NFC IEFR FAISALABAD

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

ASSIGNMENT NO 4

Submitted to:
Sir Junaid Alvi

Submitted By:
16-ELE-24

Registration No:

2016-UET-IEFR/FD-ELECT-23
 Assignment no 4
Q.1 Comparison of over current relay, differential relay, percentage relay and
supervised differential relay regarding their effective implementation for
transformer protection.

1. Over current relay:

An over current relay is a type of protective relay which operates when the load current exceeds
a pickup value. It is of two types: instantaneous over current (IOC) relay and definite time over
current (DTOC) relay.

The ANSI device number is 50 for an IOC relay or a DTOC relay. In a typical application, the
over current relay is connected to a current transformer and calibrated to operate at or above a
specific current level. When the relay operates, one or more contacts will operate and energize to
trip a circuit breaker. The DTOC relay has been used extensively in the United Kingdom but its
inherent issue of operating slower for faults closer to the source led to the development of the
IDMT relay.

Current differential protection scheme:

A differential scheme acts on the difference between current entering a protected zone (which
may be a bus bar, generator, transformer or other apparatus) and the current leaving that zone. A
fault outside the zone gives the same fault current at the entry and exit of the zone, but faults
within the zone show up as a difference in current.

"The differential protection is 100% selective and therefore only responds to faults within its
protected zone. The boundary of the protected zone is uniquely defined by the location of the
current transformers. Time grading with other protection systems is therefore not required,
allowing for tripping without additional delay. Differential protection is therefore suited as fast
main protection for all important plant items."

Differential protection can be used to provide protection for zones with multiple terminals and
can be used to protect lines, generators, motors, transformers, and other electrical plant.

2. Differential relay:
A differential relay is defined as the relay that operates when the phase difference of two or more
identical electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined amount. The differential relay works on
the principle of comparison between the phase angle and magnitude of two or more similar
electrical quantities.
For the operation of the differential relay, it should have two or more electrical quantities, and
these quantities should have a phase displacement (normally approximately 180). Any types of
the relay can operate as a differential relay depends on upon the way it is connected in a circuit.
In other words, it doesn’t depend on the construction of the relay it depends on the way it is
connected to the circuit. Differential protection provides unit protection. The protected zone is
exactly known by the location of current and potential transformers. The phase difference is
achieved by suitable connections of secondary of CTs and PTs.

The differential protection principle is employed for the protection of generator, generator-
transformer units, transformers, feeders, large motors, and bus-bars. The differential protection
relay is mainly classified into four categories. These are

 Current Differential Relay

 Voltage Differential Relay
 Biased or Percentage Differential Relay
 Voltage Balance Differential Relay

3. Percentage Differential Relay:

The percentage differential relay is defined as the relay that operates on the phase difference of
two or more similar electrical quantities. It is the advanced form of differential protection relay.
The only difference between them is the restraining coil. The percentage differential relay consist
restraining coil for overcoming the trouble arising out of differences in the current ratio for the
high value of an external short circuit current.

The percentage differential system consists of a restraining coil connected in the pilot wire as
shown in the figure below and the current induced in both the CTs flows through it. The
operating coil places between the mid point of the restraining coil. The restraining coil controls
the sensitive characteristic of the relay. It restricts the unwanted tripping of the transformer due
to the imbalance current. The restraining coil also restrains the harmonics in the inrush current.

Working of Percentage Differential Relay:

The torque due to the restraining coil prevents the closing of the trip circuit while the torque due
to the operating coil tends to close the trip circuit contacts. Under normal operating conditions
and through load condition the torque developed by the restraining coil is greater than the
operating coil torque. Thus the relay remains inoperative.

When an internal fault occurs, the operating torque exceeds the restraining torque then the trip
circuit contacts are closed to open the circuit breaker. The restraining torque may adjust by
varying the number of turns of the restraining coil.
4. Supervised differential relay:
In last study about high impedance differential protection, we have calculated stabilizing
resistance value for increasing the protection stability. In that case, we assume the worst
condition of CT, that the CT would be completely saturated. But, In Intermediate conditions,
where the CT is partially saturated, in this condition, to increases the stability margin we use CT
supervision relay.

When carrying load current an open circuit CT will cause unbalance in any current balance
group. As this can cause instability it is normal practice to use a sensitive relay, with an
associated relatively long time delay, to detect this condition. This integration of protection, CT
supervision and associated timers makes it easy to simplify system design and secondary wiring.

CT supervision Relay Working Principle:

The Current flow in each phase of the CT is monitored by the CT supervision relay. A coil is
connected in Parallel with Current transformer of each phase terminal. The CT super vision relay
monitors all three phase of the Current transformer. Under Normal conditions the current flow in
all three phase is equal the relay become inoperative.

For Example:

This CT supervision relay is connected in parallel with Main protection relay Consider ‘R’ phase
wire open in CT-2. The CT-1 load current will start to flow through both relays this is not a fault
current but it causes unnecessary trip. To avoid this trip CT supervision relay is used. The
voltage setting of this relay is very low with time delay So this relay will be operated for leakage
current and Its contact short of CT. Main relay setting is Grater then this value and instantaneous.
So for heavy internal bus bar fault Main protection will operate immediately.