‘E 1.

INT R DUc 3-ION TO PHYSICAL Cl‹sxisvnv

-' T IS PI-"SICAL CI-lEwsvnvr

)”'cal cl't'n"*Wj' is ustx) to explain ant) intcrpret ri1iscrv;itions on the physical and chemical properties is
l’l1)*?s iCill Cl1cmi¿• r
a lso essential for cfcvcloping atiJ intcrprcrinJ; Use modern techniques used to parties
of lTiqfter. such fis new synthetic mñ tcrial0 a nd biological membranes (A tkiris,

Cliemis tr)' is the study of macroscopic, oromic, suliaromic, aid particulate phcnomeria in
*° * of I.aim a nd concepts of physics. If spplic.s the principles, practices and concepts of
phyicy such as O
U. energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemis try, statistical mechanics and
d Cs, equilibrium (8uItlielez.i,
2007).
is the application of the methods of physics to cherriical problems. It includes the
q tease 9mntitative study, both experimental arid tlieorescal, of the general princi rles determining the
behavior of matter, partic
ularly the transformation of one substance into another (The Lincoln Library of Essential
IriformaSori, 2011). Physical Chemistry includes study of die physicd properties of many different types of
SubStances and on
different scales (levels of physical detail). That is, it includes study of the following scales of
chemical properties of materials (lvy Rose, 2003).

I- Macroscopic:
ñ Macroscopic properties of substances describe how relasvely large quandses of the
substance behave as a group, e.g. meldrig points and boiling points, latent heats of fusion and
vaporizafiori, diermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, coefficient of linear theonal expansion,
and many other “physical properdes”.
2. Microscopic:
Microscopic properties of substances concern details of their physical properties
observable onljr using the magnification provided by rriictoscopes. Microscopic physical
properties include, for example, the shapes and structures of crystal — which can have important
consequences for the behavior of large sections of the material of which they are a part.
3. Atomic:
Atomic properties relate to elements (Recall that elements consist of many individual
atoms, whereas compounds consist of many molecules — which are, in turn, specific combinations
of atoms joined together via chemical bonds.) Examples of atomic properties of elements include
atomic numbers arid atomic mass, e.g. the element Boron whose chemicH symbol is B, has atomic
member 5 and atomic mass 10.81 (stricdy for a free neutral atom in ground state).
4. Subatomic:
Subatomic particle, also called elementary particle, any of various self-contained units
of matter or energy that are the fundamental consstuents of all matter. Subatornic particles
iriclude electrons, the negatireI/ charged, almost massless particles that nevertheless accourit for
most of the size of the atom, and they include the heavier building blocks of the small but very
dense nucleus of the atom, the positively cliaiged protons and the electrically neutral neutroris.

j. 2E
JA'TURE OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
TH
The area of chemistry which concerns itself with the study of the physical properties and smicture o£
matter, with the laws of chemical interaction, and with the theories governing these is called Physical Chemistry. Its
main ptttjr ses are:
• T o collect the appropriate data required to define the properties of gases, liquids, solids, solutions, and
colloidal dispersions

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 und•ń on
kineõ c theory, electrochemi5 @ . quays
Ph aia••, i 999) DasiC concepts of phyii„,
meclianiC5,
iucludi•s classical mcct=•ic•. •**
in the system ițTld Its
mp° this is the coric•cn of organic and involve,
. nd linetfc e 'em-
UÍ)Stflt1C
the description o the chemicill S
,vith tl coreò ca principl s

şrO g ppTO3CHES'

• systerrtic approach the investigation begins °e very basic constituents of matter — t1

coceeds conceptual} tO constnict larger systems f£Om them.
fundamental {)artÌC1 › — and s. increasingly
to refer to these tiny co nstituent In this way,
p
Microscopic (Greek rrliCt OS, 5tT*d, is
) O( the elementary particles and tci‹
used
reted on the basis
c omplex phenomeria can be interp

• Ph enomenglogiCal approach — the study q$ qestigation (rpacxoscoplc material (Greek

5t8W
of mafiOsCøpiç
wide the eye. M easurements are made
maccos, large) that can be easily observed
properties such aS P and V•

Physical chemis ÎflCludu numerous disciplines:

sion by mateÔ als, and the molecular
• 'th ermodynamics - telatiooship between energy in terconver
properties.
• BineÕcs - fates of chemical processes
« Qøøntym Mechanics - phenomena at the molecular level
ïk properties o(mans
• Staóstical Mechanics - relationships between individual molecules aodfiu
dy C
• Spectroscopy - now- destnictive interaction of light (energy) arid matter, in order to stu

hemiC

• Photochemist ry - interaction of light and matter with the intent of coherently altering
molecular
structure

Matter is composed of electrons arid nuclei (neutrons and photons) - which can be furthQer di ldCd tO
subatomic particles. All matter is made from atoms. Evety substance (oxygen, lead, silver, neon ...) has • u^ qu°
number of photons, neutrons, and electrons. Oxygen, lot example, has 8 photons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons
Hydrogen has 4 proton and 1 elecœon. Individual atoms can combine with other atoms to form m e Ø e S•
molecules contain two atoms of hydrogen H and one atom of oxygen O and are chemically called
and nitrogen ace the major components of air and occur in rintu‹e as diatornic (two atom) molecules-
ofi the type of molecule, matter normally exisa as a solid, a liquid, Or a gas. We call this property of
matter the phase of the matter. The three noonal phases ofi matter have unique characteristics. (NASA,
201S)

Liqušd
 Gas
RVM Lecture Manual: Physical Chemistrjr 1

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