcial como una parte
normal del proceso de aprendizaje. Después de estudiar cada unidad usted debe
regresar al principio y leer el diálogo nuevamente. Si todavía hay palabras que
no entiende, busquelas. Usted encontrará una lista de vocabulario completo
para cada unidad en su libro de ejercicios.
Las unidades 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 y 40 son unidades de revisión que tienen
como intención la fortificación de sus habilidades básicas de lenguaje.
El Libro Cuatro es un libro de referencia que contiene un “botiquín” de la

gramática esencial, una lista de expresiones idiomáticas en inglés y en español,
una lista de verbos de dos palabras y una lista de palabras que tienen múltiples
significados.
Dedique cuarenta minutos, cada día por cinco dias a la semana, a cada unidad,
repitiendo el diálogo y la pronunciación cada día. Haga los ejercicios y corrijalos.
Buena suerte.
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BOOK TWO
Listen to the dialogue with your book

closed.
Listen once without trying to repeat.
Then, listen again, repeating in the
spaces provided. Finally, listen and
read.
Escuche el diálogo con su libro cerrado.

Escuche una vez sin tratar de repetir.
Despúes, escuche otra vez, y repita despúes
de cada frase.
Finalmente, escuche y lea.
Listen carefully to the pronunciation

of the following English words and
repeat in the spaces provided.
Escuche cuidadosamente la
pronunciación de las siguientes
palabras en inglés y repita despúes de
cada frase.
Learn the following structures and

vocabulary by heart.
Aprende las siguientes reglas gramaticales y el

vocabulario.
10
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BOOK
BOOK TWOTWO
Take note of the following pitfalls.
Ojo: Cuidado con las siguientes dificultades.
Read and listen carefully.
Lea y escuche con cuidado.
Now you can use the following useful

expressions.
Ahora sabes utilizar las siguientes

expresiones útiles.
11
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BOOK TWO
Acknowledgments 5
INTRODUCTION 7
HOW WILL I USE THIS COURSE? 8
CÓMO SE USA ESTE CURSO? 9
LEGEND OF SYMBOLS 10
CONTENTS 12
LISTEN -introduction- 16
UNIT SIXTEEN 17
Listen: Renting a Car 17

Speak: Cognates 18
Learn: The Simple Future Tense 18
Be Going To to Indicate The future
Intensifying Reflexive Adjectives
Vocabulary: Renting a Car
Beware: The Uses of shall, will and
be going to 20
Read: American Public Education 21
Now I Can: Make Invitations, Accept
Invitations and Decline Invitations 22
UNIT SEVENTEEN 23
Listen: Memories 23
Speak: Cognates 24
Learn: The Present Participle 24
The Progressive Tenses
Vocabulary: Clothes and Jewelry
Beware: Adjectives That End in ing and in -ed. 26
Read: Native American History 27
Now I Can: Describe Recreational Activities 27
UNIT EIGHTEEN 28
Listen: A Family Photograph 28

Speak: Cognates 30
Learn: The Past Participle 30
The Perfect Tenses
Gender
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BOOK TWO
Vocabulary: The Family
Beware: Already, just, and yet with 33
the Perfect Tenses
Read: The American Family 34
Now I Can: Ask and Answer Questions about
Other People 34
UNIT NINETEEN 35
Listen: The Weather 35

Speak: Cognates 36
Learn: Some Irregular Past Participles 36
Obligation
Vocabulary: Seasons, the Weather
and Holidays
Beware: The Verbs to do and to make 38
Read: Song: Memory 39
Now I Can: Ask about the Weather and Talk
about the Weather 40
UNIT TWENTY REVIEW:

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 41
1. Adjectives 41
2. Comparisons of Adjectives 43
3. Adverbs and Adverbial Expressions 44
4. Comparisons of Adverbs 47
UNIT TWENTY-ONE 48
Listen: Asking for Directions 48

Speak: Cognates 49
Learn: The Perfect Progressive Tenses 49
Vocabulary: Prepositions
Beware: Prepositions that Leave out the
Definite Article 50
Read: Geography: The Fifty States 52
Now I Can: Ask for Directions and Give Directions 53
UNIT TWENTY-TWO 54
Listen: The Town Map 54

Speak: Cognates 55
Learn: The Modal Verbs can/could, 56
will/would, may/might
Vocabulary: A Town
Beware: The Verb to get 57
Read: The United States: Geography,
Immigration and Population 58
Now I Can: Ask for Clarification, Give Clarification
and Repeat for Clarification 59
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BOOK TWO
UNIT TWENTY-THREE 60
Listen: At an Antique Shop 60

Speak: Cognates 61
Learn: The Verbs to remember and to remind 62
More about Possessives
Continents, Countries and Languages
Beware: False Cognates 65
Read: Black History
Now I Can: Ask for the Price, Tell the Price,
Express Appreciation and Thanks and
Respond to Expressions of Thanks 66
UNIT TWENTY-FOUR 67
Listen: At a Restaurant: Asking for Forgiveness 67

Speak: Cognates 68
Learn: The Verbs to wait, to hope and 68
to expect.
Letter Writing Forms
Read: Song: Wild World 72
Now I Can: Make Apologies, Ask for Forgiveness
and Accept Apologies 73
UNIT TWENTY-FIVE REVIEW: TENSES 74
1. The Simple Tenses 74

2. The Progressive Tenses 74
3. The Perfect Tenses 75
4. The Perfect Progressive Tenses 77
Beware: Learn to Predict the Spelling

of -ing and -ed Forms 79
UNIT TWENTY-SIX 81
Listen: At the Doctor 81

Speak: Cognates 82
Learn: The Subjunctive Mood 82
Impersonal It Expressions
Vocabulary: Medical Vocabulary and
Pharmacy Items
Read: Color Therapy 85
Now I Can: Express Obligation and Prohibition 86
UNIT TWENTY-SEVEN 87
Listen: At the Psychiatrist 87

Speak: Cognates 88
Learn: Adjectives to Describe Emotions 89
The Verb to have and the Modal to have
Vocabulary: Houses and Apartments
Read: The History of Childhood 92
Now I Can: Express Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction 93
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BOOK TWO
UNIT TWENTY-EIGHT 94
Listen: At the Supermarket 94

Speak: Cognates 95
Learn: More about Quantities 95
Weights and Measurements
Vocabulary: Fruits and
Other Food Vocabulary
Read: Women’s History 100
Now I Can: Express Approval and Disapproval 101
UNIT TWENTY-NINE 102
Listen: A Get-Together 102

Speak: Cognates 103
Learn: The Verbs to lend (to) and 104
to borrow (from)
More about Intensifying Reflexive
Pronouns
Vocabulary: Snacks and Desserts
Read: Song: You Don’t Have to Say You
Love Me. 106
Now I Can: Ask for Permission, Give Permission
and Deny Permission 107
UNIT THIRTY REVIEW: PREPOSITIONS 108
1. Some Useful Prepositions 108

2. Order of Prepositions 109
3. Prepositions and Verbs 110
Beware: Some Difficult Prepositions 112
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BOOK TWO
Ring, ring
Leonard: Hello, Leonard Rosen speaking.
Lyle: Leonard, it’s Lyle.
Leonard: Hi, Lyle.
Lyle: Are you free this weekend?
Leonard: I guess so. I don’t really have any plans...
Lyle: I just had a great idea. I spoke to Kath a minute ago. Why
don’t the three of us drive down to lancaster tomorrow
morning and spend the weekend with her grandfather?
Leonard: What did Kathryn say?
Lyle: She said yes. She was going to see her grandfather anyway.
Leonard: That sounds wonderful. I haven’t been to Lancaster since my
parents moved to Miami.
Lyle: There’s only one problem. Her car is at the garage and it won’t
be ready until Monday.
Leonard: I don’t have a car, but I can rent one.
Lyle: You’re a sport, Leonard. I don’t do much driving myself.
Leonard: I can pick you up around nine-thirty tomorrow morning.
Lyle: Great! See you tomorrow morning then. Bye.
Leonard: Bye.
Ring, ring
Frances: Hello.
Kathryn: Hi, Fran, it’s Kathryn. Listen here. Lyle wants all of us to
drive down to Lancaster with him this weekend. Do you want
to come? We will have a great time!
Frances: I’m sorry, Kath, I am not ready to see Lyle yet. But what are
your plans?
Kathryn: Leonard will rent a car tomorrow morning and then
he’ll pick us up around nine-thirty. We will arrive in Lancaster at
about noon.
Frances: Where will you stay?
Kathryn: We’ll stay with my grandfather.
Frances: That sounds nice. He’ll be very happy to see you.
Kathryn: I guess I can’t convince you to come with us.
Frances: I’m afraid not. But we will talk when you get home. Have a
wonderful weekend.
Kathryn: I will. Take care.
Frances: Bye.
Clerk: Good morning.
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BOOK TWO
Clerk: How can I help you, sir?

Leonard: Good morning. I’d like to rent a car.
Clerk: Sure. Please sit down. For how long will you
need the car?
Leonard: For about three days.
Clerk: All right. Do you have any preferences?
Leonard: Yes, I do. I would like to see your catalog.
Clerk: Sure. Here you are.
Leonard: I’ll need a comfortable car for three people.
Clerk: Then look at our selection on page three.
Leonard: I think this one will be perfect.
Clerk: May I see your driver’s license?
Leonard: Of course. Here you go.
Clerk: Smoking or non-smoking?
Leonard: What do you mean?
Clerk: Many of our non-smoking clients object to driving cars that
other people have smoked in. We therefore provide the option
of renting cars that have never been smoked in.
Leonard: Oh, I see. Non-smoking, I guess.
Clerk: How do you plan to pay for the car, sir?
Leonard: Do you accept Mastercard?
Clerk: Yes, we do. Please sign here. By the way, we have a weekend
special with free mileage if you deliver the car by Monday morning.
Leonard: That sounds perfect. Thank you very much.
Clerk: Thank you for choosing City Rental.
UNIT SIXTEEN
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BOOK TWO
SPEAK
PRONOUNCE
COGNATES
A useful aid in building vocabulary is learning to recognize cognates: words

in one language that have similar or identical words in another language. The
following words are identical in English and Spanish. Listen to their
pronunciation in English and repeat in the spaces provided.
balance
cable
capital
collar
colonial
color
coma
considerable
escape
familiar
LEARN
STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY
1. THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

The simple future of all verbs, including TO BE and TO HAVE, is formed by
adding shall* or will before the verb.
Affirmative Negative Question
will = ‘ll will + not = won’t
I shall (will) arrive I will not arrive Will I arrive?

You will arrive You will not arrive Will you arrive?
We shall (will) arrive We will not arrive Will we arrive?
They will arrive They will not arrive Will they arrive?
He will arrive He will not arrive Will he arrive?
She will arrive She will not arrive Will she arrive?
It will arrive It will not arrive Will it arrive?
* Nowadays the more formal shall is hardly ever used to form

the future. Will is used for I and we as well. Shall is often used
UNIT SIXTEEN
in biblical language (example: You shall not kill).
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BOOK TWO
2. BE GOING TO TO INDICATE THE FUTURE
The progressive tense form of to go can also be used to indicate the
future:
I am going to Paris on Friday.

Leonard is going to rent a car tomorrow morning.
We are going to stay with my grandfather.
He’s going to be very happy to see you.
Frances isn’t going to go with them.
She is going to stay at home.
3. INTENSIFYING REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
myself I cut myself.
yourself Don’t humiliate yourself.
ourselves We hurt ourselves.
themselves They washed themselves.
himself He killed himself.
herself She helped herself to dessert.
itself The dog licked itself.
yourselves Boys, please serve yourselves.
4. VOCABULARY:
RENTING A CAR
rent alquilar
standard shift de cambios
automatic automático
mileage kilometraje
credit card tarjeta de crédito
papers documentos
deposit deposito
highway autopista
road map mapa de carreteras
detours desviaciones
driver’s license licencia de conducir
parking estacionamiento
dangerous curve curva peligrosa
stop pare
yield ceder el paso
narrow bridge puente estrecho
speed limit límite de velocidad
tank tanque
tires llantas
oil aceite
horn bocina, pito
windshield wipers limpiaparabrisas
dashboard tablero de instrumentos
gearshift stick palanca de cambio
hood capó
accelerator acelerador
mirror espejo
battery batería
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BOOK TWO
radiator radiador
headlights faros
engine motor
brakes frenos
steering wheel volante
clutch pedal pedal de embrague, cloche
bumper parachoques
seat asiento
trunk baúl
license plate placa
roof techo
toll peaje
service station estación de servicios
REPAIRS
I have a flat tire.

The car won’t run.
The car won’t start.
The brakes don’t work.
The battery is flat.
I need a mechanic.
The radiator is not working.
BEWARE
PITFALLS
USES OF SHALL:
To express determination: I shall never forget him.

To make offers of assistance: Shall I help you?
USES OF WILL:
To express future time: I will be in Paris tomorrow.

To make predictions: He will pass the exam.
To express willingness: I will take you.
I’ll get the phone.
USES OF BE GOING TO:
To express future time: I’m going to have lunch at noon.

To make predictions: It’s going to rain later on tonight.
To express a prior plan: I’m going to the zoo later on.
UNIT SIXTEEN
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BOOK TWO
READ
AMERICAN PUBLIC EDUCATION
The United States has neither a centralized educational system nor a

ministry of culture. At the same time, all children from the age of five,
including the blind, the deaf and the physically challenged, have a legal
right to public education supported by public taxes.
American schools cater equally to children of all academic qualifications,

and no attempt is made to punish those who have lesser academic
qualifications. Some people do fail courses, though. The typical high
school offers opportunities for those who wish to enter colleges and at
the same time provides courses that prepare students for jobs where
university degrees are not required.
Seventy-five percent of all young Americans are in secondary school

and thirty percent of students of college age are getting some kind of
higher education. Strict laws against child labor keep all children under
sixteen years in school.
UNIT SIXTEEN
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BOOK TWO
NOW I CAN
MAKE INVITATIONS
with do:
Do you want a beer?
Do you want to have lunch with me tomorrow?
Do you want to come to Lancaster with us?
with would:
Would you like a drink?
Would you like something to eat?
Would you like to have lunch with me tomorrow?
Would you like to go to Lancaster with us?
with may:
May I offer you a drink?
May I invite you to the movies?
May I invite you to lunch on Friday?
ACCEPT INVITATIONS
Thanks. That sounds great.

I’d love to.
Thank you. That sounds wonderful.
Sure. I’d love to.
That would be very nice. Thank you.
That sounds lovely/wonderful.
Yes, please.
Yes, thank you.
That sounds great. Thanks.
Sure.
DECLINE INVITATIONS
I’m sorry. I’m busy. Some other day, maybe.

I’m sorry, but I can’t. I’m working tonight.
I’m sorry. I have another date.
No, thank you.
Not right now, thank you.
No, thanks.
Maybe later, thanks.
UNIT SIXTEEN
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BOOK TWO
Leonard: This was a great idea, guys. I really love driving, but I rarely
have the opportunity in the city.
Kathryn: Yeah. And I really like spending time in the country. Life
doesn’t get any better. Good company, wide open spaces and a
fast car...
Lyle: Do you mind if I smoke?
Leonard: I’m afraid you can’t, Lyle. This is a non-smoking car.
Lyle: That doesn’t leave me any option, does it?
Kathryn: Not many people smoke in the States these days, Lyle.
Smokers are becoming an endangered species in this country.
Lyle: Well, when in Rome, do as the Romans do.
Leonard: That’s a sensible attitude.
Lyle: If I remember correctly, Leonard, you were the one who taught
me to smoke!
Leonard: Gosh, you’re right! I remember how we were always hiding
away in my parents’ garden after school and smoking
ourselves sick...
Lyle: Those were the good old days...
Kathryn: Well, I will be offering you some healthier recreational
activities this weekend. We will be going horse-back riding
tomorrow, and I really enjoy playing tennis, if you guys want
to join me later this afternoon. I hope you packed enough clothes!
Lyle: I was expecting to go swimming ! I only brought my
swimming suit.
Kathryn: There will be time for everything, and my grandfather can lend
you some riding clothes...
UNIT SEVENTEEN
Leonard: Stop talking about clothes and pay attention to the scenery !
Look, Lancaster, five miles...
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BOOK TWO
SPEAK
PRONOUNCE
COGNATES
The following words are identical in English and Spanish. Listen to

their pronunciation in English and repeat in the spaces provided.
favorable
flexible
habitual
honorable
horizontal
horror
hospital
hotel
humor
ideal
LEARN
1. THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE

Present participles end in -ing and are used to form adjectives, nouns,
and, when used with be, the progressive tenses.
verb adjective
to run running water
to read reading lamp
to dine dining room
to swim swimming suit
verb noun
to ski Skiing is fun.
to run Running is good exercise.
to drive Driving at night is dangerous.
2. THE PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE:

PAST TENSE OF BE + VERB + ING
We have already seen the Present Progressive Tense.
(Book One, Unit Five)
to speak
I was speaking. I wasn’t speaking. Was I speaking?
UNIT SEVENTEEN You were speaking. You weren’t speaking.
We were speaking. We weren’t speaking.
Were you speaking?
Were we speaking?
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BOOK TWO
They were speaking. They weren’t speaking. Were they speaking?
He/She/It was speaking. She wasn’t speaking. Was she speaking?
3. THE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSE

WILL + BE + VERB + ING
to speak
will + not = won’t
I will be speaking. I won’t be speaking. Will I be speaking?

You will be speaking. You won’t be speaking. Will you be speaking?
We will be speaking. We won’t be speaking. Will we be speaking?
They will be speaking. They won’t be speaking. Will they be speaking?
He will be speaking. He won’t be speaking. Will he be speaking?
4. VOCABULARY :
CLOTHES
belt cinturón
boots botas
cap cachucha, gorro, gorra
cape capa
clothing prendas, ropa
coat abrigo
dress vestido
fabric, material tela, paño
gloves guantes
handbag cartera
handkerchief pañuelo
hat sombrero
jacket chaqueta
jeans bluejeans, pantalones vaqueros
mittens guantes
overcoat abrigo, sobretodo
pants pantalón
pantyhose medias de nilón
pocketbook cartera
purse cartera, monedero
raincoat impermeable, gabardina
sandals sandalias, alpargatas
scarf bufanda
shirt camisa
shoes zapatos
shorts pantalones cortos
skirt falda
socks medias, calcetines
stockings medias veladas
suit traje
sweater suéter
swimming suit vestido de baño
tee-shirt camiseta
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BOOK TWO
tie corbata
umbrella paraguas
wool lana
cotton algodón
denim dril de algodón, bluyín
suede gamuza
silk seda
leather cuero
nylon nilón, nailon
JEWELERY
earring arete, pendiente

necklace collar
bracelet pulsera
watch reloj
ring anillo
BEWARE
PITFALLS
Note the difference between two kinds of adjectives derived from verbs:
Adjectives that end in -ing indicate that the activity is taking place and adjectives
that end in -ed indicate that the activity has already taken place.
present past
to receive a receiving button vs. a received message

to finish a finishing school vs. a finished task
to die a dying woman vs. a dead person
Note the difference in meaning between:
A boring person vs. a bored person.
A boring person is a person who bores other people.

A bored person is a person who is bored.
An interesting person vs. an interested person.
An interesting person is a person who interests other people.

An interested person is a person who is interested.
A tiring person vs. a tired person.
UNIT SEVENTEEN A tiring person is a person who tires other people.

A tired person is a person who is tired.
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BOOK TWO
READ
NATIVE AMERICAN HISTORY
When Christopher Columbus arrived in the Western Hemisphere some

500 years ago, he encountered a world already inhabited by millions of
other people. Thousands of years before he arrived to conquer the “New
World,” the ancestors of the Native Americans, the Eskimos and the
Aleuts migrated over the Bering Strait from Asia to populate America.
The first human beings probably arrived in North America about 25.000
years ago. They migrated from Asia across Beringia, a landmass that
existed between Alaska and Russian Siberia. It is assumed that migration
took place over water, by land or on ice in the winter.
It is generally concluded that human beings were widely spread through

South America 11,000 to 10,000 years ago. Although it is difficult to
gather exact data, it is estimated that there were about seven million
Native Americans living in the area north of Mexico when Columbus
arrived in 1492, and 72 million Native Americans in the whole Western
Hemisphere. The population in the rest of the world around 1500 is
considered to have totaled around 500 million.
The tragedy of the Native Americans is that their population declined in

only four centuries from an estimated 72 million to about four and a half
million in the whole Western Hemisphere. The Native American
population in the United States decreased from around five million in
1492 to about 250.000 in the decade from 1890 to 1900. The 1990 United
States Census showed that the Native American population today is about
two million, less than half of what they numbered when Christopher
Columbus stepped foot onto their land 500 years ago.
NOW I CAN
DESCRIBE RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
He is playing tennis.
She is skiing in Vermont.
They are playing football.
Terry and Maude are horseback-riding.
He is playing basketball
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BOOK TWO
Kathryn: Well, this is your room. My room is next door, but we will have
to share the bathroom.
Lyle: Thanks, it looks really comfortable.
Leonard: Kath, what is this photograph of my family doing here?
Kathryn: It’s a funny story. My grandfather bought some of your parents’
furniture at an auction after they moved away and sold their
house. The photograph was inside a drawer of a huge antique
closet he bought.
Lyle: Let me see that photograph! Wow, this brings back a lot of
memories! Isn’t that your sister Nancy between you and your
UNIT EIGHTEEN grandmother?
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BOOK TWO
Leonard: Well, that’s kind of easy, isn’t it? I only have one sister.
Lyle: What is she doing these days?
Leonard: She’s a lawyer. A very successful one.
Kathryn: I’m not surprised. She was always the smartest in her
class. And what happened to Ben, your older brother?
Leonard: He used to be a professor of Economics at Harvard, but
then he bought a sailboat, and he and his wife are
sailing around the world with their two young children.
Lyle: Great! And I guess your parents are retired now?
Leonard: Well, not quite. My father bought a small orange farm in
Florida.
Kathryn: Leonard, you look exactly like you did then, don’t you
agree, Lyle?
Lyle: Yeah, he hasn’t changed a bit. Handsome little devil.
UNIT EIGHTEEN
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BOOK TWO
SPEAK
PRONOUNCE
COGNATES
The following words are identical in English and Spanish. Listen to their
incomparable
indispensable
individual
indivisible
industrial
inexplicable
inspector
instructor
invariable
invisible
LEARN
1. THE PAST PARTICIPLE

Past participles are forms of the verb used to make adjectives and the perfect
tenses, when used with have.
Regular verbs have past participle forms that are identical to the simple past
tense form of the verb. (Add -ed or -d.)
verb adjective
to wither the withered leaves

to retire the retired man
to expect an expected guest
Irregular verbs form their past participles in irregular ways. Consult the
chart on page 114 of Book Four.
verb adjective
to break the broken watch

UNIT EIGHTEEN to forget
to keep
the forgotten memory
the kept secret
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BOOK TWO
2. THE PERFECT TENSES

They indicate events, situations or actions that are completed before
another time or event.
THE PRESENT PERFECT (the action was completed some time before
now)
have/has + -ed or -d
* See chart on p. 114 of Book Four for irregular verbs.
They have arrived.

We have arrived.
He has arrived.
The package has arrived.
THE PAST PERFECT (the action was completed some time in the past
before another event)
had + -ed or -d
They had arrived by the time you got here.

We had arrived by the time you got here.
He had arrived by the time you got here.
The package had arrived by the time you got here.
THE FUTURE PERFECT

will have + ed or -d.
They will have arrived by the time you get here.

We will have arrived by the time you get here.
He will have arrived by the time you get here.
The package will have arrived by the time you get here.
3. VOCABULARY :
GENDER
In English there are three ways to indicate gender:
1. By using a different word for masculine and feminine:
boy niño girl niña

man hombre woman mujer
king rey queen reina
gentleman caballero lady dama
male macho female hembra
dog perro bitch perra
cock gallo hen gallina
bull toro cow vaca
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BOOK TWO
2. By adding a word to indicate gender:
billy goat cabro nanny goat cabra

male child niño female child niña
male elephant elefante female elephant elefante
3. By adding the ending -ess to the masculine form:
actor actor actress actríz
duke duque duchess duquesa
god dios goddess diosa
heir heredero heiress heredera
traitor traidor traitress traidora
lion león lioness leona
tiger tigre tigress tigresa
prince príncipe princess princesa
Some words denote both masculine and feminine: *
parent padre
child hijo/a, niño/a
cousin primo/a
friend amigo/a
neighbor vecino/a
relation relación
relative pariente
traveler viajero/a
witness testígo/a
* Note that the majority of professions today denote both the
masculine and the feminine form. See page twenty four of Book One.
THE FAMILY
aunt tía
brother hermano
brother-in-law cuñado
children hijos, niños
cousin primo/prima
daughter hija
daughter-in-law nuera
father padre
father-in-law suegro
granddaughter nieta
grandfather abuelo
grandmother abuela
grandparents abuelos
grandson nieto
husband marido, esposo
mother madre
mother-in-law suegra
nephew sobrino
niece sobrina
parents padres
sister hermana
sister-in-law cuñada
son hijo
son-in-law yerno
uncle tío
wife esposa
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BOOK TWO
BEWARE
PITFALLS
The perfect tenses are often used with the words just, yet and already.
Note how they are used:
just (a little while ago) acaba de
I have just called him.

We had just arrived.
Has he just arrived?
yet todavía
(can only be used in the negative or questions)
I have not called him yet.

Has he arrived yet?
Hasn’t your boss paid you yet?
already ya
I have already talked to him.

Have you talked to him already?
UNIT EIGHTEEN
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BOOK TWO
READ
THE AMERICAN FAMILY
There has never been an era in American society where three

generations of the same family living together in the same residence
has been the dominant pattern. The household in colonial times,
however, differed from the contemporary household, in that colonial
households often included unrelated individuals: boarders, lodgers,
apprentices and servants.
Through the nineteenth and into the early twentieth century, a quarter
to a third of all Americans had either been a boarder or taken in a
boarder during their lives. Except among a small group of university
students and in some black families, the practice of boarding and
lodging has almost disappeared in America.
Increased availability of housing and changing values of privacy have

led to a steady increase in one-person households. Now the majority
of Americans live alone. Many of these are aging widows.
American families confront two major problems. The first is the high
proportion of teenage pregnancies, which often makes grandmothers
of women scarcely in their thirties. The second problem is the increasing
isolation of the elderly.
NOW I CAN
ASK ABOUT OTHER PEOPLE
What happened to your sister, Beth?

What is Nancy doing these days?
Where is Nancy working now?
Are your parents retired?
What’s your brother doing?
ANSWER QUESTIONS ABOUT OTHER PEOPLE
Oh, she moved to Los Angeles. She’s married and she has two kids.
She’s a corporate lawyer.
She’s working for a Wall Street firm.
UNIT EIGHTEEN No, they are running a small orange farm in Florida.
He’s sailing around the world with his wife and two small children.
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BOOK TWO
Kathryn: Come and meet my grandfather. Hello, Gramps.

Grandpa: Kathryn, my dear, how wonderful to see you. You should come
more often... And who do we have here?
Kathryn: Grandfather, this is Lyle Falk, the writer. Do you remember him?
Grandpa: Yes, aren’t you the boy who walked out on the Wagner-girl on
her wedding day?
Kathryn: Oh, Gramps, that was ages ago! That’s water under the bridge!
Grandpa: You should not have done that. That’s no way to treat a lady,
young man.
Lyle: Pleased to meet you, Mr. Martell. And you are right... I made a
mistake...
Kathryn: Take no notice of him, Lyle. Grandpa’s bark is worse than his bite!
And this is Leonard, the youngest son of Harry and Emma Rosen.
Grandpa: I can see that. Nice of you to come and see me.
Leonard: It’s a pleasure to meet you again, Mr. Martell.
Grandpa: You have chosen the best season to come. The weather in June
is just perfect. Long, hot, sunny days...
Kathryn: I prefer winter to summer. I have always loved the cold and the
snow and drinking chocolate in front of the fireplace.
Leonard: I prefer autumn and the falling leaves and the wind.
Lyle: Spring is my favorite season. Winter is too cold for me, and
summer is too hot. I prefer days that are warm and evenings that
are cool.
Grandpa: Honey, go make us some lemonade. You must be thirsty after
that long drive...
Kathryn: You bet! UNIT NINETEEN
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BOOK TWO
SPEAK
PRONOUNCE
COGNATES
The following words are identical in English and Spanish. Listen to their
irregular
radical
rumor
rural
sentimental
sexual
simple
singular
sociable
social
LEARN
LEARN
1. SOME IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLE FORMS
(Look up their meanings in the chart on p. 100 of Book Four.)
infinitive & past tense past participle

present tense
to be was, were been

to become became become
to begin began begun
to break broke broken
to bring brought brought
to burn burned/burnt burned/burnt
to buy bought bought
to choose chose chosen
to come came come
to do did done
to drink drank drunk
to drive drove driven
to eat ate eaten
to find found found
to forget forgot forgotten
to forgive forgave forgiven
to get got gotten
to give gave given
to go went gone
UNIT NINETEEN to have had had
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BOOK TWO
to hear heard heard
to hide hid hidden
to hold held held
to know knew known
to lay laid laid
to lie lay lain
to make made made
to meet met met
to pay paid paid
to read read read
to ring rang rung
to tell told told
to say said said
to see saw seen
to sit sat sat
to sleep slept slept
to stand stood stood
to take took taken
to teach taught taught
to think thought thought
to understand understood understood
to wear wore worn
to write wrote written
2. OBLIGATION
The following words express obligation in English:
must deber
should deber (sugerencia)
ought to deber (sugerencia)
had better tener que
have to/has to tener que
Affirmative Negative
You must drive carefully. You must not smoke.
You should drive carefully. You should not smoke.
You ought to drive carefully. You ought not to smoke
You had better drive carefully. You had better not smoke.
You have to drive carefully. You have to stop smoking.
She has to drive carefully. She has to stop smoking.
3. VOCABULARY:
SEASONS AND THE WEATHER
spring primavera
summer verano
autumn / fall otoño
winter invierno
rain lluvia
snow nieve
hail granizo
season estación
hot caliente
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BOOK TWO
cold frío
cool fresco/a
sun sol
fog neblina
What’s the weather like? ¿Qué tiempo hace?

The weather’s fine. Hace buen tiempo.
The weather’s bad. Hace mal tiempo.
It’s hot. Hace calor.
It’s cold. Hace frío.
It’s sunny. Hace sol.
It rains a lot there. Llueve mucho allá.
centigrade / Celsius Centígrado
Fahrenheit Fahrenheit
HOLIDAYS DIAS FESTIVOS
Christmas Navidad
Valentine’s Day Día del Amor y Amistad
Easter Pascua
Mother’s Day Día de la Madre
Father’s Day Día del Padre
Graduation Graduación
Thanksgiving Día de Acción de Gracias
Halloween Día de Todos los Santos
BEWARE
PITFALLS
TO DO and TO MAKE
The verbs to do and to make are both irregular verbs that can mean the same
in Spanish: hacer. Look at the way they are used in English:
to do to make
to do a favor to make a bargain

to do a job to make a bed
to do an exercise to make a change
to do business (with) to make a comparison
to do exercise to make a deal
to do nothing to make a decision
to do one’s assignment to make a discovery
to do one’s best to make a donation
to do one’s duty to make a face
to do one’s hair to make a fool of
to do one’s homework to make a journey
to do one’s nails to make a mistake
to do research to make a noise
to do something to make a plan
UNIT NINETEEN to do the dishes to make a promise
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BOOK TWO
to do the housework to make (someone) angry
to do the laundry to make (someone) nervous
to do (your) work to make a speech
to make a statement
to make a turn
More examples with to make:
to make an attempt to make fun of
to make an effort to make good
to make an error to make improvement
to make as if to make love
to make believe to make money
to make do with to make peace
to make enemies to make progress
to make enquiries to make something up
to make friends to make up (with)
to make friendships to make war
READ
SONG
Memory
Lloyd Webber
Trevor Nunn
Midnight Daylight
Not a sound from the pavement I must wait for the sunrise
As the moon I must think of a new life
Lost the memory And I mustn’t give in
She is smiling alone When the dawn comes
In the lamplight Tonight will be a memory too
The withered leaves And the new day will begin
Collect at my feet
And the wind Burnt-out ends
Begins to mourn Of smoky days
A stale cold smell of morning
Memories A streetlamp dies
All alone in the moonlight
I can dream of the old days Another night is over
Life was beautiful then Another day is dawning
I remember Touch me
The time I knew It’s so easy to leave me
What happiness was All alone with the memory
Let the memory live again of my days in the sun
Every streetlamp If you touch me
seems to bleed You’ll understand
A fatal history dawning What happiness is
Someone mutters
And the streetlamp scatters Look
And soon it will be morning A new day has begun
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BOOK TWO
NOW I CAN
ASK ABOUT THE WEATHER
What’s the weather like in Indiana?

What’s the weather like today?
Is it cold?
Is it very hot?
Is it snowing?
Does it rain often?
Is it very windy?
TALK ABOUT THE WEATHER
The weather in Indiana is wonderful.

No, it only rains from July to October.
It snows in December, though.
It is very cold in January.
It is very hot in August.
It is not windy.
UNIT NINETEEN
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BOOK TWO
ADJECTIVES
The hungry man.
An angry child.
A quick lunch.
A happy orphan.
Note: an orphan but a sad orphan

a child but an angry child
Ten adjectives to describe physical states:

I am hungry.
He is thirsty.
They are tired.
We are sleepy.
You are awake.
Helen is sick.
He’s well.
I’m healthy.
UNIT TWENTY
He is cold.
It is hot today.
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BOOK TWO
Ten adjectives to describe positive emotions:
with about:
I’m glad about saving all that money.
Linda is pleased about finding her handbag.
She’s happy about her promotion.
He’s excited about the soccer game.
They’re overjoyed about the pregnancy.
I’m relieved about the cancelation of the exam.
They’re enthusiastic about the candidate.
He’s crazy about horses.
with with:
We’re delighted with the new house.
with of:
We’re proud of our achievements.
Ten adjectives to describe negative emotions:
with about:
I’m angry about losing my wallet.
We are unhappy about your decision.
They’re sad about leaving.
He’s depressed about losing his job.
She’s anxious about arriving late.
We’re mad about missing the game.
with of:
They’re scared of sleeping alone.
He’s ashamed of telling the truth.
We’re afraid of being caught.
She’s frightened of driving at night.
Ten adjectives to describe people:
The Sumo wrestler is fat.

His wife is short.
The model is tall.
They are thin.
His nose is big.
Her mouth is small.
They are attractive.
We are plain.
The actor is handsome.
The criminal is ugly.
Ten adjectives to describe hair:
My hair is curly.
Lyle’s hair is straight.
Kathryn’s hair is wavy.
Our hair is dark.
Your hair is light.
Her hair is blond.
His hair is short.
Her hair is long.
The model’s hair is dyed.
UNIT TWENTY My hair color is natural.
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BOOK TWO
Ten adjectives to describe things:
The box is square.
The hole is round.
The film is long.
The play is short.
This dress is old.
His car is new.
It is a high mountain.
It is a low wall.
We have a fast car.
They have a slow truck.
COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVES
1. Comparatives and Superlatives:

The easiest way to compare adjectives is to add er or est to short
adjectives:
Comparative Superlative
+ er the + est
Leonard is tall. Lyle is taller. Lyle is the tallest.
Comparative: er + than: Lyle is taller than Leonard.
Superlative: the + est: Lyle is the tallest of the two.

Longer adjectives use more than and less than to indicate comparison,
and the most and the least to indicate superlatives:
He is more attractive than his brother.

She is the least efficient of all the secretaries.
Note: The following adjectives are irregular:
a good father a better father the best father

a bad accident a worse accident the worst accident
2. Comparisons of Equality:
Mary is six feet tall. Henry is six feet tall.
Mary is as tall as Henry (is).

They are the same height.
3. Comparative adjectives can be repeated for greater effect:
I am getting angrier and angrier with him.

He wasn’t feeling better, he was feeling sicker and sicker.
The sooner, the better.
The faster you run, the quicker you’ll get there.
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BOOK TWO
OTHER USEFUL ADJECTIVES
all todo/a, todos/as

each cada
every cada, todo/a
another otro/a
any cualquier(a), algún
both ambos/as
certain cierto/a
double doble
either cualquiera de los/las dos
neither ninguno/a de los/las dos
few pocos/as
half mitad
many muchos/as
several varios/as, diversos/as
some algunos/as
the other(s) el/la otro/a, los/las otros/as
triple triple
twice dos veces
various varios/as, diversos/as
such tal, semejante
the same lo mismo/la misma
this este/esta
these estos/estas
that ese/a, aquel/aquella
those esos/esas, aquellos/ aquellas
which whichever cuál /cualquier(a)
what whatever qué/ cuál/ cualquiera
ADVERBS
Lyle walks.
How does Lyle walk?
Lyle walks slowly.
Adverbs answer the questions: where, when, how, how much, why, how often
and express opinions.
ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS
OF PLACE (where)
here aquí
inside adentro
outside afuera
before antes
after después
in front of en frente de
behind detrás de
below debajo de
there allá
far lejos
UNIT TWENTY near cerca
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BOOK TWO
OF TIME (when)
afterwards luego, después
already ya
always siempre
before antes
no longer ya no más
no more no más
not long ago hace poco, no hace mucho
now, then ahora, entonces
once una vez
recently recientemente
sometimes a veces
soon pronto
still toavía, aún
today hoy
tomorrow mañana
yesterday ayer
the day before anteayer
yesterday
OF MANNER (how)
well bien
frequently frecuentemente
badly mal
quickly rápidamente
slowly lentamente
neatly con esmero
hurriedly a la carrera
lazily con pereza, perezosamente
fast rápidamente, de prisa
carefully con cuidado, cuidadosamente
OF QUANTITY OR DEGREE (How much, how many)
absolutely completamente
almost casi
barely apenas
certainly cierto
clearly claramente
completely completamente
definitely definitivamente
distinctly claramente
enough suficiente
evidently patentemente, evidentemente
excessively con exceso, excesivamente
extremely sumamente
hardly apenas, difícilmente
little poquito, poco
merely simplemente
more más
much, many mucho, muchos
obviously evidentemente, obviamente
partially parcialmente
positively realmente, tajantemente
probably probablemente
really realmente
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BOOK TWO
scarcely apenas
simply sencillamente
so many tantos
so much tanto
such tal, semejante, tanto/a
surely sin duda
too many demasiados
too much demasiado
truly realmente
OF RESULT (why)
consequently por consiguiente

hence por lo tanto
therefore por lo tanto
thus así, de esta manera
so así, de esta manera
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY (how often)
always 100%
usually 90% - 99%
often 75% - 90%
sometimes 25% - 75%
seldom 10% - 25%
rarely 1% - 10%
never 0%
almost always casi siempre

almost never casi nunca
already ya
at times a veces
continually constantemente
ever siempre
finally finalmente
forever para siempre
frequently frecuentemente
generally por lo general, generalmente
habitually por costumbre
hardly ever casi nunca
infrequently infrecuentemente
invariably sin excepción
just hace poco
normally normalmente
not ever nunca
occasionally de vez en cuando
once una vez
once in a blue moon raramente
ordinarily por lo común
regularly con regularidad
repeatedly repetidas veces
soon pronto
very often muchísimas veces
UNIT TWENTY yet todavía, aún
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BOOK TWO
OF OPINION
fortunately afortunadamente
sadly tristemente
unfortunately desgraciadamente
He is sitting in front of the house. (where)

The cat is lying near the fire. (where)
They lived here. (where)
I recently saw my brother. (when)
I hope to be a lawyer soon. (when)
I want to be your friend always. (when)
She drives carefully. (how)
He does his homework quickly. (how)
I’m really scared. (how much)
I can hardly hear you. (how much)
She is at work, so I have to make lunch. (why)
Harry is ill, therefore he sent his son. (why)
They rarely eat red meat. (how often)
I seldom go to town. (how often)
Fortunately we managed to get tickets. (opinion)
Sadly his mother died last week. (opinion)
COMPARISONS OF ADVERBS
1. Comparatives and Superlatives:
Adverbs that end in -ly form comparatives and superlatives by using

more/less and the most/the least. (The superlative form is rarely used.)
He walks more slowly than his sister.

They talk more softly than their colleagues.
2. Comparisons of Equality:
as... as
He walks as slowly as his sister.

They talk as softly as their colleagues.
Note: The following adverbs are irregular:
He writes well.* She writes better. John writes the best.

He drives badly. She drives worse. John drives the worst.
* Note: The word good can only be used as an adjective.

Well is the adverbial form of good:
Adjective Adverb
A good man. but He drives well.*
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BOOK TWO
Kathryn: Excuse me. We’re kind of lost. Didn’t there use to be an

Italian restaurant here on this corner?
Girl: Yeah. Luigi’s. My father bought this place from him four
years ago.
Leonard: Oh. And what happened to Luigi’s?
Girl: Well, it still exists, but it’s downtown now.
Leonard: Is it very far?
Girl: No, it’s quite near.
Lyle: Can you tell us how to get there?
Girl: Sure. Are you walking or driving?
Kathryn: We’re on foot.
Girl: Okay. First, you walk to the corner. Then, you turn
right on Broad Street. You pass First Avenue. After
that, you pass the Union Church on the corner of Broad
and Second Avenue. Turn right on Second Avenue and
walk one block. It’s on the corner on your right, across
UNIT Lyle:
from the post office.
Thanks. You’ve been very helpful.
TWENTY-ONE Girl: It’s a pleasure.
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BOOK TWO
SPEAK
PRONOUNCE
COGNATES
The following words are identical in English and Spanish. Build your
vocabulary by looking for further examples. Listen to their pronunciation
in English:
soluble
sublime
superficial
superior
susceptible
taxi
terrible
terror
total
transistor
LEARN
1. THE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES

We already know the perfect tenses and the progressive tenses. The perfect
progressive tenses are used to describe events, situations and actions
that are in progress immediately before, up to or until another time or
event. They express the duration of the first event:
THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
HAVE/HAS + BEEN + VERB+ ING
I have been waiting for three hours. (I am still waiting)

She has been feeling sick for a week. (She is still feeling sick)
I have been studying English for four months. (I am still studying)
THE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE + ING
I had been waiting for three hours when he finally arrived.

She had been feeling sick for a week when the doctor finally came to see
her.
I had been studying English for four months when I fell in love with an
English tourist.
Note: The verb in the second phrase is in the simple past tense.
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BOOK TWO
THE FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
WILL HAVE + BEEN + VERB + ING
I will have been waiting for three hours by the time he arrives.
She will have been feeling sick for a week by the time she gets medical
attention.
I will have been studying English for four months by the time the
university starts.
Note: The verb in the second phrase is in the simple present.
still todavía, aún

when cuándo, cuando
by the time (para) cuando
2. VOCABULARY:
PREPOSITIONS
about aproximadamente
exactly exactamente
across from frente de
around a la vuelta de
around the corner (from) al doblar la esquina (de)
behind detrás de
downtown el centro de la ciudad
downstairs abajo
between entre
in front of delante de
next to al lado de
inside adentro
on en
near cerca de
far from lejos de
outside afuera
close to cerca de
under debajo de
above encima de
straight derecho
to the left a la izquierda
to the right a la derecha
BEWARE
PITFALLS
PREPOSITIONS THAT LEAVE OUT THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

The definite article the is left out in many idiomatic expressions in English:
I came on foot.
UNIT Did you come by car?
The children go to school by bus.
TWENTY-ONE I like traveling by train.
The sailor was at sea.
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BOOK TWO
Idiomatic expressions to learn by heart:
by telephone (no article)

by radio (no article)
on/over the telephone (article)

on/over the radio (article)
on television (TV) no article
by hand
by machine
by air
by land
by sea
by car
by bus
by taxi
by boat
by ship
by ferry
by train
by bike
by streetcar
by messenger
by subway
by air mail
by surface mail
at the bank
at the store but at Macy’s (a store name)
at the house
at the office
at the library
at the bookstore
at the cafeteria
at the apartment
at the post office
but
at home
at work
at church
at school but He studies at the school on Denver Street.
I’m going to work.

I’m going to church.
I’m going to school.
I’m going home.
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BOOK TWO
READ
MAP: GEOGRAPHY
THE FIFTY STATES
State Abbreviation Capital
Alabama AL Montgomery
Alaska AK Juneau
Arizona AZ Phoenix
Arkansas AR Little Rock
California CA Sacramento
Colorado CO Denver
Connecticut CT Hartford
Delaware DE Dover
Florida FL Tallahassee
Georgia GA Atlanta
Hawaii HI Honolulu
Idaho ID Boise
Illinois IL Springfield
Indiana IN Indianapolis
Iowa IA Des Moines
Kansas KS Topeka
Kentucky KY Frankfort
Louisiana LA Baton Rouge
Maine ME Augusta
Maryland MD Annapolis
Massachusetts MA Boston
Michigan MI Lansing
Minnesota MN St. Paul
Mississippi MS Jackson
Missouri MO Jefferson City
Montana MT Helena
Nebraska NE Lincoln
Nevada NV Carson City
New Hampshire NH Concord
New Jersey NJ Trenton
New Mexico NM Santa Fe
New York NY Albany
North Carolina NC Raleigh
North Dakota ND Bismarck
Ohio OH Columbus
Oklahoma OK Oklahoma City
Oregon OR Salem
Pennsylvania PA Harrisburg
Rhode Island RI Providence
South Carolina SC Columbia
South Dakota SD Pierre
Tennessee TN Nashville
Texas TX Austin
Utah UT Salt Lake City
Vermont VT Montpelier
Virginia VA Richmond
UNIT Washington
West Virginia
WA
WV
Olympia
Charleston
TWENTY-ONE Wisconsin
Wyoming
WI
WY
Madison
Cheyenne
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BOOK TWO
Washington D.C. has been the capital of the United States since
November, 1800.
Did you know:
The name Connecticut is derived from the Indian word Quonecktacut,

meaning long river.
The name Colorado comes from the Spanish, meaning colored red,
referring to the color of the rocks and stones in this region.
The name Alabama comes from Alibamu, the name of an Indian tribe
who lived in this area.
The name Alaska is derived from an Aluet word meaning great land
or main land.
The name Arizona comes from the Papago Indian word aleh-zon
meaning little spring.
Arkansas (pronounced är’kan-sô) is named after a Siouan tribe of

Indians known as the Quapaw or Arkansas, meaning downstream
people.
The name Chicago comes from an Indian word meaning river of wild
onions, referring to the onions that grew along the Chicago river.
NOW I CAN
ASK FOR DIRECTIONS
Can you tell me how to get to the train station?

Excuse me. How do I get to the bank?
Is this the way to the post office?
Excuse me, can you tell me where the bathroom is?
GIVE DIRECTIONS
Let’s see, you can take the next road down...

Well, you can take the uptown bus on the next corner.
You can’t walk. It’s too far.
First, go up two blocks.
Then, go across the park.
Go past the bank.
So, you go around the circle.
Go down half a block.
It’s on your left, across from the First National Bank.
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BOOK TWO
Lyle: Okay. Now we know where Luigi’s is, but I need to get some
cash before lunch.
Leonard: And I want to go and see a friend of mine who is director of the
hospital. It’s five past twelve. He may just be there now. We could
meet at Luigi’s at one-thirty.
Kathryn: Okay. I have to buy some bread for supper, and the town
bakery closes at one. I’ll see you guys later.
Lyle: Excuse me. Would you happen to know where I can find an
automatic teller?
Woman: I’m afraid I’m not familiar with this area. I’m from out of
town myself.
Lyle: Thanks, anyway. Pardon me. Could you tell me where I can
find an automatic teller?
Man: Sure. There’s one close to here. You go down two blocks and
turn left on Second Avenue. Go past the church, cross Broad
street, walk half a block, and it’s on your left. The First National
Bank.
Lyle: I’m afraid I didn’t get that. Could you repeat that?
Man: Okay. Listen carefully. Go down two blocks, turn left on
Second, you pass the church, you cross Broad, you walk half
UNIT Lyle:
a block, and it’s on your left. Did you get that?
Yes, sir. Thanks.
TWENTY-TWO Man: You’re welcome.
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BOOK TWO
AT LUIGI’S
Lyle: I’m not sure I understand what you’re saying. Could

you explain that to me again?
Leonard: Look, let me put it this way. I’m saying that one’s
emotions can make one physically ill...
Kathryn: Are you trying to say that most diseases are
psychological?
Lyle: I don’t think so. If I understand you correctly, Leo,
you’re saying that our emotions can bring about
chemical reactions that can cause disease...
Leonard: Yes, that’s what I’m trying to say. Look, the idea is
this...
SPEAK
PRONOUNCE
COGNATES
The following words are identical in English and Spanish. Build your
vocabulary by looking for further examples. Listen to their pronunciation
in English:
tribunal
triple
universal
usual
venerable
vertical
via
video
vigor
visible
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BOOK TWO
LEARN
1. THE MODAL VERBS
CAN/COULD, WILL/WOULD, MAY/MIGHT
present tense past tense
can could
will would
may might
These verbs express:
Possibility:
I’m not sure. The drugstore could be on the next corner.

She might not remember him.
He may just be there now.
My cigarettes could be in the car.
Requests:
Can you tell me where I can find an automatic teller?

Could you show me the way to the train station?
Will you show me how to get there?
Would you help me read this map, please?
May I see your driver’s licence?
Might I bother you for a match?
Permission or Ability:
You can’t walk. It’s too far.
I can play the piano.
I can speak Spanish.
You can’t smoke here, but you may smoke in the garden.
You may drive my car.
Making Offers or Expressing Preferences:
Would you like to have dinner with me?
Would you like to have a beer?
I would like to live in Chicago.
2. VOCABULARY:
A TOWN
airmail correo aéreo
bakery panadería, pastelería
bank banco
UNIT butchery
church
carnicería
iglesia
city block manzana
TWENTY-TWO clerk dependiente
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BOOK TWO
clinic clínica
clothes store tienda de ropa
corner esquina
dairy lechería
department store almacén por departamentos
drugstore farmacia, botica, droguería
envelope sobre
fish store pescadería
gas station gasolinera
grocery store tienda de comestibles, abacería
hardware store ferretería
hospital hospital
hotel hotel
ice cream parlor heladería
intersection bocacalle, intersección
laundromat lavandería
library biblioteca
liquor store licorería
market mercado
meat market carnicería
money order giro postal
movie theater cine
museum museo
newsstand quiosco, caseta
outdoors al aire libre
police station estación de policía
post office oficina de correos
post office box apartado postal
restaurant restaurant
sidewalk acera
store tienda
supermarket supermercado
theater teatro
traffic light semáforo
BEWARE
PITFALLS
TO GET
The verb to get can mean many things:
get = become, grow
I get angry when you do that.

He got tired of waiting.
Buy the lotto and get rich.
get = acquire, gain position of
She will get a nice lump sum as settlement.

Next year, I hope to get a new car.
He got a farm from his father when he turned thirty.
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BOOK TWO
get = bring or convey
How will you get the horse into the trailer?

How will you get the caravan up the hill?
get = prepare
I have to get supper ready.

She had to get ready for the concert. (get dressed)
get = be subjected to the experience of being
I got sick when I ate seafood in Spain.

Be careful! You’ll get hurt!
You’ll get disqualified if you use hormones.
get = persuade, induce
Can you get your brother to come?

Do you think I can get her to marry me?
Can we get them to deliver the pizza?
get = succeed in reaching a destination
We hope to get to Jupiter by the end of the century.

They got home in time to watch the news.
If you take this flight, you’ll get to Frankfurt by noon.
get = contrive, manage, have the opportunity
I don’t get to eat out very often.

We never got to meet the famous artist after all.
She hoped to get to see her brother in Nepal.
READ
THE UNITED STATES
I. GEOGRAPHY
The United States is a nation spread across fifty states and six time zones. It
occupies more than three million square miles of territory. The country is
often divided into four major regions for reasons of convenience: Northeast,
South, Midwest and West. The Northeast has its capital in New York City, but
includes New England and the Middle Atlantic States. The South extends
from Virginia to Texas but excludes Missouri. The Midwest, also called North
UNIT Central, has Chicago as its center. Everything west of the Great Plains, including
Hawaii and Alaska, is called the West.
TWENTY-TWO
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BOOK TWO
II. IMMIGRATION
America grows by about 6.300 people daily, of whom 2000 are

immigrants. Forty percent of Americans are descendants of immigrants
who passed before the Statue of Liberty and through the gates of Ellis
Island. In September 1990, $156 million was spent on the restoration of
Ellis Island. It was the largest amount spent up to that date on the
restoration of any American shrine. Half of the structure is dedicated to
the Museum of Immigration.
III. POPULATION
The results of the 1990 census indicated a total national population of

248.7 million. Of these, 30 million were black (12%), 22.4 million were
Hispanic (9%), two million were Native American (.8%), and 7.3 million
(2.9%) were Asian or Pacific Islanders. People of British ancestry, the
largest identifiable ethnic group, accounted for 15% of the population,
while 13% were of German ancestry and 8% of Irish origen.
The United States has the fifth largest Spanish-speaking population in

the world, and it is assumed that Hispanics will soon be the largest single
ethnic group in the United States.
NOW I CAN
ASK FOR CLARIFICATION
I’m afraid I don’t understand. Could you repeat that, please?
I’m sorry, I don’t understand. Please speak slowly.
I’m not sure I understand. Could you explain that to me again?
I’m afraid I didn’t get that. Could you repeat that?
What do you mean?
GIVE CLARIFICATION
What I’m trying to say is...

Let me put it like this...
Let me put it this way...
Look, the idea is this...
REPEAT FOR CLARIFICATION
If I understand you correctly, you’re saying that...

Do you mean to say...
In other words,
So, what you’re really trying to say is...
Are you trying to say...
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BOOK TWO
Man: Can I help you?

Leonard: No, thank you. I’m just looking around.
Man: Are you guys from around here?
Kathryn: Well, we both used to live in this town, and your store used to
be my grandfather’s parents’ house!
Man: No! Really? Then you must be... let me guess, Justin’s daughter?
Kathryn: No, Justin is my uncle. I’m Clara and Alan’s daughter.
Man: My, my. I went to school with your mother. It’s a small world.
Leonard: Excuse me, I’d like to see that sculpture of a cat over there.
UNIT It’s
Man:
Egyptian, isn’t it?
Yes, it is. It’s a copy of one they have in the Metropolitan
TWENTY-THREE Museum. Here you go.
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BOOK TWO
Leonard: How much is it?
Man: I’m not sure. Could you pass it to me for a second? The
price should be here on the bottom somewhere... Oh, here
it is. That’s $45.00.
Kathryn: Oh, that’s beautiful, Leonard. Do you know, this
reminds me of my cat. She’s identical to this sculpture.
Man: Yeah, they’re called Abyssinians, aren’t they?
Kathryn: You’re right.
Leonard: I’ll take it. Can I pay with a credit card?
Man: Of course.
Leonard: Do you take Mastercard?
Man: Sure... Sign here. Is it a present? Shall I wrap it for
you?
Leonard: Sure, why not?
Man: Here you go.
Leonard: Thank you. Kathryn, this is for you.
Kathryn: For me? Why? Now, don’t be silly, Leonard. I can’t
accept this.
Leonard: Of course you can. I want you to look at it and always
remember our hometown.
Kathryn: How sweet of you, Leonard. Thank you very much.
Leonard: You’re very welcome.
SPEAK
PRONOUNCE
COGNATES
Words that are almost similar, but written differently:
English Spanish
attractive atractivo
balcony balcón
bank banco
band banda
banquet banquete
barber barbero
barrel barril
base (verb) basar(se)
battle batalla
baby bebé
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BOOK TWO
LEARN
1. THE VERBS TO REMEMBER and TO REMIND
Remember means to think of something without assistance.
After he left, I could not remember his name.

Can you remember his telephone number?
Remind means to cause someone to think about something.
He reminds me of my brother. Their stature and their hair color is

very similar.
Please remind me to call Peter tonight. I’m sure I’ll forget.
Please remind me to buy the medicine. I never seem to remember.
2. MORE ABOUT POSSESSIVES
Joint possession: The apostrophe goes after the last possessor.
I am Clara and Alan’s daughter.

My faher-in-law’s car is green.
Kathryn, Lyle, and Leonard’s luggage is on the porch.
Possession in series: The apostrophe goes with each possessor.
My grandfather’s parents’ house used to be here.

Leonard’s secretary’s child is ill.
Kathryn’s grandfather’s house.
Animals and non-living objects: The possessive with apostrophe can be used
for domestic animals or animals used as symbols:
The dog’s ears are long.

The lion’s mighty roar.
Non-living objects take of to express possession:
The window of the stable

The door of the car
2. CONTINENTS, COUNTRIES AND LANGUAGES
Africa
Antarctica
Asia
UNIT
Australia
Europe
North America
TWENTY-THREE South America
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BOOK TWO
COUNTRIES Adjectives
I am from Albania. I am Albanian.
He is from Algeria. He is Algerian.
She is from Argentina. She is Argentinian.
They are from Austria. They are Austrian.
We are from Belgium. We are Belgian.
You are from Bosnia. You are Bosnian.
It is from Brazil. It is Brazilian. (animal/object)
I am from Bulgaria. I am Bulgarian.
He is from Burma. He is Burmese.
She is from Canada. She is Canadian.
They are from Chile. They are Chilean.
We are from China. We are Chinese.
You are from Colombia. You are Colombian.
It is from Costa Rica. It is Costa Rican. (animal/object)
I am from Croatia. I am Croatian.
He is from Denmark. He is Danish. *
She is from Ecuador. She is Ecuadorian.
They are from Egypt. They are Egyptian.
We are from El Salvador. We are Salvadorian.
You are from England. You are English.
It is from Ethiopia. It is Ethiopian. (animal/object)
I am from Finland. I am Finnish. *
He is from France. He is French. *
She is from Germany. She is German.
They are from Great Britain. They are British.
We are from Greece. We are Greek. *
You are from Herzegovina. You are Herzegovinian.
I am from Holland/
the Netherlands. I am Dutch. *
He is from Hungary. He is Hungarian.
She is from India. She is Indian.
They are from Iran. They are Iranian.
We are from Iraq. We are Iraqi. *
You are from Ireland. You are Irish.
I am from Israel. I am Israeli. *
He is from Italy. He is Italian.
She is from Japan. She is Japanese.
They are from Kenya. They are Kenyan.
We are from Korea. We are Korean.
It is from Lebanon. It is Lebanese. (animal/object)
I am from Mexico. I am Mexican.
He is from Morocco. He is Moroccan.
She is from Namibia. She is Namibian.
They are from New Zealand. They are New Zealanders. *
We are from Nicaragua. We are Nicaraguan.
* irregular forms
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BOOK TWO
You are from Nigeria. You are Nigerian.
I am from Norway. I am Norwegian.
He is from Panama. He is Panamanian. *
She is from Peru. She is Peruvian. *
They are from Poland. They are Polish.
We are from Portugal. We are Portuguese. *
It is from Romania. It is Romanian. (animal/object)
I am from Russia. I am Russian.
He is from Saudi Arabia. He is Saudi Arabian.
She is from Scotland. She is Scottish.
They are from Slovakia. They are Slovanian.
We are from South Africa. We are South African.
You are from Spain. You are Spanish.
I am from Sweden. I am Swedish.
He is from Switzerland. He is Swiss. *
She is from Turkey. She is Turkish.
They are from The United
States of America. They are American.
You are from Venezuela. You are Venezuelan.
I am from Yugoslavia. I am Yugoslavian.
I am Yugoslav. *
Adjectives
ian ish
Canadian Danish
Colombian English
Ecuadorian Finnish
Egyptian Irish
Iranian Spanish
Russian Swedish
Turkish
an ese
American Chinese
Costa Rican Burmese
Guatemalan Japanese
South African
Venezuelan
* Irregular forms
Switzerland Swiss
France French
New Zealand (a) New Zealander
New Zealand honey
UNIT Denmark
Israel
Danish
Israeli
TWENTY-THREE Iraq
Finland
Iraqi
Finnish
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BOOK TWO
BEWARE
FALSE COGNATES
These words are not related to their Spanish equivalents. They
correspond in form, but not in meaning.
English word Spanish meaning Spanish word English meaning
actual real, efectivo actual present-day

agony angustia agonía death struggle
apology excusa apología eulogy, defense
arena estadio, coliseo arena sand
assist ayudar asistir attend
attend asistir atender take care of
bizarre raro, original bizarro gallant, brave
READ
BLACK HISTORY
The central paradox of American History has been that white freedom
was attained at the cost of black slavery. From the early seventeenth to
the nineteenth century approximately 399,000 Africans were brought to
British North America in the condition of slaves.
It is estimated that in 1790 there were already around 700,000 slaves in

the United States, about 658,000 of whom resided in the South, and by
1860 the Southern black slave population had grown to almost four
million. At the same time, by comparison, there were eight million whites
in the South and eighteen and a half million in the North, and the total
free-black population in the country was around 713,000.
Only at the end of the Civil War in 1865 did the Thirteenth Amendment
to the Constitution legally abolish slavery. It would take another hundred
years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of
1965 outlawed segregation and finally removed all barriers to full black
political participation in America.
The development of Black English allowed diverse African peoples like

the Ibo, Fon, Hausa, Ashanti and Bakongo to transform themselves into
one people, while at the same time retaining certain African beliefs and
values.
In South Carolina and the Georgia Sea Islands, a distinctive form of

English developed over time. This form, principally a spoken language
and known as Gullah, is based on an African-derived grammar and an
English lexicon.
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BOOK TWO
NOW I CAN
ASK FOR THE PRICE
How much is that shirt?

How much does that cost?
Can you tell me the price of the jacket in the window?
Is that carpet for sale?
How much is this?
How much is it?
What’s the price of that yellow sweater over there?
TELL THE PRICE
It’s fifteen dollars and ninety-five cents.

It costs thirty-five dollars.
Sure. It costs a hundred and eighty-nine dollars.
I’m afraid not. This one over here is on sale, though.
It’s two for a dollar.
That is one of our sale items. It costs thirty-nine dollars.
EXPRESS APPRECIATION AND THANKS
Thank you. How thoughtful of you.

How kind of you. Thanks.
Thanks. How sweet of you.
That’s very generous of you. Thank you so much.
Thank you. That’s very kind of you.
RESPOND TO EXPRESSIONS OF THANKS
Don’t mention it.

It’s been a pleasure.
You’re very welcome...
My pleasure...
You’re welcome...
Don’t worry about it.
No problem.
The pleasure was mine.
UNIT
TWENTY-THREE
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BOOK TWO
Frances: Pardon me for being late. I hope I didn’t make you wait too long...
Lyle: That’s quite all right. I took the liberty of ordering for you.
Roast lamb. Is that okay?
Frances: You have a good memory.
Lyle: And you look great, Fran. How are you?
Frances: Fine, under the circumstances...
Lyle: Fran, I’ve waited for this opportunity for ten years. I really
appreciate it that you came. I know this is not easy for you.
Frances: It’s no big deal... So, what happened to Mrs. Falk?
Lyle: We got divorced a year ago.
Frances: Do you have any children?
Lyle: No, I don’t, but Fran, this isn’t important...
Waiter: Here you are... For the lady, the roast lamb with baby potatoes,
and for the gentleman the steak... Would you like anything else?
Lyle: No, thank you. That will be all. Frances, I wanted to
see you because I need to apologize to you. I’m so sorry about
what happened. I feel terrible about having left you stranded on
our wedding day. Please forgive me.
Frances: I don’t think I’m capable of forgiving you...
Lyle:
Frances:
You used to be very religious, Fran. Isn’t it a Christian virtue to forgive?
Yes, but I’m an old testament girl: An eye for an eye
UNIT
and a tooth for a tooth. TWENTY-FOUR
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BOOK TWO
Lyle: That’s not a very charitable attitude.

Frances: Charity begins at home, Lyle.
Lyle: Fran, listen to me. I know I acted like a coward that
day. I was young and immature, and I felt threatened by
the responsibility of making someone else happy, but
don’t make me suffer any more... Please forgive me.
Frances: I think I finally understand, Lyle. I accept your apology.
Lyle: Thank you.
Waiter: Is everything all right?
Lyle: Yes, thank you. Everything’s perfect.
Waiter: Are you ready to order dessert?
Frances: I think I’ll skip dessert. I’d like some strong black
coffee, though.
Lyle: The same for me, please. And the check.
SPEAK
COGNATES
English Spanish
bicycle bicicleta
block bloque
bomb bomba
border borde
boat bote
button botón
bracelet brazalete
brilliant brillante
UNIT captain
capture
capitán
capturar
TWENTY-FOUR
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BOOK TWO
LEARN
1. THE VERBS TO WAIT, TO HOPE AND TO EXPECT
The verbs to wait, to hope and to expect all mean the same in Spanish:
esperar. They mean very different things in English, though.
to wait
I have been waiting for you for three hours! Where were you?
Please wait for me. Don’t walk so fast!
I had to wait for the train. It was half an hour late.
to hope
I hope you are well.

She hopes to be a famous actress one day.
He hopes to be chosen for the Olympic team.
to expect
I expect you to be home by ten o’ clock.

She is expecting their third child.
We expect to move into our new house by June.
2. LETTER WRITING FORMS
INFORMAL
Dear
Dearest
Regards to everyone.
Keep well.
Take good care of yourself.
Truly yours,
Best regards,
My best regards.
Kind regards,
Love,
Love and kisses,
Sincerely,
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BOOK TWO
FORMAL
Dear Sir
Dear Madam
In reply to your recent letter
Enclosed please find...
for a year’s subscription to your magazine
Thank you ever so much.
I look forward to receiving a reply at your earliest convenience.
Give my regards to your family.
Respectfully yours
Sincerely yours
A. A Friendly Letter
This is a letter Frances wrote to Lyle when she was 13 years old.
March 16th, 1977
Dearest Lyle,
on
How are you enjoying your vacation
are wel l. We hav e
the farm? I hope you
n is pret ty bor ing
missed you, and tow
without you.
ies at
Leo, Kath and I went to see two mov
last wee k; Gon e With
the Palace Theater
Kill a Moc king bird (you
The Wind and To
Lee you gave
know, the book by Har per
nd
August 28th, 1987
I really love d the seco
me for Christmas).
film, and wished that you wer e here to see Dearest Fran,
it with me. Forgive me, but I cannot go through with this.
. She By the time you read this, I will have left
You shouldn’t worry about your mom town.
g by a lot, and we ofte n
has been droppin
invite her to stay for sup per. Last nigh t I I am so sorry that you have to read this instead
stayed over at you r hou se so tha t she of hearing it from my lips, but Im not brave
enough to face you today.
wouldn’t be alone. Fran, I love you, but I am not ready to get
l and
married yet. If I marry you today I will only
This is all my news for now. Keep wel make you unhappy and you deserve better.
n. Send my regards to your
come home soo
uncle. Take good care of yourself. I hope life treats
you well.
Love, Fran I am terribly sorry. Please try to forgive
me.
Lyle
UNIT B. A Personal Letter
TWENTY-FOUR This is a letter Lyle wrote Frances on their wedding day.
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BOOK TWO
C. A Formal Letter
A letter from Frances’ attorney to Lyle.
December 2, 1997
Hastings, Polk and B
30 City Plaza aum
New York NY 1002
1
Mr. Lyle Falk
25 Lowell Drive
Sunset Park
Dear Sir:
In reply to your recent
Wagner, I have been letter to my client, Ms. Frances
has no interest in reinstructed to inform you that she
been instructed to renewing your friendship. I have
which Ms. Wagner haturn to you a series of objects
s no further need for.
Enclosed you will fin
written to my client d all the letters which you had
the engagement ring during your acquaintance, and
from her. My client which you never claimed back
would appreciate it ifconsiders this matter settled and
you would not contac
t her again.
Respectfully yours,
Jessica B. Baum
Attorney
BEWARE
FALSE COGNATES

camp campamento campo country

card tarjeta carta letter
cement cemento cimiento foundation
complexion tez complexión temperament
confection pastel confección handiwork
conference consulta conferencia lecture
career profesión carrera course, studies
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BOOK TWO
READ
SONG
Wild World
Cat Stevens
Now that I’ve lost everything to you
You say you want to start something new
And it’s breaking my heart, you’re leaving,
Baby, I’m grieving
But if you want to leave, take good care
Hope you have a lot of nice things to wear
But then a lot of nice things turn bad out there
Oooh, baby, baby, it’s a wild world

It’s hard to get by just upon a smile
Oooh, baby, baby it’s a wild world
I’ll always remember you like a child, girl
You know I’ve seen a lot of what the world can do

And it’s breaking my heart in two
Cause I never want to see you sad, girl
Don’t be a bad girl
Hope you make a lot of nice friends out there
Just remember there’s a lot of bad and beware
Oh, baby, baby, it’s a wild world

And I’ll always remember you like a child
Baby I love you

I hope you make a lot of nice friends out there
Just remember there’s a lot of bad and beware
Oh baby, baby, it’s a wild world
Oh, baby, baby it’s a wild world
I’ll always remember you like a child, girl

Oooh, baby, baby, it’s a wild world
And I’ll always remember you
Like a child, girl
UNIT
TWENTY-FOUR
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BOOK TWO
NOW I CAN
MAKE APOLOGIES AND ASK FOR FORGIVENESS
Forgive me for not calling earlier.

Pardon me for being late.
I’m sorry about what happened last night.
I’m so sorry that I forgot about our date last night.
Forgive me. I forgot about our date.
I’m terribly sorry. It slipped my mind.
Forgive me for being so moody last night.
I feel terrible about what I said last night. Please forgive me.
ACCEPT APOLOGIES
That’s quite all right.

That’s all right.
That’s okay. It doesn’t matter.
Don’t worry about it.
No problem.
It’s nothing.
Well, it’s all right this time, but don’t do it again.
I guess it’s okay, but you disappointed me.
Don’t worry about it, but don’t let it happen again.
I’m sorry, but I never want to see you again.
That’s okay. Don’t let it happen again, though.
I accept your apology.
Don’t worry. It wasn’t that important, anyway.
It’s okay. It’s no big deal.
Sure.
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BOOK TWO
Learning, understanding and using the twelve tenses in English is much

easier when you remember that there are really only four kinds of tenses:
1. THE SIMPLE TENSES
SIMPLE PRESENT (Add -s to third person singular form of regular verbs)
Events or situations that exist always, usually, habitually.
I am a psychiatrist.
Lyle lives in Europe.
They walk three blocks every day.
SIMPLE PAST (Add -d or -ed to all regular verbs)
Events or situations that took place at one particular time in the past.
UNIT I was an advertising executive. Now I am a writer.
TWENTY-FIVE He lived in Europe.

They walked three blocks every day.
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BOOK TWO
SIMPLE FUTURE (Add will before the verb)
Events or situations that will take place at one particular time in the
future.
I will be a psychiatrist.
Lyle will live in California.
They will walk three blocks every day.
2. THE PROGRESSIVE TENSES (be + -ing )
Events, situations or actions that are in progress during any particular

time.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (or Present Continuous)
An action that began in the past and is still in progress at the time of
speaking.
She is eating right now.

They are driving to Lancaster.
I am feeding my cat.
PAST PROGRESSIVE (or Past Continuous)
An action that began in the past and was in progress at a particular time
in the past.
She was eating when the earthquake began.

They were driving to Lancaster when their car broke down.
I was feeding my cat when Lyle called.
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE (or Future Continuous)
An action that will begin before another action and will be in progress
at a particular time in the future. Note that the future progressive is
followed by the simple present tense.
She will be eating when the earthquake begins.

They will be driving to Lancaster when their car brakes down.
I will be feeding my cat when Lyle calls.
Note: Some verbs, especially those dealing with mental or emotional

states and sense perceptions, cannot be used in any of the progressive
tenses.
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BOOK TWO
Here follows a list of the most common verbs that cannot be used in the
progressive tenses:
Mental States:
believe She believes in his innocence.

doubt We doubt that the Queen will be attend.
feel I feel that he should resign.
forget She forgot to call him.
imagine I imagine that you know my name.
know I know how to play piano.
mean I didn’t mean to hurt you.
need You need to apply for a visa.
prefer I prefer to remain silent.
realize We realized our mistake.
recognize They recognized him at the airport.
remember She always remembers our names.
suppose I suppose you’re hungry.
think He thinks highly of his boss.
understand I understood your explanation.
want I want to be a famous writer.
Emotional State:
appreciate I appreciate your kindness.

care I care about my appearance.
dislike She dislikes unkind people.
envy We envy his wealth.
fear She fears his temper.
hate He hates to arrive late.
like We like Indian food.
love She loves Latin music.
mind He doesn’t mind waiting.
Possession:
belong That car belongs to my sister.

have I have a beautiful house.
own She owns a farm in Vermont.
possess He possesses various properties.
Sense Perceptions:
feel Her hair feels soft.
UNIT
hear We hear with our ears.
see Can you see that house?
TWENTY-FIVE smell
taste
I smell with my nose.
The bread tastes stale.
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BOOK TWO
States of being that are not activities:
appear The town appears deserted.

be I’m thirty years old.
consist of This course consists of four books.
contain This book contains fifteen chapters.
cost This sweater costs thirty dollars.
exist Ghosts exist.
include The price doesn’t include hotels.
look He looked surprised to see us.
owe They owe us an apology.
seem She seems tired.
weigh The packet weighs three kilos.
The verbs: appear, be, feel, look, have, see, smell, taste, think
and weigh can be used in the progressive tenses, but with a
difference in meaning. In their non-progressive meanings they refer
to an existing state, whereas in the progressive they refer to
activities in progress.
Her hair feels soft. vs. He is feeling her hair.

He appears bored. vs. He is appearing in a play.
3. THE PERFECT TENSES (have + past participle)
Events, situations or actions that happen (and are completed) before

another time or event.
PRESENT PERFECT
The action was completed some time before now.

I have already eaten lunch.
She has just fed her cat.
They have already arrived in Lancaster.
PAST PERFECT
The action was completed some time in the past before another past
event.
I had already eaten lunch when he called.

She had just fed her cat when Lyle called.
They had already arrived in Lancaster when it started to
rain.
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BOOK TWO
FUTURE PERFECT
The action will be completed some time in the future before another action in
the future.
I will already have eaten when he calls.

She will have just fed her cat when Lyle calls.
They will already have arrived in Lancaster when it starts to rain.
4. THE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES

(Have + been + ing)
Events, situations or actions that are in progress immediately before, up to,

until another time or event. These tenses are used to express duration of the
first event.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (have/has + been + ing)
I have been waiting for three hours. (I am still waiting)

She has been studying for six years. (She is still studying)
Fran’s talk-show has been running for four years.
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (had + been + ing)
Note that the past perfect progressive is followed by the simple past tense.
I had been waiting for three hours when he finally arrived.

She had been studying for six years when she met him.
Fran’s talk-show had been running for four years when she saw Lyle again.
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (will + have + been + ing)
Note that the future perfect progressive is followed by the simple present tense.
I will have been waiting for three hours by the time he finally arrives.
She will have been studying for six years when she meets him.
Fran’s talk-show will have been running for four years when she sees Lyle
again.
All the above tenses can be formed using the correct form of:
will
have
UNIT be
the present participle (-ing)
TWENTY-FIVE the past participle (-ed)
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BOOK TWO
BEWARE
LEARN TO PREDICT THE SPELLING OF -ING AND -ED
FORMS
-ing form: drop e + ing
-ed form: +d
cope coping coped

rate rating rated
care caring cared
Exception: If a verb ends in -ee, the final -e
is not dropped:
agree agreeing agreed
knee kneeing kneed
free freeing freed
Verbs that end in a vowel and a consonant:
One-syllable verbs with one vowel double the last consonant:
mop mopping mopped

rob robbing robbed
fit fitting fitted
Exception: -w and -x are not doubled:

row rowing rowed
fix fixing fixed
One-syllable verbs with two vowels do not double the last

consonant:
gain gaining gained

loot looting looted
cream creaming creamed
Two-syllable verbs with the stress on the first syllable do not

double the last consonant:
open opening opened

offer offering offered
gather gathering gathered
Two-syllable verbs with the stress on the second syllable double

the last consonant:
control controlling controlled

refer referring referred
incur incurring incurred
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BOOK TWO
Verbs that end in two consonants add the ending without making any
changes:
shield shielding shielded

shift shifting shifted
command commanding commanded
Verbs that end in -y:

When the -y is preceded by a vowel, add the ending without making
any changes:
play playing played

enjoy enjoying enjoyed
pray praying prayed
When the -y is preceded by a consonant:
-ing form: keep the -y, add -ing

-ed form: change -y to -i, add -ed
reply replying replied

try trying tried
dry drying dried
Verbs that end in -ie :
-ing form: change -ie to y, and add -ing.

-ed form: add -d.
lie lying lied
UNIT
TWENTY-FIVE
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BOOK TWO
Receptionist: Dr. Azara will see you now, Ms. Wagner.

Frances: Thanks.
Fatima: Hi, Fran. Long time, no see.
Frances: Hi, Fatima. Don’t make me feel guilty. I know I’m overdue for
my annual check-up, but I can’t seem to make the time.
Fatima: Well, you know what they say: An ounce of prevention is
better than a pound of cure.
Frances: Shall I get undressed?
Fatima: No, just take off your shirt. You look tired. Are you sleeping well?
Frances: Not really. I have been feeling a little tense lately.
Fatima: Let’s start by taking your pulse and blood pressure. How’s
your appetite?
Frances: Same as always. I eat like a horse.
Fatima: You’re lucky. I wish I could eat like that and not put on
any weight. Okay, let’s listen to your heart and lungs.
Now, let’s palpate your abdomen. Does that hurt?
Frances: No.
Fatima: And this?
Frances: A little.
Fatima: Look, I recommend that you have the following tests done: a
UNIT
complete blood count, a chest x-ray and urine and stool tests.
Frances: Where can I have these tests done? I have such a tight chedule...
Fatima: Don’t worry. There’s a laboratory in this same
building. You can have them done right now. It is
essential that we get these results as soon as possible.
TWENTY-SIX
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BOOK TWO
SPEAK
PRONOUNCE
COGNATES
English Spanish
character carácter
cassette casete
chastity castidad
catalog catálogo
colony colonia
column columna
commander comandante
command comando
combat combate
combine combinar
LEARN
1. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

The subjunctive mood in English is used to express doubt, possibility and
unlikely situations. The past tense forms could, should, would, might and
were indicate the subjunctive.
He could be at home. I’m not sure.

If it should rain, I would stay at home.
I might go to Paris next week.
If he were here, I would speak to him.
If only my mother were still alive!
In its present tense form, the subjunctive is identical to the simple present
tense, except that the subjunctive does not add an -s to the third person singular.
The verb-forms: be, have, do, go and were are used for the third person singular
as well.
2. IMPERSONAL IT-EXPRESSIONS
The following expressions need to be followed by the present tense.
It is essential that you be at the office before ten.

UNIT It is imperative that he go to the dentist twice a year.
It is important that she be there at eight tomorrow morning.
TWENTY-SIX It is necessary that we get these results as soon as possible.
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BOOK TWO
The following verbs need to be followed by the present tense, even if
the main verb is in another tense.
ask He asked that I arrive on time.

demand They demanded that she show her passport.
insist She insists that you be there.
recommend They recommend that you take two daily.
request I request that you not smoke here.
require They require that you dress formally.
suggest I suggest that you do your homework now.
2. MEDICAL VOCABULARY
bone hueso
stomach estómago
muscle músculo
lungs pulmones
heart corazón
brain cerebro
liver hígado
kidney riñón
bladder vejiga
a stomach ache dolor de estómago
indigestion indigestión
an ear ache dolor del oído
a sore throat dolor de garganta
a head ache dolor de cabeza
insomnia insomnio
I am ill. I am sick. Estoy enfermo/a.

I am not feeling well. No me siento bien.
I am weak. Estoy débil.
I have pain here. Tengo dolor aquí.
I have cramps. Tengo calambres.
I have a sore throat. Tengo dolor en la garganta.
I have diabetes. Tengo diabetes.
I am pregnant. Estoy embarazada.
I have trouble breathing. Tengo dificultad para respirar.
I have a backache. Tengo dolor de espalda.
I have a headache. Tengo dolor de cabeza.
I have heart problems. Tengo problemas del corazón.
I have an upset stomach. Tengo el estómago revuelto.
I need this prescription
filled. Necesito que me surta ésta receta.
When will it be ready? ¿Cuándo estará lista?
How many pills do I take? ¿Cuántas píldoras tomo?
How many times a day? ¿Cuántas veces por día?
Do you have anything for
diarrhea? ¿Tiene algo para la diarrea?
Do you have anything for
constipation? ¿Tiene algo para el
estreñimiento?
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BOOK TWO
PHARMACY ITEMS
aspirin aspirina
razor blades hojas de afeitar
shaving cream crema de afeitar
cough medicine medicina para la tos
flu medicine medicina para la gripa
a laxative un laxante
soap jabón
shampoo champú
toothpaste pasta de dientes
toothbrush cepillo de dientes
brush cepillo
clothes-brush cepillo para ropa
bandaids curas
nail polish esmalte de uñas
lipstick lápiz de labios
moisturizing lotion loción humectante
perfume perfume
vitamins vitaminas
deodorant desodorante
BEWARE
FALSE COGNATES
These words are not related to their Spanish equivalents. They correspond in
form, but not in meaning.
deception engaño decepción disappointment

delight deleite delito crime
disgrace vergüenza desgracia misfortune
dismay consternación desmayo faint
editor redactor editor publisher
embarrassing embarazoso embarazada pregnant
UNIT emotional
exit
emocional
salida
emocionante
éxito
thrilling
success
TWENTY-SIX
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BOOK TWO
READ
COLOR THERAPHY
Color profoundly influences our physical, spiritual and mental well-being.

Each color affects a different part of the whole spectrum of human
emotions. The color blue, for example, has a peaceful effect, while yellow
raises the spirits, red spurs to positive action and green stabilizes and
centers to better one’s self-esteem. The Japanese have discovered that
the color blue helps in the recovery of wounded animals. Even in the
Middle Ages different diseases were treated in rooms of different colors,
a practice that is continued today in many children’s hospitals.
According to this theory about the therapeutic value of color, the color
magenta (a deep purplish red) is the highest color. Combinations of
magenta and violet are used for the upper part of the head, the forehead
and the face. These colors can also be applied to any severely distressed
area of the body. The colors violet and indigo blue are known for being
spiritually relaxing, and aid in inspiration and intuition.
The color blue and combinations of blue are used for the area of the
throat and for communication problems. Blue-green and green
combinations are used for chest problems and for emotional stress. The
color blue promotes spiritual and physical communication and tranquility.
The color green has beneficial effects in diseases of the heart and lungs.
The color green is used to create space, promote harmony and to help
make decisions.
The color orange works as a shock absorber for the abdomen and for the
periphery of the body. The color orange is also used for diseases of the
kidneys and the lower back. Yellow or gold and combinations of gold
are used for the stomach and the solar plexus. The color yellow is the
color of wisdom, and it is used to heal diseases of the liver, bladder,
and the digestive system.
The color pink has therapeutic value in the areas of reproduction and
creativity. The color red imparts vitality and grounds the spirituality,
and also heals diseases of the base of the spine and the reproductive
organs.
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BOOK TWO
EXPRESS OBLIGATION
You should take better care of yourself.

You’re supposed to have a check-up once a year.
You ought to have your check-up once a year.
You have to arrive before eight.
You must arrive before eight.
It is imperative that you arrive before eight.
EXPRESS PROHIBITION
Please do not smoke in the waiting room.

You shouldn’t smoke in the waiting room.
You must not smoke in the waiting room.
I’m afraid you have to put out your cigarette.
Smoking is not allowed in this section of the restaurant.
I’m sorry, it is prohibited to smoke here.
I’m sorry, you can’t smoke here.
UNIT
TWENTY-SIX
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BOOK TWO
Leonard: How are you feeling today, John?

John: I’m just fine, thanks.
Leonard: Really?
John: Yeah. Everything’s perfect.
Leonard: Why the long silences, then?
John: I don’t know. You tell me.
Leonard: Do you remember what we discussed yesterday?
John: Well, I guess you mean the problem with my wife?
Leonard: Yes. Did you tell Agnes how you feel?
UNIT
John: No... I don’t know what to say to her...
Leonard: How are you feeling right now, John?
John: I don’t know... Tense, I guess... and angry... And I have this
Leonard:
sharp pain in my stomach. I can’t stand it anymore.
What can’t you stand anymore?
TWENTY-SEVEN
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BOOK TWO
John: I’m fed up with her bossing me around. I’m sick and tired of
Agnes telling me how to cut the cheese, how to respond to
my boss, how to drive the car... She treats me like a child!
Leonard: Why can’t you tell her how you feel?
John: I wouldn’t know where to start. I have difficulty saying what
I feel... We never expressed feelings in my family...
Leonard: Well, you know that one’s emotions can make one physically
sick, John. That pain that you have in your stomach, for
instance... Sometimes the body tries to get rid of the poisons
that the emotions leave behind...
John: I know. I don’t want to have an ulcer like my father had...
Maybe I can talk to Agnes tonight.
Leonard: Go ahead. Take the risk. It won’t be easy, but you can’t get
something for nothing.
John: You’re right. I’ve had enough of this. I’m not going to take it any
longer...
SPEAK
PRONOUNCE
COGNATES
English Spanish
comment comentario
commercial comercial
commerce comercio
comet cometa
companion compañero
company compañía
compare comparar
compassion compasión
UNIT compatriot compatriota
TWENTY-SEVEN common común
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BOOK TWO
LEARN
1. ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE EMOTIONS
sorry arrepentido/a, triste, apenado/a

disappointed decepcionado/a, defraudado/a
surprised asombrado/a, sorprendido/a
amazed asombrado/a, pasmado/a
astonished asombrado/a, pasmado/a
shocked escandalizado/a, conmocionado/a
stunned estupefacto/a, aturdido/a
hesitant vacilante, indeciso/a
reluctant reacio/a, renuente
careful cuidadoso/a
2. THE VERB HAVE AND THE MODAL HAVE
Have as a main verb usually means possess or own. With this

meaning, it cannot be used in the progressive.
We have a very large house.

Our car has a sun-roof.
Have as verb in idiomatic expressions can be used in the progressive.
They are having fun.

She will be having an operation.
other idiomatic expressions:
have (somebody do something)

have a good time
have a hard time
have a meeting/conference/appointment
have a party/reception/dance
have a toothache/headache
have an experience
have appendicitis
have bad luck
have breakfast/lunch/dinner
have cancer
have diabetes
have difficulty
have fun
have good luck
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have success
have trouble
have to = must (pronounced haf to)
I have to fix my car before Monday.
have got to (used only in present tense)
I’ve got to speak to him before the party.
have got = possess (used only in present tense)
I’ve got less than ten dollars to my name.

but
I had less than ten dollars to my name.
Have also can mean give birth to:
She had a baby girl.

The dog is having puppies.
3. VOCABULARY:
HOUSES AND APARTMENTS
utilities servicios (agua, electricidad y gas)

air conditioning aire acondicionado
attic desván
balcony balcón
basement sótano
hallway pasillo
window ventana
door puerta
stairway escalera
room habitación
bathroom baño
bathtub bañera, tina
mirror espejo
shower ducha
sink lavamanos
toilet inodoro
towel toalla
bedroom alcoba
bed cama
closet armario
dresser tocador
double bed cama doble
single bed cama sencilla
pillow almohada
chair silla
UNIT dining room
chairs
comedor
sillas
table mesa
TWENTY-SEVEN
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BOOK TWO
house casa
driveway entrada
garage garaje
garden jardín
patio, yard patio
vegetable garden huerto
lawn prado
kitchen cocina
garbage basura
refrigerator nevera
stove estufa
oven horno
sink lavaplatos
living room sala
sofa, couch sofá
lamp lámpara
table mesa
pictures cuadros
plants plantas, matas
rug, carpet alfombra, tapete
coffee table mesa de centro
end table mesa de costado
wastebasket cesta
study despacho, biblioteca
desk escritorio
drawer cajón
shelf estante
studio estudio, taller
workshop taller
BEWARE
FALSE COGNATES

fabric tejido fábrica factory

fault culpa faltar to be lacking
gracious cortés gracioso funny
ignore no hacer caso de ignorar to not know
injury daño, herida injuria injustice
jubilation júbilo jubilación retirement
large grande largo long
mark señal marca brand
marco picture frame
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READ
THE HISTORY OF CHILDHOOD
Historians have often idealized childhood, seeing children in each historical

period as being contented, smiling youngsters with caring, loving parents. If
we look at the evidence, however, we see that whole generations of children
have often been abused and abandoned by their parents. The further we go
down in history, the lower the level of childcare we encounter.
For centuries, institutionalized abandonment took place in the widespread

practice of sending children to wet-nurses to be breast-fed. Babies were also
swaddled and restrained with tight-fitting clothes or bandages, and when
children were older they were frightened by stories of ghosts, monsters and
witches that were intended to control them for their own good.
Generations of children were sent as servants to work in the houses of other

people, while the parents of these children took in young children as servants
in their houses. Only in the 19th century did child labor become a social concern,
after children had been doing much of the world’s labor for centuries.
Today we know that the kindest way of being a parent is to be a helper rather
than a master. Parents need to be tolerant and playful with their children, but
they also need to be firm and consistent. In this way they will bring up children
who are gentle, sincere, happy, secure, strong-willed and self-assured.
UNIT
TWENTY-SEVEN
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NOW I CAN
EXPRESS SATISFACTION
Everything’s perfect.
Everything’s just right.
I’m just fine, thanks.
EXPRESS DISSATISFACTION
I’m fed up with her lies.

I’ve had it with Lyle. He’s so unreliable.
I can’t stand his attitude.
I’m sick and tired of picking up after you.
I’ve had enough of this.
I can’t stand it anymore.
Stop bugging me.
It really bugs me when people gossip.
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Leonard: You look wonderful, Fran. That color suits you perfectly.
Frances: Thank you, Leonard.
Leonard: I’m glad you finally agreed to have supper with us, Fran.
Frances: I’ve decided to make peace. There’s no use crying over spilt milk.
Leonard: Good thinking, Fran. Lyle has changed. He has never been good
at expressing his feelings, but his intentions are good.
Frances: Well, the road to hell is paved with good intentions, but I’m
willing to give him a chance.
Leonard: I approve of your decision. Now, what shall we make for
tonight? What about stuffed Mexican chilies?
Frances: I don’t think we should do that. Lyle doesn’t like spicy food.
Leonard: You’re right. That would be inappropriate. Why don’t
we rather make your delicious pasta dish with sherry
and mushrooms?
Frances: That is a great idea. We’ll need some fresh pasta, some
garlic, a few onions, a bottle of cream, some dried
Italian mushrooms and a bottle of good sherry.
Leonard: And we’ll make a wonderful green salad with my special
dressing!
Frances: And for dessert we can make that white chocolate
mousse you used to make. Do you still have the recipe?
UNIT Leonard: Yes, I do. We’ll need two bars of white chocolate, three
eggs, a small packet of castor sugar, a cup of cream, and a
TWENTY-EIGHT Frances:
dash of cognac.
Hmmm, that sounds wonderful...
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BOOK TWO
SPEAK
PRONOUNCE
COGNATES
English Spanish
communication comunicación
community comunidad
concentrate concentrado
condition condición
confidential confidencial
conflict conflicto
comfort confort
confusion confusión
conquest conquista
LEARN
1. MORE ABOUT QUANTITIES

COUNT NOUNS
They have singular and plural forms, can be counted, and must use a or
an in the singular form.
NON-COUNT NOUNS
They are non-countable and have no plural form. They always use
verbs in the third person singular.
The following nouns are mass nouns:
liquids: water, beer, coffee, juice

grains: corn, wheat, barley
powders: flour, sugar, salt, thyme, rosemary
most abstract concepts: advice, help, knowledge,
information, trouble, wisdom
foods that are not units: meat, fruit, fish, fried
chicken
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BOOK TWO
generic categories: music, machinery, equipment,furniture
non-plural nouns economics, news,
linguistics,
ending in -s: tennis, physics
It is sometimes possible to use certain mass nouns with an article (a or

an): I’d like a coffee, a beer, etc.
Common mass nouns:
air meat
baggage money
bread music
butter news
candy pepper
cheese postage
coffee poverty
courage progress
enjoyment rain
equipment rice
evidence salt
food scenery
fruit significance
fun slang
furniture snow
happiness sugar
homework traffic
honesty transportation
information violence
intelligence vocabulary
jewelry water
knowledge wealth
luggage weather
machinery wind
Some nouns can be both countable and mass nouns, having different
meanings.
some a/an
business business
company company
change change
glass glass
gossip gossip
iron iron
labor labor
onion onion
paper paper
UNIT
pizza pizza
room room
tea tea
TWENTY-EIGHT youth youth
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BOOK TWO
Countable Nouns Mass Nouns
Large Quantities: many, a lot of a lot of
Small Quantities: a few, not many a little, not much
Indefinite Quantities: some some
Indefinite Quantities: some some

(In Questions) any any
many many
Negation: aren’t any isn’t any
For liquids:
a bottle of shampoo, water, milk, coke

a can of coke, beer
a glass of water, wine, beer
a cup of soup, chocolate, coffee
a mug of beer, coffee
a jar of mayonnaise, mustard, red peppers (bottle with a
wide mouth)
a flask of rum, brandy (flat bottle used for alcoholic beverages)
a carton of milk, eggs, juice
a tin of tomatoes, peas, mushrooms, tuna
For dry things:
a box of cereal, cookies, pasta

a bag of tomatoes, oranges, potato chips
a package of candy, potato chips, licorice allsorts
a basket of fruit
a carton of cigarettes
a slice of pizza, bread
a piece of cake, pie
a hunk/chunk of chocolate, cheese, fudge
Weights and Measures:
a gallon of gasoline
a quart of milk
a liter of coke
a tablespoon of flour
a teaspoon of sugar
a kilogram of rice
a pound of butter
an ounce of salt
a head of lettuce
a loaf of bread
a candy bar
a bar of soap
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BOOK TWO
2. WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS
LIQUID CAPACITY
(approximate values: 1 pint = 0.473 liter)
25 ml = 1 fluid ounce
50 ml = 2 fluid ounces
275-300ml = 10 fluid ounces (1/2 pint)
575-600ml = 20 fluid ounces (1 pint)
1000ml (1 l) = 35 fluid ounces
Weight (approximate values: 1 lb = 0.45359 kg)
25g = 1 ounce
50g = 2 ounces
75g = 3 ounces
150g = 5 ounces
175g = 6 ounces
250g = 9 ounces
275g = 10 ounces
400g = 14 ounces
450g = 16 ounces (1 lb)
900g = 2 lb
2.5kg = 5.1/2 lb
4.5kg = 10 lb
LENGTH
3mm = 1/8 inch
5mm = 1/4 inch
10mm (1cm) = 1/2 inch
2cm = 3/4 inch
2.5 cm = 1 inch
3 cm = 1 1/4 inch
5 cm = 2 inches
10 cm = 4 inches
20.5 cm = 8 inches
30.5 cm = 12 inches (1 ft)
91.5 cm = 36 inches (1 yard)
100 cm (1 meter) = 39 inches
OVEN TEMPERATURES
F = C
250 = 130
275 = 140
300 = 150
325 = 160 - 170
350 = 180
375 = 190
UNIT
400 = 200
425 = 210 - 220
450 = 230
TWENTY-EIGHT 475
500
=
=
240
250
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BOOK TWO
3. VOCABULARY:
FRUITS
apple manzana
apricot albaricoque
banana plátano
blueberry mora azul
cherry cereza
date dátil
fig higo
grapefruit toronja
grape uva
guava guayaba
lemon limón
lime lima
mango mango
melon melón
orange naranja
peach durazno, melocotón
pear pera
pinneapple piña
plantain plátano
plum ciruela
prune ciruela pasa
quince membrillo
raisin uva pasa
raspberry frambuesa
strawberry fresa
tangerine mandarina
watermelon sandía
other food vocabulary
bread pan
butter mantequilla
catsup (ketchup) salsa de tomate
cereal cereal
cheese queso
coffee café
cream crema de leche
egg huevo
flour harina
gravy salsa de carne
herbs hierbas
honey miel
hot sauce ají
jam mermelada, jalea
jelly mermelada, jalea
juice jugo
margarine margarina
marmalade mermelada de limón o
naranja
mayonnaise mayonesa
milk leche
mustard mostaza
nutmeg nuez moscada
oil aceite
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BOOK TWO
linseed oil aceite de linaza
olive oil aceite de oliva
sesame oil aceite de ajonjolí
sunflower oil aceite de girasol
pepper pimienta
pizza pizza
salt sal
sandwich emparedado
spaghetti espaguetis
spices especies
vinegar vinagre
BEWARE
FALSE COGNATES
These words are not related to their Spanish equivalents. They correspond
in form, but not in meaning.
once una vez onze eleven

ordinary común, corriente, ordinario common, vulgar
pan sartén pan bread
parent padre o madre pariente relative
quit dejar quitar take away, remove
realize darse cuenta de realizar achieve a goal
recollection recuerdo, memoria recolección compilation
READ
WOMEN’S HISTORY
The history of humanity has in fact been the history of men: written by men about
the affairs of men. Generations of male historians have written about the affairs of
state, the rise and decline of empires, the decisions of generals and politicians and
the interests of the ruling elite. These historians recorded the military triumphs and
political victories of princes, kings and statesmen, neglecting to tell the story of the
majority of ordinary people who lived in every historical period.
Women were hardly mentioned by these male historians, even though a few
exceptional women like Joan of Arc, Marie Antoinette and Madame Curie attracted
UNIT their attention, since they fitted into the male tradition of accounts of power and
TWENTY-EIGHT
privilege.
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BOOK TWO
Only in the 1960’s did the lives of ordinary people become important to a
new generation of historians. Emphasis was placed on history “from the
bottom up,” a new kind of social history that dealt with the affairs of ordinary
people rather than affairs of state. Historians in many parts of the world
began to take an interest in the lives of groups who were previously neglected
by history: not only women, but also slaves, monks, footsoldiers, and
working-class people like butchers, bakers and candlestick makers.
This new social history had to use innovative new methods of acquiring
historical information, since the traditional historical sources (diplomatic
documents, the strategic accounts of generals, autobiographies, etc.) did not
serve to illustrate the lives of the anonymous and the powerless.
Historians had to start taking into account less formal sources: folk tales,
oral histories, registers of births and deaths, censuses, church lists, factory
rolls and the letters of ordinary people. These new sources brought to light
many interesting details about the lives of all people: what people ate, where
people lived, what people wore, who people married and what people died
of.
In this way historians began to value the lives of people who have often
been the victims of history, and new generations of historians have written
accounts of history from the point of view of the Native Americans, the
African-Americans, and the women who were rendered voiceless by many
centuries of history-writing at the service of the powerful.
NOW I CAN
EXPRESS APPROVAL
That suits you perfectly.

I approve of your choice.
You made a wonderful choice.
I approve of your decision.
What a wonderful idea!
That is a great idea!
Good thinking.
EXPRESS DISAPPROVAL
I’m not happy with your decision.

I don’t think you should do that.
I don’t approve of your choice.
I think it is inappropriate.
It doesn’t look good on you.
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Leonard: Make yourselves at home.

Kathryn: Thanks. Do you guys want help in the kitchen?
Leonard: No, thanks. Too many cooks spoil the broth.
Lyle: Do you mind if we watch the end of the game while you cook?
Frances: Not at all. Go ahead.
Kathryn: I’m glad someone else likes sports as much as I do. I’ve been
dying to watch this game.
Lyle: Is it all right if I smoke?
Leonard: Of course. There’s an ashtray on the table behind you.
Frances: Could you turn the volume down just a bit, please?
Lyle: Certainly. It is rather loud.
Kathryn: This is terrible! I hate watching my team lose! May I change
the channel?
Lyle: I’d rather you didn’t. I’m really enjoying this.
Kathryn: Fran, let me help you... I can’t stand watching this game
UNIT Fran:
anymore!
I’m sorry, but you’re too late. Supper’s ready.
TWENTY-NINE Kathryn:
Leonard:
Great! At least allow me to open the wine, then.
Sure. Here you go.
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BOOK TWO
After supper
Kathryn: That was the best meal I’ve had in ages! You guys can
be proud of yourselves... You sure know how to cook!
Lyle: I agree. That was absolutely delicious.
Frances: Thanks.
Lyle: Hi, Leo, can I try out your violin?
Leonard: Absolutely not. The last time you borrowed it, you
had an accident with it!
Frances: That was fifteen years ago!
Leonard: Maybe so, but I decided not to lend my violin to other
people again. Better safe than sorry.
Lyle: I don’t blame you, Leo. I don’t play any better
now than I did then...
SPEAK
PRONOUNCE
COGNATES:
English Spanish
contradictory contradictorio
conversation conversación
hostile hostil
importance importancia
invention invención
manner manera
occasion ocasión
possible posible
reality realidad
relation relación
urgency urgencia
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BOOK TWO
LEARN
1. TO LEND (TO) and TO BORROW (FROM)

Look at the difference between the verbs to lend (to) prestar and to
borrow (from) pedir prestado.
Please lend me your car.
No. I’m afraid you can’t borrow my car.
I don’t ever lend my car to anybody.
I wanted to borrow his car, but he refuses to lend it to me.
May I borrow your sweater?
I’m afraid I already lent it to Heather.
2. MORE ABOUT INTENSIFYING REFLEXIVE
PRONOUNS:
The following verbs are often used with reflexives:
to amuse oneself
to ask oneself
to be angry with yourself
to be mad at myself
to be honest with oneself
to be proud of herself
to be satisfied with himself
to congratulate myself
to convince themselves
to cut myself
to enjoy themselves
to entertain yourselves
to feel sorry for oneself
to hurt oneself
to introduce myself
to kick myself
to kill oneself
to look at yourself
to make a fool of oneself
to make yourself at home
to pat oneself on the back
to promise myself
to spoil yourself
to swear to oneself
to take care of oneself
to talk to oneself
UNIT
to teach oneself
to tell myself
TWENTY-NINE
to torture himself
to warm yourself
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BOOK TWO
3. VOCABULARY:
SNACKS & DESSERTS
apple pie tarta de manzanas
cake torta, pastel, bizcocho
caramel custard flan
candy dulce
cherry pie tarta de cerezas
chocolate cake torta de chocolate
cookie galleta dulce, bizcocho
cracker galleta de sal
custard natillas
doughnut dónut, rosquilla
ice cream helado
pie tarta
potato chips papas fritas
rice pudding arroz con leche
soda gaseosa, refresco
sugar azúcar
sweets dulces
yogurt yogurt
NUTS
almonds almendras
chestnuts castañas
coconuts cocos
hazelnuts avellanas
peanuts maní
pecans pacanas
walnuts nueces
BEWARE
FALSE COGNATES
These words are not related to their Spanish equivalents. They correspond
in form, but not in meaning.
red rojo red net

rest descansar restar deduct, subtract
sane cuerdo sano healthy
sentence frase sentencia verdict
sympathetic compasivo simpático pleasant, nice
success éxito suceso event, happening
tramp vagabundo trampa cheat
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BOOK TWO
READ
SONG
You Don’t Have to Say You Love Me
Vicky Wickham
When I said I needed you

You said you would always stay
It wasn’t me who changed, but you
And now you’ve gone away
Don’t you see that now you’ve gone

And I’m left, I’m left here on my own
And I have to follow you
And beg you to come home
You don’t have to say you love me

Just be close at hand
You don’t have to stay forever
I will understand
Believe me, believe me

I can’t help to love you
But believe me
I’ll never tie you down
Left alone with just a memory

Life seems dead and so unreal
All that’s left is loneliness
There’s nothing left to feel
You don’t have to say you love me

I will understand
Believe me, believe me
Oh, You don’t have to say you love me

I will understand
UNIT Believe me, believe me
TWENTY-NINE Believe me
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BOOK TWO
NOW I CAN
ASK FOR PERMISSION
with can
Can I borrow your car?
Can I wear your green sweater tonight?
Can I stay at your place tonight?
with could
Could you lend me your car?
Could I go with you?
with will
Will you allow me to go home early?
Will you let me go to the movies tonight?
with would
Would you mind if I used your phone?
Would you mind if I smoked?
Would you give me permission to stay out till 3:00 am?
with may
May I have permission to go to the concert tomorrow night?
May I have some coffee?
May I smoke?
May I use your phone?
with is it all right if
Is it all right if I take the car tonight?
Is it all right if I smoke?
Is it all right if I use your phone?
GIVE PERMISSION
Sure. Just fill it up before you return it.
Go ahead. It’s right there, in my top drawer.
Of course you may.
Not at all. Go ahead.
Certainly.
DENY PERMISSION
Absolutely not. The last time you borrowed it, you had an accident
with it.
I’m afraid you can’t. It’s at the dry cleaner’s.
I’m afraid it’s out of order.
I’d rather you didn’t.
I’m sorry but we don’t allow people to make personal calls.
I’m sorry, but I don’t lend my car to other people.
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BOOK TWO
Learn the meanings of the following useful prepositions:
about acerca de, alrededor de, casi, de

above arriba, por encima
across a través, atravesar, al otro lado de
after después, detrás de, tras
against contra
along a lo largo de, al lado de
among entre, en medio de
around alrededor de, aproximadamente
at a, en, con, de, por
before antes de, delante de, enfrente de
behind detrás de, trasero
below debajo de, bajo, inferior a
beneath debajo de, bajo, inferior a
beside * al lado de, junto a, cerca de
between entre
beyond más allá de, del otro lado de
by cerca de, al lado, por, para, en, de
despite a pesar de, pese a
down abajo, hacia abajo
during durante
for para, por, en pro de
from de, desde, a causa de, según
in en, dentro de, durante, de, entre
into en, a, dentro de
like parecido/a, semejante, como
near cerca, pronto
of de, a, hacia
off lejos, apagado/a, quitado/a
on en, sobre, encima de, prendido/a
out fuera, afuera, apagado/a
over sobre, encima, más de, por, en
since desde entonces, desde que, ya que
through por, a través de, durante
throughout por, en todas partes de, completamente
till (until) hasta
to a, hasta, para, de
toward(s) hacia, alrededor de, a eso de
under debajo, abajo, según
until hasta
up arriba, hacia arriba
upon en, sobre
with con, de, según
within dentro de, al interior de
without sin
UNIT THIRTY
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BOOK TWO
2. Order of Prepositions: In the majority of sentences, indications of
place (where) go before those of time (when).
Harry is flying to Paris in March.

(place) (time)
She will move to Montana during the summer.

(place) (time)
Note how the following prepositions are used:
about
argue about: Let us not argue about it.

complain about: He complains about his job all the time.
concerned about: I’m concerned about your health.
dream about: She dreams about being famous.
excited about: He is excited about seeing his wife.
forget about: Don’t forget about the wedding.
worried about: Are you worried about the exam results?
against
discriminate against:That company doesn’t discriminate

against anybody.
fight against: He fought against injustice all his life.
hold against: Do you still hold that against him?
at
angry at: Yes, I’m still angry at you.

arrive at: He arrived at the office at noon.
stare at Stop staring at that man. It is rude.
for
apologize for: He apologized for being late.

apply for: I applied for a scholarship.
(but: I applied to the university.)
blame for: I blame him for forgetting my birthday.
care for: Don’t you care for her anymore?
excuse for: Please excuse me for being late.
fight for: They fought for their rights.
forgive for: He never forgave me for leaving.
grateful for: She was grateful for the help.
hope for: We have to hope for the best.
pray for: The farmers prayed for rain.
prepared for: Are you prepared for the trip?
remembered for: She will be remembered for her honesty.
responsible for: He’s responsible for the mistake.
substitute for: You can substitute the sugar for honey.
thank for: Thank you for your attention.
vote for: I plan to vote for that candidate.
from
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BOOK TWO
absent from: She was absent from school for a week.
prevent from: The safety railings prevent children
from falling.
protect from: Your jacket protects you from the cold.
escape from: The criminal escaped from jail.
hide from: He tried to hide from the police.
recover from: She never recovered from the operation.
rescue from: The cat was rescued from the tall tree.
stop from: The railings stop children from falling.
in
arrive in: They arrive in town tomorrow.
believe in: I believe in reincarnation.
disappointed in: They were disappointed in him.
dressed in: He was dressed in a blue suit.
interested in: He was interested in her money.
involved in: They were also involved in the crime.
participate in: I didn’t participate in the crime.
succeed in: She succeeded in winning the car.
like
feel like: I don’t feel like going to that film.
look like: She looks like her grandmother.
of
accuse of: They were accused of theft.
afraid of: I’m afraid of dogs.
approve of: She approved of my choice.
aware of: I wasn’t aware of the fact.
capable of: I’m so hungry, I’m capable of eating a horse!
consist of: This book consists of forty units.
convinced of: She was convinced of his innocence.
dream of: She dreams of being a famous pianist.
envious of: She is envious of his success.
fond of: I am fond of animals.
guilty of: He was guilty of the murder of his wife.
innocent of: He was innocent of all the charges.
jealous of: She was jealous of her baby brother.
made of: The recipient is made of porcelain.
proud of: She was proud of her successful child.
scared of: They are scared of the dark.
take advantage of: You have to take advantage of the offer.
take care of: Please take care of my grandmother.
terrified of: He is terrified of airplanes.
tired of: He was tired of her unfaithfulness.
on
depend on: The organization depends on charity.
insist on: He insisted on going alone.
rely on: She relied on his honesty.
to
accustomed to: I am accustomed to waking up early.

addicted to: He is addicted to drugs.
UNIT THIRTY applied to:
committed to:
My sister applied to a university in Boston.
The guerrilla leader is committed to the struggle.
110
BOOK TWO.p65 110 12/07/2005, 08:27 p.m.

BOOK TWO
compare to: Don’t compare me to your ex-wife!
connect to: The toaster is connected to the wall.
contribute to: They contribute generously to charities.
devoted to: He is devoted to his family.
engaged to: She is engaged to a farmer.
exposed to: The whole town was exposed to radiation.
faithful to: The dog remained faithful to his master.
friendly to: He is always very friendly to me.
grateful to: I am grateful to you for helping me.
look forward to: She looked forward to meeting him.
married to: He’s married to the Surgeon General.
object to: They objected to our comment.
opposed to: We are opposed to nuclear warfare.
polite to: Please be polite to our guests.
related to: She’s related to the President.
relevant to: It is not relevant to the issue.
respond to: She responded to the letter.
subscribe to: We subscribe to many magazines.
used to: He is used to being alone.
with
acquainted with: Are you acquainted with my father?

agree with: I don’t agree with what you’re saying.
angry with: I am still angry with him.
annoyed with: He was annoyed with the lazy clerk.
argue with: Don’t argue with your mother.
blessed with: My grandfather is blessed with good
health.
bored with: I’m bored with this musical.
crowded with: The mall was crowded with customers.
disappointed with: They were disappointed with the film.
done with: Are you done with your homework?
equipped with: His car is equipped with a television.
familiar with: Are you familiar with computer software?
filled with: The box is filled with presents.
finished with: He finished with his work an hour ago.
friendly with: Are you friendly with your neighbors?
patient with: Please be patient with me.
provide with: He provided them with food and shelter.
satisfied with: I was satisfied with her explanation.
upset with: They were upset with us for being late.
upon
count upon: Can we count upon your support?

decide upon: Have you decided upon a name for the baby?
depend upon: We depend upon her financial support.
insist upon I insist upon the presence of a lawyer.
rely upon They relied upon his expertise.
111
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BOOK TWO
BEWARE
SOME DIFFICULT PREPOSITIONS
1. Look at the difference between below and beneath:

below: (the opposite of above)
From above I could see the farm stretched out below me.
beneath: (the items compared are not visible to one another)
The telephone cables are beneath the surface of the sea.
2. Look at the difference between under and underneath:
under: (the most common)
The dog is lying under my desk.
My shoes are under my bed.
He gets under my skin. (He irritates me.)
underneath: (usually implies contact and that one object completely
covers the other)
The newspaper was underneath a pile of wood.
3. Look at the difference between beside and besides:
beside: (a preposition meaning at the side of)
Please sit here beside me.
besides: (a conjunction meaning in addition to)
He’s too old for me, and besides, he’s married.
4. Look at the difference between close and near:
close: (takes the preposition to)
He lives close to me.
near: (does not take the preposition to)
He lives near me.
5. Look at the difference between during and for:
during: (implies non-continuous duration)
I went to Europe during the summer. (at some point in the summer)
for: (implies uninterrupted duration)
UNIT THIRTY I went to Europe for the summer. (the whole summer)
112
BOOK TWO.p65 112 12/07/2005, 08:27 p.m.

BOOK TWO en Baja

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BOOK TWO.p65 1 12/07/2005, 08:24 p.m.

BOOK TWO.p65 2 12/07/2005, 08:24 p.m.

Copy right MCMXCVII, MCMXCIX, MMV, by Disonex S.A.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted

ISBN: 95833-0531-6 MARTHE MULLER

BOOK TWO.p65 4 12/07/2005, 08:24 p.m.

BOOK TWO.p65 5 12/07/2005, 08:24 p.m.

HOW DOES ONE LEARN A LANGUAGE?

Learning a new language can seem to be a magical accomplishment, since

¿COMO SE APRENDE UNA LENGUA?

El aprendizaje de una nueva lengua le puede parecer a uno un logro

BOOK TWO.p65 7 12/07/2005, 08:24 p.m.

HOW WILL I USE THIS COURSE?

This course is a complete, self-contained course for individual study, assuming

LISTEN: A dialog that uses common, useful expressions

BOOK TWO.p65 8 12/07/2005, 08:24 p.m.

¿ COMO SE USA ESTE CURSO?

ESCUCHE: Un diálogo que utiliza expresiones comunes y útiles.

En cada unidad usted encontrará muchas palabras que no conoce. Trate de

El Libro Cuatro es un libro de referencia que contiene un “botiquín” de la

BOOK TWO.p65 9 12/07/2005, 08:24 p.m.

Listen to the dialogue with your book

Escuche el diálogo con su libro cerrado.

Listen carefully to the pronunciation

Learn the following structures and

Aprende las siguientes reglas gramaticales y el

BOOK TWO.p65 10 12/07/2005, 08:24 p.m.

Take note of the following pitfalls.

Ojo: Cuidado con las siguientes dificultades.

Read and listen carefully.

Lea y escuche con cuidado.

Now you can use the following useful

Ahora sabes utilizar las siguientes

BOOK TWO.p65 11 12/07/2005, 08:25 p.m.

HOW WILL I USE THIS COURSE? 8

CÓMO SE USA ESTE CURSO? 9

Listen: Renting a Car 17

Listen: A Family Photograph 28

BOOK TWO.p65 12 12/07/2005, 08:25 p.m.

Listen: The Weather 35

UNIT TWENTY REVIEW:

Listen: Asking for Directions 48

Listen: The Town Map 54

BOOK TWO.p65 13 12/07/2005, 08:25 p.m.

Listen: At an Antique Shop 60

Listen: At a Restaurant: Asking for Forgiveness 67

UNIT TWENTY-FIVE REVIEW: TENSES 74

1. The Simple Tenses 74

Beware: Learn to Predict the Spelling

Listen: At the Doctor 81

Listen: At the Psychiatrist 87

BOOK TWO.p65 14 12/07/2005, 08:25 p.m.

Listen: At the Supermarket 94

UNIT TWENTY-NINE 102

Listen: A Get-Together 102

UNIT THIRTY REVIEW: PREPOSITIONS 108

1. Some Useful Prepositions 108

BOOK TWO.p65 15 12/07/2005, 08:25 p.m.

BOOK TWO.p65 16 12/07/2005, 08:25 p.m.

Clerk: How can I help you, sir?

BOOK TWO.p65 17 12/07/2005, 08:25 p.m.

A useful aid in building vocabulary is learning to recognize cognates: words

1. THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE