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Manufacturing: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Manufacturing: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Manufacturing is a process which involves tools and labor to produce goods for use or sale. The term may
refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied
to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed intofinished goods on a large scale. Such
finished goods may be used for manufacturing other, more complex products, such as aircraft,household
appliances or automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers, who then sell them to
end users – the "consumers".
Manufacturing takes turns under all types of economic systems. In a free market economy, manufacturing
is usually directed toward themass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist
economy, manufacturing is more frequently directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In
free market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of governmentregulation.
Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a
product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the
term fabrication instead.
Contents
[hide]
manufacturing
2 Industrial policy
o 2.1 Economics of manufacturing
3 Manufacturing processes
4 Manufacturing categories
5 Theories
6 Control
7 See also
8 References
9 Sources
10 External links
Tropicana system
Mass production
Lean manufacturing
Flexible manufacturing
Mass customization
Agile manufacturing
Rapid manufacturing
Prefabrication
Ownership
Fabrication
Publication
[edit]Industrial policy
[edit]Economics of manufacturing
According to some economists, manufacturing is a wealth-producing sector of an economy, whereas
a service sector tends to be wealth-consuming.[1][2] Emerging technologies have provided some new growth
in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the United States.
Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and fornational defense.
On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs. The clean-
up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it.
Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks. Developed countries regulate manufacturing
activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to
regulations and pollution taxes to offset the environmental costs of manufacturing activities. Labor
Unions and craft guilds have played a historic role in the negotiation of worker rights and wages.
Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in
the third world. Tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing.
Manufacturing may require huge amounts of fossil fuels. Automobile construction requires, on average, 20
barrels of oil.[3]
the nature and sources of the considerable variations that occur cross-
nationally in levels of manufacturing and wider industrial-economic
growth;
competitiveness; and
In addition to general overviews, researchers have examined the features and factors affecting particular
key aspects of manufacturing development. They have compared production and investment in a range of
Western and non-Western countries and presented case studies of growth and performance in important
individual industries and market-economic sectors.[4][5]
On June 26, 2009, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, called for the United States to increase its
manufacturing base employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too
much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive
demand.[6] A total of 3.2 million – one in six U.S. manufacturing jobs – have disappeared between 2000 and
2007.[7] In the UK, EEF the manufacturers organisation has led calls for the UK economy to be rebalanced
to rely less on financial services and has actively promoted the manufacturing agenda.
[edit]Manufacturing processes
Pharmaceutical
Construction
Electronics
Semiconductor
Engineering
Manufacturing engineering
Production engineering
Process Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Biotechnology
Emerging technologies
Nanotechnology
Synthetic biology, Bioengineering
Energy industry
Agribusiness
Brewing industry
Food processing
Industrial design
Interchangeable parts
Metalworking
Smith
Machinist
Machine tools
Free machining
Steel production
Metalcasting
Plastics
Telecommunications
Textile manufacturing
Clothing industry
Sailmaker
Tentmaking
Transportation
Aerospace manufacturing
Automotive industry
Bus manufacturing
Tire manufacturing
Shipbuilding
[edit]Theories
Taylorism/Scientific management
Fordism
[edit]Control
Management
Quality control
Six Sigma
[edit]See also
Howstuffismade
[edit]References
3. ^ "World oil supplies are set to run out faster than expected, warn
scientists". The Independent. June 14, 2007.
4. ^ Manufacturing & Investment Around The World: An International
Survey Of Factors Affecting Growth & Performance, ISR
906321-25-6.
6. ^ Bailey, David and Soyoung Kim (June 26, 2009).GE's Immelt says U.S.
economy needs industrial renewal.UK Guardian.. Retrieved on June 28,
2009.
[edit]Sources
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