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Maheshwari Public School (Jawahar Nagar)
Maheshwari Public School (Jawahar Nagar)
SCHOOL (JAWAHAR
NAGAR)
SESSION: 2019-2020
Page 2 of 21
DECLARATION
11. Streamlines
14. Conclusion
15. Bibliography
PRESSURE
1. Pressure is defined as force per unit
area.
2
2. Standard unit is Pascal, which is N/m
3. For liquid pressure, the medium is
considered as a continuous distribution
of matter.
4. For gas pressure, it is calculated as the
average pressure of molecular collisions
on the container.
5. Pressure acts perpendicular on the
surface.
6. Pressure is a scalar quantity – pressure
has no particular direction (i.e. acts in
every direction).
Pascal’s Law
Pf = P0 + ρgh
1. “When there is an increase in
pressure at any point in a confined
fluid, there is an equal increase at
every point in the container.”
2. In a fluid, all points at the same depth
must be at the same pressure.
3. Consider a fluid in equilibrium.
Page 7 of 2 1
Hydraulics
Page 8 of 21
Continuity Equation
1. A1v1 = A2v2
P+1/2ρv*v+ρgh=constant
Constant density
1. A2 < A1 ; V2 > V1
2. According to Bernoulli’s Law,
pressure at A2 is lower.
3. Choked flow: Because pressure
cannot be negative, total flow
rate will be limited. This is
useful in controlling fluid
velocity.
P2 + 1/2ρ v1=
2
P1 +/2ρ
1
v1 2 ;
ΔP = ρ/2*(v2–
2
v1 2)
Atomizer
Page 15 of 21
Derivation of Torricelli’s
Equation
1 2
ρgh1 = /2 ρv2 + ρgh2
2
1
/2 ρv2 = pg(h1-h2)
2
V2 = 2g(h1-h2)
∴ V2 = √(2g(h1-h2))
Q = Av2 = A √(2g(h1-h2))
Page 16 of 21
Streamlines
1 A streamline is a path traced out by a
massless particle as it moves with the
flow.
2. Velocity is zero at the surface.
1. As you move away from the surface, the
velocity uniformly approaches the free
stream value (fluid molecules nearby the
surface are dragged due to viscosity).
2. The layer at which the velocity reaches
the free stream value is called boUNdary
layer. It does not necessarily match the
shape of the object – boundary layer can
be detached, creating turbulence (wing
stall in aerodynamic terms).
Aerodynamic Lift