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07 - Chapter 1 PDF
07 - Chapter 1 PDF
07 - Chapter 1 PDF
INDIAN STRATIGRAPHY
formed.
Petrography.
classification t h a n correlation.
Fossil c o n t e n t s
themselves.
2
longer time periods t h a n others. Some groups have externally
(Wadia, 1960).
1. Peninsula
2. Extra - Peninsula
1. Peninsula
West (Dey-1968).
2 . Eixtra-Peninsula
subcontinent.
3 . Indo-Gangetic Plain
the extra-Peninsula.
Table 1.
earth, from which highly liquid lava come out intermittently, till a
6
This formation of basalts is known a s 'Deccan Traps' in Indian
b) Compact n a t u r e of traps.
eruption hypothesis.
denudation.
a s follows.
Trap.
the other formation. The difference is due to less rain fall and
^ ^ - ^ HinuehiV^
f \ Pr«ile«h I
y^Pni^ab i \ . 1 ^-v^
f^y^\^ f^ y^Uttaranchal^
/ * ^ Delhi 1 ^ ^ f
^ Bihar ^ ^ ^ KZ—--3 r ^
-Aw(—-'1/ Ir liJ*'^'^
JharUiand /^ ) lYipnarl )
^•^^J* Oqjatat T^ MadhyaPiadeth \ \ CS^tBo^ *J l ^ ^ y "
\ J1 Va^~\ J—i^_^^-j^iCliatti»lnarh»
(Maa )
I Maharashtra /"^^^..^^^ \ ^ \
\ \ c^ Aadhra ftadeah j
Goa\ j ^ /"^^
N Kacnataka ( \
• * 1 ^ T Tamil If adu t V
• \ \ f
* >
bare.
Quartz 4.14
Orthoclase 4.45
Albite 22.01
Anorthite 23.07
Diopside 17.41
Hypersthene 17.78
Olivine —
Magnetite 4.64
Ilmenite 3.65
Apatite 1.01
£ ^ e n t and distribution
extends from near Belgaum (Lat 15°, 5 1 ' N) to Goona (Lat 24°,
and denudation. They are scattered near Kutch and Bhuj and some
Bombay.
Oirigin
Stratigraphic relations
(Wadia, 1966).
10
Table 2 :
Dykes
according to King (1885) in Bilaspur and they are absent from other
out. While highest flows of series is seen in the Malabar hills and
m'^^ 7 6
5 (
( ^
1. Himalayan Region
2. Indo Gangetic Planes
3. Central Highlands
4. North Deccan
5. South Deccan
6. Eastern Plateaus
7. Eastern Ghats
8. East Coastal Planes
9. Western Ghats
10. West Coastal Planes
h a s remarked that the lavas of high plateau are free from the dykes.
Magnetic nature
(Clegg et al, 1956; Irwing, 1957; Deutsch et at, 1958 and Deutsch,
12
formation in late Mesozoic or in early Coenozoic times, India was
about 34° south of equator and moved northward clockwise through
25°. This has resulted in a linear movement of 5000 kms.
Economic importance
13
GEOLOGY OF THE DECCAN INTERTRAPPEAN
FORMATION
Rajahmundry. Hislop (1955) further added that the trap layers lying
the same flow. This view was further supported by Newbold (1848).
14
the successive o u t b u r s t s a n d of flora a n d fauna t h a t migrated again
at the bottom in the silt which formed the sedimentary bed. The
(1860) and Blanford (1867) the intruding lava between two existing
strata could not have travelled to such a long distances covering the
whole of Deccan Traps. Further this would have shifted the whole
(Blanford, 1867).
Occurrence and e x t e n t
area a s small patches and are treasures of fossil flora and fauna.
while they are totally absent from the middle traps. These beds
15
B u l d h a n a in B u l d h a n a district, Sibla a n d J h a r g a d localities in
in Narmada Valley.
at places.
Table 3 :
Mohgaonkalan
Sr.
Compound % in black % in brown Nagpur
No.
chert chert
1. Silica Si02 93.51 94.93 73.00
2. Alumina AI2O3 1.26 1.29 9.45
3. Ferric Oxide FeaOs 0.37 0.57 6.80
4. Ferrous oxide FeO 0.30 0.15 N.D.
5. Titanium oxide TiOa Nil Nil N.D.
16
6. Calcium oxide CaO 0.53 0.65 1.30
7. Magnesium oxide MgO Trace Trace 0.05
8. Sodium oxide Na20 0.94 094 0.02
9. S u l p h u r txioxide SO3 0.03 0.03 N.D.
10. S u l p h u r S 0.12 012 N.D.
11. Phosphorus pentaoxide P2O5 0.06 0.09 N.D.
12. Phosphrous P 0.027 0.38 N.D.
13. Loss on Ignition 2.99 1.36 8.90
14. Potassium oxide K2O Nil Nil Traces
Quantity analyzed 110 gms 58 gms 50 gms
N.D. - Not determined
Blanford, 1879). They are found a s narrow fringe around the trap
17
Plate 3. Three Segments of India
2. Cherty beds, Lydite with Unio, Paludina, Cypris and Fossil
woods, 1.5 m.
Mahurzari
village Mahurzai (Lat. 21°, 13' 1 1 " N' Long. 79° 0' E) in Nagpur
shells are seen lying scattered in the fields at the foot of hills. Some
TakU
Takli Gitti Khadan (Lat. 21°, 1 1 ' N; Long. 79° 0' 4 " E) is the
Sausar
18
Rajahmundry
Worli
Sahni, 1964), Seoni (Sahni, 1943; Shukla, 1946), Sindhi Vihira near
19
PALAEOCLIBfATIC AND PALAEOECOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATION OF DECCAN TRAPS
controlled by climate.
20
Earn ^ H Periti Urut: Ma (Mega atunnn)
PHANEROZOIC
Cenoioic O: OMa
Quarternaiy 1.5-0.0 Ma
Holocetie
Fleistocaiie
Tertiary
•
Lata(F«]iH}rtraiuaDn)
EaTly(Mississipian)
Dewotiian 395 - 345 Ma
Late
Middk
fx&y
saurian 430 - 395 Ma
Ordcvician 500-430 Ma
M«
Mr
Cambrian 570-500 Ma
Me
iMiddk
Mr
PREC'.\MBRl!tN ^etxi-yjir.
Prcterozok
NeoprotBrozoic 1000-570 Ma
Mesoprotarozolc 1800 -1000 Ma
Palaeoproterozoic 2500 -1800 Ma
Archaean
Eladcait 4(300 - 3iOCi Ma
classified into
i) Extant genera
iii) Those which are not assigned to any living genus and can be
genera are more significant t h a n the other two with respect to floral
locality.
further investigations.
21
From the fossil studies done so far it seems t h a t the flora
growing on t h e u p lands.
by S a h n i i n 1931.
22
Heliconiaites mohgaoensis (Trivedi a n d Verma, 1971b, 1972) and
for the Deccan Trap t h a n that of present day. Most of these plants
arm of sea from the gulf of cambay a n d probably this might explain
would appear to occupy low dry hills of the Deccan Trap further
still exist, while the dry deciduous types like Mailotus philippinensis,
23
Paleocene-Cretaceous
Gondwana
Early Palaeozoic
Late Proterozoic
Early Proterozoic
Archaean
strengthened.
24
period According to him, the Tethys sea began to recede at the end
beds of India. From the study of fossil algae, it seems t h a t the semi-
25
•I? f
31* 2*8
1*1
• 18
2 If
2S»7^
aspects.
coastal plants discovered so far from these beds have been reviewed
26
grow luxuriantly a n d thrived for a considerable length of time
27
beds of India have been classified artificially a n d their relationship
have washed the northern shores of the Deccan. The older marine
produces large quantity of pollen grains, which are small and with
28
fossil pollen assemblage of mangrooves can be used to reconstruct
29
The fossil record to Deccan Intertrappean beds helps to
infer strongly that Palaeoposition of Indian landmass during the
deposition of these beds was within the equatorial zone south of the
equator (Guleria, 2005).
30
AGE OF DECCAN TRAPS
(period).
Tertiary.
31
Carter (1857) described fossils from Bombay Intertrappean
flora and fauna associated with the trap in Central provinces (now
the Lower Traps differ less in age from the Cretaceous beds of Bagh
age.
Cretaceous.
both.
32
Smith Woodward (1906) described some fossil fishes from
evidences firmly suggested Tertiary age for the Deccan Traps. The
2. Presence of AzoHo.
33
According to Ramarao (1937) the Deccan Trap eruptions
Lower Tertiary age to the basalts. West (1937), said that the age of
early Tertiary.
one system e n d s a n d the other begins. But there are some beds
34
Pascoe (1950) in its publication states that the
latest may be Lower Eocene age, the rest and probably, the bulk,
belong to Palaeocene.
Deccan Trap flows and dykes. A basalt from Mount Pavagarh and
Verma). The samples were from Mount Pavagarh near the base
(basalt) and near the top (rhyolite) a n d from the top of Mount Gimar
35
^ 0
Moliadeo ^
Hills S
D £ S
z
CO
^
» , « ' > ' > « A ' > A A / > A A A A / . A A A * « A A A A A
living. This would mean that the age of Deccan Traps, particularly in
criticised Sahni's view about no report of Azolla from the beds older
36
t h a n tertiary, on the basis of his discovery of Azolla intertrappean
age.
(Guleria, 2005).
fossil fishes, palms, etc. they could not be younger t h a n the Eocene.
expressed the view that the oldest traps were Cretaceous, the
37
youngest as lower Eocene and the rest of which constitute the most
part of the Deccan traps were assignable to Palaeocene period.
38
OBSERVATIONS ABOUT DECCAN INTERTRAPPEAN
BEDS OF MOHGAONKALAN
(Plate 7). I reached this locality by hiked vehicle a n d the route was
locality one hardly forgets to notice the brown cherts from the
woods and at some places some fossils in situ (Plate 12). After
39
a) Field near Mohgaonkalan
showing number of
'^ fossiliferous cherts
'LiM.
e) Counterparts of
Tricoccites fruit observed
after breaking the chert
side.
Dr. G. V. Patil and supervisor Dr. E. V. Upadhye were also with me.
molds from the fossiliferous locality. The boundries of farm show the
40
SURVEY OF LITERATURE PUBLISHED AND
UNPUBLISHED ON FLORA OF THE DECCAN
INTERTRAPPEAN BEDS OF INDIA
Intertrappean beds.
groupwise.
41
GYMNOSPERMS
CONES
OVULES
42
ANGIOSPERMS
DICOTYLEDONS
FLOWBRS
Authors Years Locality Name
43
FRUITS
44
Authors Years Locality Name
Chudiwale 1990 Mohgaonkalan Nicardocarpon
ramanujami
Chudiwale 1990 Mohgaonkalan Ficardocarpon
ramanujami
Dahegaokar a n d 2003 Mohgaonkalan Anacardwcarpon sahnii
Kapgate
Dahegaokar a n d 2003 Mohgaonkalan Spinocarpon intertrappea
Sheikh
Dahegaonkor 2002 Mohgaonkalan Hexaloculocarpon
intertrappea
Dhabarde, a n d 2005 Singhpur Singhpurocarpon sahnii
Sheikh
Dixit 1984 Mohgaonkalan Harrisocarpon sahnii
Dixit 1984 Mohgaonkalan Trilata malphigia
Dixit 1984 Mohgaonkalan Tiliceocarpon intertrappea
Dwivedi 1956 Bharatwada Enigmocarpon parijai
Gedam, Kolhe a n d 2003 Mohgaonkalan Achenoarpon mohgaonii
Kapgate
Jain 1964 Mohgaonkalan Indocarpa intertrappea
J a i n and Dayal 1966 Mohgaonkalan CarpolUhus striatus
Juneja 1993 Singhpur Nautiyalocarpon
singhpurii
J u n e j a and Sheikh 1993 Singhpur Triloculerocarpon
singhpurii
Kapgate 2001 Mohgaonkalan Hydnocarpon sahnii
Kapgate 2001 Mohgaonkalan Podostemoncarpon
mohgaonse
Kapgate 2001 Mohgaonkalan Loculocidocarpon
intertrappea
Kapgate 2001 Mohgaonkalan Chitaleyocarpon
intertrappea
Kapgate 2003 Mohgaonkalan Lytherocarpon mohgaonse
Kapgate, Patil and 2005 Mohgaonkalan Rodeocarpon mohgaonse
Jamkar
Kapgate, Sheikh 2003 Mohgaonkalan Wingospermocarpon
and Kapgate arilies
Contd
45
Authors Years Locality Name
Karanjekar 1982 Mohgaonkalan Cremocarpon deccani
Karanjekar 1982 Mohgaonkalan Utriculariocarpon chitaleyii
Karekar 1990 Mohgaonkalan Mahabalecarpon
interrappea
Kate 1974 Mohgaonkalan Uttamocarpon mohgaonse
Kate 1974 Mohgaonkalan Biloculaire intertrappea
Kate 1974 Mohgaonkalan Ribire intertrappea
Kubalkar 1982 Mohgaonkalan Erythroxylocarpon
intertrappeans
Kolhe 1980 Mohgaonkalan Ranvanujamocarpon
indicum
Kumar 1985 Mohgaonkalan Piperocrpon sps.
Kumar 1985 Mohgaonkalan Chitalecarpon deccani
Mahabale a n d 1957 Bharatwada Enigmocarpon parijai
Deshpande
Mahajan 1987 Mohgaonkalan Papillinoarpon kajalei
Mahajan 1987 Mohgaonkalan Arilocarpon sheikhii
Mehrotra 1983 Mohgaonkalan Euphorbiaceocarpon
drypetecides
Mistiy 1989 Singhpur Singhpurocarpon biradarii
Mistiy 1989 Mohgaonkalan Gyrocarpsocarpon
intertrappea
Mistiy 1989 Singhpur PhyUanthocarpon
singhpuri
Nambudiri 1968 Mohgaonkalan Indocarpa mahabalei
P a r a dkar 1975 Mohgaonkalan Deccanocarpon amoldi
Paradkar a n d Dbdt 1984 Mohgaonkalan Gretuia mohgaonensis
P a r a dkar a n d Patki 1987 Mohgaonkalan Trapa mohgaonensis
Parveen a n d 2003 Mohgaonkalan Malvaceocarpon deccanii
Narkhede
Qurashi a n d 2005 Singhpur Hydrocarpon
Narkhede mohgaonkalaense
Sahni 1943 Bharatwada Enigmocarpon parijai
Sakundarwar 1987 Mohgaonkalan Mahabalecarpon deccani
Sakundarwar 1987 Mohgaonkalan Carthemus deccani
Sakundarwar 1987 Mohgaonkalan BUoculocarpon deccani
Contd....
46
Authors Years Locality Name
Senad 1984 Mohgaonkalan Chitaleycarpon
paleocenum
Sheikh a n d 1980 Mohgaonkalan Exospermocarpon
Kapgate mohgaoense
Sheikh a n d 1984 Mohgaonkalan Wingospermocarpon
Kapgate mohgaoense
Sheikh and 1982 Mohgaonkalan Centrospermocarpon
Kubalkar chitaleyi
Sheikh a n d 1987 Oleaceocarpon
Mahajan nagpurensis
Sheikh, Saxena 2003 Mohgaonkalan Capsulooarpon
a n d Kapgate intertrappea
Upadhye 1979 Mohgaonkalan Euphorbiaceocarpon
deccani
Upadhye 1979 Mohgaonkalan Kremocarpon indicum
Yawale 1977 Mohgaonkalan Mohgaoncarpon eyedi
Yawale 1979 Mohgaonkalan Leguminocarpon eocenum
Yawale 1978 Mohgaonkalan Biloculacorpon
mohgaoenese
Yawale 1979 Mohgaonkalan Lomentocarpon eocenum
SEEDS
Authors Years Locality Name
Bonde 1993 Mohgaonkalan Unonaspermum comeri
Juneja 1993 Ramakona Ramakonaspermus
chitaleyensis
Juneja 1993 Ramakona Mahabalespermum.
minutum
Juneja 1993 Ramakona Deccanosperma arillata
Juneja, Sheikh, 2003 Ramakona Ramakonacarpus
Chituleyensus J u n e j a
Kubalkar a n d
Gupta
Kumar 1984 Mohgaonkalan Clusiocarpus deccanii
Sheikh a n d Bhowal 2003 Singhpur Ramukonaspermus
singhpurii
Wazalkar 1990 Mohgaonkalan Clusiocarpus indicum
47
MONOCOTYLEDONS
LEAVES
48
FLOWERS
FRUITS
49
Authors Years Locality Name
Chitaley a n d 1960 Mohgaonkalan Nipadaites compressum
Nambudiri
Chitaley a n d Patel 1974 Mohgaonkalan Trilocularie lakhanpalii
Chitaley a n d Patil 1971 Takli Viracarpon elongatum
Chitaley a n d 1971 Mohgaonkalan Graminocarpon
Sheikh mohgaonese
Chitaley, Shallom 1969 Mahurzari Viracarpon sahnii
and Mehta
Chudiwale 1990 Mohgaonkalan Palmocarpon deccanti
Jain 1964 Mohgaonkalan Musa cardiosperma
Jain 1960 Mohgaonkalan Musa cuschiformis
Juneja 1993 Singhpur Palmocarpon deccani
Kapgate 1988 Mohgaonkalan Trilocukxcarpon mahabalei
Karanjekar 1982 Mohgaonkalan Palmocarpon intertrappea
Karekar 1990 Mohgaonkalan Nipadaites mohgaonsis
Kolhe 1980 Mohgaonkalan Cocosccarpon
mohgaonense
Mahabalae 1950a Mohgaonkalan Floarl axis of
Cyclathaceae
Mahabale 1950 Mohgaonkalan Palmocarpon insigne
Mahabale 1950 Mohgaonkalan Palmostrobus sps.
Mahabale 1953 Mohgaonkalan Sparganium sps.
Nambudiri 1966 Mohgaonkalan Nypa spp.
Paradkar a n d 1980 Mohgaonkalan Jucaginocarpon
Barlinge mohgaonsis
Patel 1974 Mohgaonkalan Tricoccites trigonum
Patel 1971 Mohgaonkalan Sparganium
Patki 1980 Mohgaonkalan Phoenix intertrappea
Patil 1972 Mohgaonkalan Viracarpon chitaleyi
Patil 1973 Mohgaonkalan Viracarpon sahnii
Patil and Singh 1978 Mohgaonkalan Nipa semizonate
Contd...
50
Authors Years Locality Name
51