Mathematica Sample Questions

Partial Differential Equations
Michael Devasia
Solution of Cauchy problem for first order PDE and plot the integral surfaces.
i) 3*u_x + 2*u_y = 0; u(x,0) = sin(x)
In[28]:= ClearAll ;
pde1 = 3 * D[u[x, y], x] + 2 * D[u[x, y], y]
sol1 = DSolve [{pde1 == 0, u[x, 0] == Sin [x]}, u[x, y], {x, y}]
Out[29]= 2 u0,1 [x, y] + 3 u1,0 [x, y]
1
Out[30]=  u[x, y] → Sin  (2 x - 3 y)
2
In[31]:= Plot3D [u[x, y] / . sol1 , {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}]
Out[31]=
ii) x*u_x+y*u_y = 2xy; u=2 on y=x^2

2
In[36]:= ClearAll ;
pde1 = x * D[u[x, y], x] + y * D[u[x, y], y] - 2 * x * y
sol1 = DSolve [{pde1 == 0, u[x, x ^ 2] == 2}, u[x, y], {x, y}]
 0,1   1,0 
Out[37]= -2 x y + y u [x, y] + x u [x, y]
2 x3 + x4 y - y3
Out[38]=  u[x, y] → 
x3
Out[39]=
iii) u_x + x*u_y = y; u(0,y)=y^2
In[40]:= ClearAll ;
pde1 = D[u[x, y], x] + x * D[u[x, y], y] - y
sol1 = DSolve [{pde1 == 0, u[0, y] == y ^ 2}, u[x, y], {x, y}]
 0,1   1,0 
Out[41]= -y + x u [x, y] + u [x, y]
1
 u[x, y] → - 4 x + 3 x + 12 x y - 12 x y + 12 y 
3 4 2 2
Out[42]=
12
3
Out[43]=
iv) u_x + x*u_y = y; u(1,y)=2y
In[44]:= ClearAll ;
pde1 = D[u[x, y], x] + x * D[u[x, y], y] - y
sol1 = DSolve [{pde1 == 0, u[1, y] == 2 * y}, u[x, y], {x, y}]
 0,1   1,0 
Out[45]= -y + x u [x, y] + u [x, y]
1
 u[x, y] → 5 - 3 x - 2 x + 6 y + 6 x y
2 3
Out[46]=
6
Out[47]=
4
2) Plotting the characteristics for first order PDE.

i) x*u_x+y*u_y=u
Characteristic Equation is dx/x=dy/y=du/u
Characteristic Curves are u(x,y)=ax and u(x,y)=by, where a and b are constants
In[11]:= Manipulate [Plot3D [a * x, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}], {{a, 0.5 }, - 1, 1}]
Manipulate [Plot3D [b * y, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}], {{b, 0.5 }, - 1, 1}]
Out[11]=
5
Out[12]=
ii) (u-y)*u_x+y*u_y=x+y
Characteristic Equation is dx/(u-y)=dy/y=du/(x+y)
Characteristic Curves are u(x,y)=ay-x and u(x,y)=±sqrt(x^2+2xy+y^2+b), where a and b are constants.
In[13]:= Manipulate [Plot3D [a * y - x, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}], {{a, 0.5 }, - 1, 1}]
Manipulate [Plot3D [{Sqrt [x ^ 2 + 2 * x * y + y ^ 2 + 2 * b], - Sqrt [x ^ 2 + 2 * x * y + y ^ 2 + 2 * b]},
{ x, - 5, 5} , { y, - 5, 5}], {{ b, 0.5 } , - 1, 1}]
6
Out[13]=
7
Out[14]=
iii) 3*u_x+4*u_y=x
Characteristic Equation is dx/3=dy/4=du/x
Characterisctic Curve is 4x-3y=12a and u(x,y)=(x^2-2b)/6, where a and b are constants.
In[15]:= Manipulate [Plot3D [4 * x - 3 * y = 12 * a, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}], {{a, 0.5 }, - 1, 1}]
Manipulate [Plot3D [(x ^ 2 + 2 * b) / 6, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}], {{b, 0.5 }, - 1, 1}]
8
Out[15]=
9
Out[16]=
iv) 4*u_y-x*u_x=1
Characteristic Equation is dx/(-x)=dy/4=du/1
Characteristic Curve is u(x,y)=a-ln(x) and u(x,y)=y/4+b, where a and b are constants.
In[17]:= Manipulate [Plot3D [a - Log [x], {x, 0.1 , 5}, {y, - 5, 5}], {{a, 0.5 }, - 1, 1}]
Manipulate [Plot3D [y / 4 + b, {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}], {{b, 0.5 }, - 1, 1}]
10
Out[17]=
11
Out[18]=
4) Solution of wave equation u_tt = c².u_xx for following conditions:
In[4]:= ClearAll ;
f[x_ ] := Sin [x]; g[x_ ] := Cos [x];
i) u(x,0) = sin(x), u_t(x,0) = cos(x); x∈ℝ, t>0
In[29]:= u[x_ , t_ ] := 1 / 2 * (f[x + c * t] + f[x - c * t]) + 1 / (2 * c) * Integrate [g[y], {y, x - c * t, x + c * t}];

u[x, t] // FullSimplify
Cos [x] Sin [c t]
Out[30]= + Cos [c t] Sin [x]
c
ii) u(x,0) = sin(x), u_t(x,0) = cos(x), u(0,t) = 0; x>0, t>0

12
In[33]:= Clear [u];

u[x_ , t_ ] := Piecewise [
{{ 1 / 2 * (f[x + c * t] + f[x - c * t]) + 1 / (2 * c) * Integrate [g[y], { y, x - c * t, x + c * t}], x > c * t} ,
{ 1 / 2 * (f[x + c * t] - f[c * t - x]) + 1 / (2 * c) * Integrate [g[y], { y, c * t - x, x + c * t}], x < c * t}}];
u[x, t] // FullSimplify
Cos[ x ] Sin[ c t ]
+ Cos [c t] Sin [x] x > ct
c
Out[35]= (1+ c) Cos[ c t ] Sin[ x ]
x < ct
c
0 True
iii) u(x,0) = sin(x), u_t(x,0) = cos(x), u_x(0,t) = 0; x>0, t>0
In[36]:= Clear [u];

u[x_ , t_ ] := Piecewise [
{{ 1 / 2 * (f[x + c * t] + f[x - c * t]) + 1 / (2 * c) * Integrate [g[y], { y, x - c * t, x + c * t}], x > c * t} ,
{ 1 / 2 * (f[x + c * t] + f[c * t - x]) +
1 / (2 * c) * (Integrate [g[y], {y, 0, x + c * t}] + Integrate [g[y], {y, 0, c * t - x}]), x < c * t}}];
u[
x,
t] //
FullSimplify
Cos[ x ] Sin[ c t ]
+ Cos [c t] Sin [x] x > ct
c
Out[38]= (1+ c) Cos[ x ] Sin[ c t ]
x < ct
c
0 True
5) Solution of one dimensional heat equation, u_t = k.u_xx, for a homogeneous rod of length l, i.e, solve
the IBVP u_t = k.u_xx
u(x,0) = f(x), u(0,t) = 0, u(l,t) = 0; 0<x<l, t>0
i) k=4, l=1, f(x)=x^2(1-x)
In[2]:= k = 4; l = 1; f[x_ ] = x ^ 2 * (1 - x);

eqns1 = {D[u[x, t], t] - k * D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] == 0, u[x, 0] == f[x], u[0, t] == 0, u[l, t] == 0};
Sol1 = u[x, t] / . NDSolve [eqns1 , u[x, t], {x, 0, 1}, {t, 0, 4}]
 InterpolatingFunction  [x, t]

Domain : {{0., 1.}, {0., 4.}}
Out[4]=
Output : scalar
13
In[6]:= Plot3D [Sol1 , {x, 0.1 , 1}, {t, 1, 2}, AxesLabel → {"t", "x", ""}]
Out[6]=
ii) k=4, l=π, f(x)=sin(x)^2
In[7]:= k = 4; l = 1; f[x_ ] = Sin [x] ^ 2;

NDSolve : Warning : boundary and initial conditions are inconsistent .

Domain : {{0., 1.}, {0., 4.}}
Out[9]=
Output : scalar
Out[10]=
iii) k=6, l=2, f(x)=sin(πx)/4

14
In[17]:= k = 6; l = 2; f[x_ ] = Sin [Pi * x] / 4;


Domain : {{0., 2.}, {0., 4.}}
Out[19]=
Output : scalar
Out[20]=
iv) k=1, l=2, f(x)=x
In[21]:= k = 1; l = 2; f[x_ ] = x;

Domain : {{0., 2.}, {0., 4.}}
Out[23]=
Output : scalar
15
Out[24]=
6) Solving systems of ordinary differential equations.

i)
dy/dx=3y
dz/dx=2y+3z
In[2]:= sol1 = DSolve [{y '[x] == 3 * y[x], z '[x] == 2 * y[x] + 3 * z[x]}, {y[x], z[x]}, x]
y[x] → ⅇ  1 , z[ x] → 2 ⅇ x  1 + ⅇ 3 x  2 
3x 3x
Out[2]=
In[3]:= Plot [{y[x] / . {sol1 / . C[1] → 1}, z[x] / . sol1 / . {C[1] → 1, C[2] → 4}}, {x, - 5, 5}]
140 000
120 000
100 000
80 000
Out[3]=
60 000
40 000
20 000
-4 -2 2 4
ii)
x''[t]=-5x+2y
y''[t]=-2y+2x
16
In[69]:= sol2 =
DSolve [{x '' [t] == 5 * x[t] + 2 * y[t], y '' [t] == 2 * y[t] + 2 * x[t]}, {x[t], y[t]}, t] // FullSimplify
Out[69]=  x[t] →
1
3 ( 1 - 2  3 ) Cosh [t] + 6 (2  1 +  3 ) Cosh  6 t + 3 ( 2 - 2  4 ) Sinh [t] + 6 (2  2 +  4 ) Sinh  6 t,
15
1
y[ t] → 6 (2  1 +  3 ) Cosh  6 t - 12 (( 1 - 2  3 ) Cosh [t] + ( 2 - 2  4 ) Sinh [t]) +
30
6 (2  2 +  4 ) Sinh  6 t
In[70]:= Plot [{x[t] / . sol2 / . {C[1] → 1, C[2] → 2, C[3] → 3, C[4] → 4},

y[t] / . sol2 / . {C[1] → 1, C[2] → 2, C[3] → 3, C[4] → 4}}, {t, - 5, 5}]
30 000
25 000
20 000
Out[70]=
15 000
10 000
5000
-4 -2 2 4
iii)
x'[t]=-2x+7y
y'[t]=3x+2y x[0]=0,y[0]=1
In[4]:= sol3 = DSolve [{x '[t] == - 2 x[t] + 7 y[t], y '[t] == 3 x[t] + 2 y[t], x[0] == 0, y[0] == 1}, {x[t], y[t]}, t]
7 1
 x[t] → ⅇ - 1 + ⅇ  , y[ t] → ⅇ 3 + 7 ⅇ 
-5 t 10 t -5 t 10 t
Out[4]=
10 10
17
In[5]:= Plot [{x[t] / . sol3 , y[t] / . sol3 }, {t, - 5, 5}]

3 × 10 8
2 × 10 8
1 × 10 8
Out[5]=
-4 -2 2 4
-1 × 10 8
7) Approximate solution to initial value problems using the following approximate methods:
Comparison between exact and approximate results for any representative differential equation.
i) The Euler Method
ii) Modified Euler Method
ii) The Runge-Kutta Method
Euler Method
In[5]:= Euler1 [a0_ , b0_ , n0_ , f _, α_] := Module [{a = a0, b = b0, n = n0, h, ti }, h = (b - a) / n;
ti = Table [a + (j - 1) h, {j, 1, n + 1}];
wi = Table [0, n + 1];
wi [[1]] = α ;
OutputDetails = {{ 0, ti [[1]], α}} ;
For [i = 1, i ≤ n, i ++ , wi [[i + 1]] = wi [[i]] + h * f[ti [[i]], wi [[i]]];
OutputDetails = Append [OutputDetails , { i, N[ti [[i + 1]]], N[wi [[i + 1]]]}];];
Print [
NumberForm [TableForm [OutputDetails , TableHeadings → { None , { "i", "ti", "wi"}}], 6]];
];
18
In[6]:= f[t_ , x_ ] = t / x;
a = 0; b = 5; α = 1; n = 10;
Euler1 [a, b, n, f, α]
i ti wi
0 0 1
1 0.5 1.
2 1. 1.25
3 1.5 1.65
4 2. 2.10455
5 2.5 2.57971
6 3. 3.06426
7 3.5 3.55377
8 4. 4.04621
9 4.5 4.5405
10 5. 5.03604
In[9]:= f[t_ , x_ ] = 1 + x / t;
a = 1; b = 10; α = 2; n = 10;
i ti wi
0 1 2
1 1.9 4.7
2 2.8 7.82632
3 3.7 11.2419
4 4.6 14.8764
5 5.5 18.687
6 6.4 22.6449
7 7.3 26.7294
8 8.2 30.9248
9 9.1 35.219
10 10. 39.6021
19
In[12]:= f[t_ , x_ ] = - 2 * x ^ 2 * t;
a = 0; b = 1; α = 1; n = 20;
i ti wi
0 0 1
1 0.05 1.
2 0.1 0.995
3 0.15 0.9851
4 0.2 0.970543
5 0.25 0.951704
6 0.3 0.929061
7 0.35 0.903166
8 0.4 0.874616
9 0.45 0.844018
10 0.5 0.811962
11 0.55 0.778998
12 0.6 0.745622
13 0.65 0.712264
14 0.7 0.679289
15 0.75 0.646988
16 0.8 0.615594
17 0.85 0.585277
18 0.9 0.556161
19 0.95 0.528322
20 1. 0.501805
Modified Euler
In[1]:= Euler2 [a0_ , b0_ , n0_ , f _, α_] := Module [{a = a0, b = b0, n = n0, h, ti }, h = (b - a) / n;
ti = Table [a + (j - 1) h, {j, 1, n + 1}];
wi = Table [0, n + 1];
wi [[1]] = α ;
OutputDetails = {{ 0, ti [[1]], α}} ;
For [i = 1, i ≤ n, i ++ ,
wi [[i + 1]] = wi [[i]] + (h / 2) * (f[ti [[i]], wi [[i]]] + f[ti [[i + 1]], wi [[i]] + h * f[ti [[i]], wi [[i]]]]);
OutputDetails = Append [OutputDetails , { i, N[ti [[i + 1]]], N[wi [[i + 1]]]}];];
Print [
NumberForm [TableForm [OutputDetails , TableHeadings → { None , { "i", "ti", "wi"}}], 6]];
];
20
In[6]:= f[t_ , x_ ] = t / x;
a = 0; b = 5; α = 1; n = 10;
i ti wi
0 0 1
1 0.5 1.125
2 1. 1.42168
3 1.5 1.80899
4 2. 2.24115
5 2.5 2.69682
6 3. 3.16589
7 3.5 3.6432
8 4. 4.12588
9 4.5 4.61225
10 5. 5.10126
In[121]:= f[t_ , x_ ] = 1 + x / t;
a = 1; b = 10; α = 2; n = 10;
i ti wi
0 1 2
1 1.9 4.91316
2 2.8 8.28509
3 3.7 11.9576
4 4.6 15.8543
5 5.5 19.9298
6 6.4 24.1543
7 7.3 28.5065
8 8.2 32.9704
9 9.1 37.5336
10 10. 42.1862
Runge Kutta Method

21
In[34]:= rk [a0_ , b0_ , α 0_ , m0_ , f _] := Module [

{ a = N[a0 ], b = N[b0 ], α = N[α 0 ], m = N[m0 ], k, i} , h = (b - a) / m;
T = Table [0, {i, m + 1}];
Y = Table [0, {i, m + 1}];
T[[1]] = a;
Y[[1]] = α ;
For [k = 1, k ≤ m, k ++ , x0 = T[[k]]; y0 = Y[[k]];
k1 = f[x0, y0 ];
k2 = f[x0 + h / 2, y0 + h * k1 / 2];
k3 = f[x0 + h / 2, y0 + h * k2 / 2];
k4 = f[x0 + h, y0 + h * k3 ];
y[k] = y0 + (h / 6) (k1 + 2 k2 + 2 k3 + k4 );
T[[k + 1]] = a + k * h;
Y[[k + 1]] = y[k];
];
pts = Transpose [{T, Y}];
set1 = Y;
]
22
In[35]:= f[x_ , y _] := Cos [2 x] - Sin [y];

rk [0, 5, 1, 10, f]
plot1 = ListPlot [pts , PlotLegends → {"Approx Solutions "}, PlotStyle → Red ]
sol = NDSolve [{y '[x] == Cos [2 x] - Sin [y[x]], y[0] == 1}, y[x], {x, 0, 5}]
plot2 = Plot [y[x] / . sol , {x, 0, 5}, PlotLegends → {"Exact Solutions "}]
Show [plot2 , plot1 ]
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Out[37]= Approx Solutions
0.2
1 2 3 4 5
-0.2
-0.4
 y[x] → InterpolatingFunction  [x]

Domain : {{0., 5.}}
Out[38]=
Output : scalar
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Out[39]= Exact Solutions
0.2
1 2 3 4 5
-0.2
-0.4
1.0
0.8
0.6
Exact Solutions
0.4
Out[40]=
0.2 Approx Solutions
1 2 3 4 5
-0.2
-0.4
23
In[93]:= f[x_ , y _] := x / y;
rk [0, 5, 1, 10 ]
sol = NDSolve [{y '[x] == x / y[x], y[0] == 1}, y[x], {x, 0, 5}]
plot2 = Plot [y[x] / . sol , {x, 0, 5}, PlotLegends → {"Exact Solutions "}]

2
1 2 3 4 5
 y[x] → InterpolatingFunction  [x]

Domain : {{0., 5.}}
Out[96]=
Output : scalar
Out[97]= 3 Exact Solutions
1 2 3 4 5
24
Exact Solutions
Out[98]= 3
Approx Solutions
1 2 3 4 5
In[86]:= Clear [sol , y, f]
In[99]:= f[x_ , y _] := 1 + y / x;
rk [1, 10, 2, 10, f]
sol = NDSolve [{q '[x] == 1 + q[x] / x, q[1] == 2}, q[x], {x, 0, 10 }]
plot2 = Plot [q[x] / . sol , {x, 0, 10 }, PlotLegends → {"Exact Solutions "}]
40
30
Out[101]=
20
Approx Solutions
10
2 4 6 8 10
1
Power : Infinite expression encountered .
0.
NDSolve : The function value {ComplexInfinity } is not a list of numbers with dimensions {1} at {x, q[x]} =
0. , -3.47893 .
-10
× 10
Domain : 7.9 × 10 -1 0 , 10.

Out[102]=  q[x] → InterpolatingFunction  [x]
Output : scalar
25
40
30
Out[103]=
20
Exact Solutions
10
2 4 6 8 10
40
30
Exact Solutions
Out[104]=
20
Approx Solutions
10
2 4 6 8 10
In[111]:= f[x_ , y _] := - 2 y ^ 2 x;
rk [0, 1, 1, 20, f]
sol = NDSolve [{q '[x] == - 2 q[x] ^ 2 x, q[0] == 1}, q[x], {x, 0, 1}]
plot2 = Plot [q[x] / . sol , {x, 0, 1}, PlotLegends → {"Exact Solutions "}]
1.0
0.9
0.8

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

26
 q[x] → InterpolatingFunction  [x]

Domain : {{0., 1.}}
Out[114]=
Output : scalar
1.0
0.9
0.8
Out[115]= Exact Solutions

0.7
0.6
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
1.0
0.9
0.8 Exact Solutions

Out[116]=
0.7 Approx Solutions
0.6
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
8) Draw the following sequences of functions on the given interval and discuss pointwise and uniform
convergence
i) x^n
27
In[7]:= f = Table [x ^ n, {n, 1, 10 }];

Plot [f, {x, - 1, 1}, PlotLegends → f]
Manipulate [Plot [x ^ n, {x, - 1, 1}, PlotRange → {- 1, 1}], {n, 1, 10, 1}]
x
1.0
x2
x3
0.5
x4
x5
Out[8]=
x6
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0 x7
x8
x9
-0.5
x 10
1.0
0.5
Out[9]=
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
-0.5
-1.0
ii) x/n, x∈R

28
In[13]:= F = Table [x / n, {n, 1, 10 }];

Plot [F, {x, - 1, 1}, PlotLegends → F]
Manipulate [Plot [x / n, {x, - 1, 1}, PlotRange → {- 1, 1}], {n, 1, 10, 1}]
x
x
2
x
0.4 3
x
4
0.2
x
5
Out[14]=
x
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
6
x
-0.2
7
x
-0.4 8
x
9
x
10
1.0
0.5
Out[15]=
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
-0.5
-1.0
iii) x^2+nx/n x∈R

29
In[16]:= g = Table [(x ^ 2 + n * x) / n, {n, 1, 10 }];

Plot [g, {x, - 10, 10 }, PlotLegends → g]
Manipulate [Plot [(x ^ 2 + n * x) / n, {x, - 10, 10 }, PlotRange → {- 10, 10 }], {n, 1, 10, 1}]
x2 + x
x 2 + 2 x
1
2
50
x 2 + 3 x
1
3
40
x 2 + 4 x
1
4
x 2 + 5 x
30 1
5
Out[17]=
x 2 + 6 x
1
20
6
x 2 + 7 x
1
10 7
x 2 + 8 x
1
8
-10 -5
x 2 + 9 x
5 10 1
9
x 2 + 10 x
1
10
10
Out[18]=
-10 -5 5 10
-5
-10
iv) sin(nx)+n/n
30
In[22]:= G = Table [(Sin [n * x] + n) / n, {n, 1, 10 }];

Plot [G, {x, - 1, 1}, PlotLegends → G]
Manipulate [Plot [(Sin [n * x] + n) / n, {x, - 1, 1}], {n, 1, 10, 1}]
sin(x) + 1
1
(sin(2 x) + 2)
2
1
(sin(3 x) + 3)
3
1.5 1
(sin(4 x) + 4)
4
1
(sin(5 x) + 5)
5
Out[23]= 1.0 1
(sin(6 x) + 6)
6
1
(sin(7 x) + 7)
7
0.5
1
(sin(8 x) + 8)
8
1
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0 (sin(9 x) + 9)
9
1
(sin(10 x) + 10)
10
1.10
1.05
Out[24]=
1.00
0.95
0.90
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
v) x^n/(x+n)
31
In[43]:= f = Table [x ^ n / (x + n), {n, 1, 10 }];

Plot [f, {x, - 1, 1}, PlotLegends → f]
Manipulate [Plot [x ^ n / (x + n), {x, - 1, 1}, PlotRange → {- 1, 1}], {n, 1, 10, 1}]
x
x+1
x2
x+2
0.20 x3
x+3
0.15
x4
x+4
0.10
x5
x+5
0.05
Out[44]=
x6
x+6
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
x7
-0.05 x+7
x8
-0.10
x+8
x9
x+9
x 10
x+10
1.0
0.5
Out[45]=
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
-0.5
-1.0
vi) nx/(1+(nx)^2),x∈R
32
In[46]:= F = Table [n * x / (1 + n ^ 2 * x ^ 2), {n, 1, 10 }];

Plot [F, {x, - 1, 1}, PlotLegends → F]
Manipulate [Plot [n * x / (1 + n ^ 2 * x ^ 2), {x, - 1, 1}], {n, 1, 10, 1}]
x
x 2 +1
2x
4 x 2 +1
3x
0.4 9 x 2 +1
4x
0.2 16 x 2 +1
5x
25 x 2 +1
Out[47]=
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0 6x
36 x 2 +1
-0.2 7x
49 x 2 +1
8x
-0.4
64 x 2 +1
9x
81 x 2 +1
10 x
100 x 2 +1
0.4
0.2
Out[48]=
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
-0.2
-0.4
vii) nx/(1+nx) x∈R

33
In[49]:= g = Table [n * x / (1 + n * x), {n, 1, 10 }];

Manipulate [Plot [n * x / (1 + n * x), {x, - 10, 10 }, PlotRange → {- 10, 10 }], {n, 1, 10, 1}]
x
x+1
2x
2 x+1
1.3
3x
3 x+1
1.2
4x
4 x+1
1.1
5x
5 x+1
Out[50]= 1.0
6x
6 x+1
0.9
7x
7 x+1
0.8
8x
8 x+1
-10 -5 5 10 9x
9 x+1
10 x
10 x+1
10
Out[51]=
-10 -5 5 10
-5
-10
viii) x^n/1+x^n
34
In[59]:= g = Table [x ^ n / (1 + x ^ n), {n, 1, 10 }];

Manipulate [Plot [x ^ n / (1 + x ^ n), {x, - 10, 10 }, PlotRange → {- 10, 10 }], {n, 1, 10, 1}]
x
x+1
x2
x 2 +1
1.2
x3
3
x +1
1.1 x4
4
x +1
1.0 x5
x 5 +1
Out[60]=
x6
0.9 6
x +1
x7
0.8 x 7 +1
x8
x 8 +1
-10 -5 5 10
x9
9
x +1
x 10
x 10 +1
10
Out[61]=
-10 -5 5 10
-5
-10
9. Draw the sequence of unctions and discuss their uniform convergence

i) x^n
35
In[3]:= Manipulate [
Plot [Table [x ^ n, {n, m, 40 }], {x, - 0.9 , 0.9 }, PlotRange → {- 2, 2}, PlotStyle → Red , Epilog →
{ Opacity [0.1 ], LightOrange , EdgeForm [GrayLevel [0.1 ]], Rectangle [{- a, l - ϵ } , { a, l + ϵ }]}],
{ m, 2, 40, 1, Appearance → "Labeled "} , {ϵ , 0.01 , 0.5 , 0.001 , Appearance → "Labeled "} ,
{ a, 0, 2, 0.01 , Appearance → "Labeled "} , { l, 0, 2, 0.01 , Appearance → "Labeled "}]
m 2
ϵ 0.417
a 0.5
l 0
Out[3]=
1
-0.5 0.5
-1
-2
We can see that, x^n converges uniformly to f(x)=0 in any interval [-a,a] aϵ(0,1)
ii) (x^2+nx)/n
36
In[4]:= Manipulate [Plot [Table [(x ^ 2 + n * x) / n, {n, m, 40 }], {x, - 0.9 , 0.9 },
PlotRange → {- 2, 2}, PlotStyle → Red , Epilog → {Opacity [0.1 ], LightOrange ,
EdgeForm [GrayLevel [0.1 ]], Rotate [Rectangle [{- a, l - ϵ }, {a, l + ϵ }], 45 Degree ]}],
m 2
ϵ 0.286
a 1.04
l 0
Out[4]=
1
-0.5 0.5
-1
-2
We can see that, (x^2+nx)/n converges uniformly to f(x)=x in [-k,k]; k>0

iii) x/n
37
Plot [Table [x / n, {n, m, 40 }], {x, - 0.9 , 0.9 }, PlotRange → {- 2, 2}, PlotStyle → Red , Epilog →
m 2
ϵ 0.273
a 0.56
l 0
Out[5]=
1
-0.5 0.5
-1
-2
We can see that, x/n uniformly converges to f(x)=0, xϵ[-a,a], a>0

iv) x/(x+n)
38
Plot [Table [x / (x + n), {n, m, 40 }], {x, 0, 1}, PlotRange → {- 2, 2}, PlotStyle → Red , Epilog →
m 2
ϵ 0.01
a 0
l 0
Out[1]=
1
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
-1
-2
The function x/(x+n) uniformly converges to f(x)=0 on [a,∞], a>0

v) nx/(1+n^2 x^2)
39
In[10]:= Manipulate [Plot [Table [x * n / (1 + (n ^ 2) * x ^ 2), {n, m, 80 }],

{ x, - 0.9 , 0.9 } , PlotRange → {- 2, 2} , PlotStyle → Red , Epilog →
m 63
ϵ 0.166
a 0.48
l 0
Out[10]=
1
-0.5 0.5
-1
-2
The above function is uniformly convergent to f(x)=0 on [a,∞) , a>0

vi) nx/(1+nx)
40
In[11]:= Manipulate [Plot [Table [x * n / (1 + x * n), {n, m, 40 }],

m 34
ϵ 0.195
a 0.41
l 1.
Out[11]=
1
-0.5 0.5
-1
-2
The above function is uniformly convergent to f(x)=1 on [a,∞), a>0

vii) x^n/(1+x^n)
41
In[14]:= Manipulate [Plot [Table [x ^ n / (1 + x ^ n), {n, m, 40 }],

m 4
ϵ 0.122
a 1.04
l 0
Out[14]=
1
-0.5 0.5
-1
-2
We can see that the function is not uniformly convergent.

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Partial Differential Equations

Out[29]= 2 u0,1 [x, y] + 3 u1,0 [x, y]

In[31]:= Plot3D [u[x, y] / . sol1 , {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}]

ii) x*u_x+y*u_y = 2xy; u=2 on y=x^2

In[39]:= Plot3D [u[x, y] / . sol1 , {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}]

iii) u_x + x*u_y = y; u(0,y)=y^2

In[43]:= Plot3D [u[x, y] / . sol1 , {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}]

iv) u_x + x*u_y = y; u(1,y)=2y

In[47]:= Plot3D [u[x, y] / . sol1 , {x, - 5, 5}, {y, - 5, 5}]

2) Plotting the characteristics for first order PDE.

4) Solution of wave equation u_tt = c².u_xx for following conditions:

i) u(x,0) = sin(x), u_t(x,0) = cos(x); x∈ℝ, t>0

In[29]:= u[x_ , t_ ] := 1 / 2 * (f[x + c * t] + f[x - c * t]) + 1 / (2 * c) * Integrate [g[y], {y, x - c * t, x + c * t}];

ii) u(x,0) = sin(x), u_t(x,0) = cos(x), u(0,t) = 0; x>0, t>0

In[33]:= Clear [u];

iii) u(x,0) = sin(x), u_t(x,0) = cos(x), u_x(0,t) = 0; x>0, t>0

In[36]:= Clear [u];

i) k=4, l=1, f(x)=x^2(1-x)

In[2]:= k = 4; l = 1; f[x_ ] = x ^ 2 * (1 - x);

 InterpolatingFunction  [x, t]

ii) k=4, l=π, f(x)=sin(x)^2

In[7]:= k = 4; l = 1; f[x_ ] = Sin [x] ^ 2;

NDSolve : Warning : boundary and initial conditions are inconsistent .

 InterpolatingFunction  [x, t]

iii) k=6, l=2, f(x)=sin(πx)/4

In[17]:= k = 6; l = 2; f[x_ ] = Sin [Pi * x] / 4;

NDSolve : Warning : boundary and initial conditions are inconsistent .

 InterpolatingFunction  [x, t]

iv) k=1, l=2, f(x)=x

NDSolve : Warning : boundary and initial conditions are inconsistent .

 InterpolatingFunction  [x, t]

6) Solving systems of ordinary differential equations.

In[70]:= Plot [{x[t] / . sol2 / . {C[1] → 1, C[2] → 2, C[3] → 3, C[4] → 4},

In[5]:= Plot [{x[t] / . sol3 , y[t] / . sol3 }, {t, - 5, 5}]

Runge Kutta Method

In[34]:= rk [a0_ , b0_ , α 0_ , m0_ , f _] := Module [

In[35]:= f[x_ , y _] := Cos [2 x] - Sin [y];

 y[x] → InterpolatingFunction  [x]

0.2 Approx Solutions

Out[95]= Approx Solutions

 y[x] → InterpolatingFunction  [x]

Out[97]= 3 Exact Solutions

In[86]:= Clear [sol , y, f]

Domain : 7.9 × 10 -1 0 , 10.

Out[113]= Approx Solutions

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

 q[x] → InterpolatingFunction  [x]

Out[115]= Exact Solutions

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.8 Exact Solutions

0.7 Approx Solutions

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

In[7]:= f = Table [x ^ n, {n, 1, 10 }];

-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0 x7

-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

ii) x/n, x∈R

In[13]:= F = Table [x / n, {n, 1, 10 }];

-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

iii) x^2+nx/n x∈R

In[16]:= g = Table [(x ^ 2 + n * x) / n, {n, 1, 10 }];

In[22]:= G = Table [(Sin [n * x] + n) / n, {n, 1, 10 }];

-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

In[43]:= f = Table [x ^ n / (x + n), {n, 1, 10 }];

ii) xu_x+yu_y = 2xy; u=2 on y=x^2