Review exercise 2

1 a 12 − 7 k + d = 3k 2 ⇒ 3k 2 + 7 k − 12= d
3k 2 + d= k 2 − 10k ⇒ −2k 2 − 10k= d
Subtracting the second equation from the first gives
5k 2 + 17 k − 12 = (5k − 3)(k + 4) = 0
So k= 3= 0.6 or k = −4
5

b Since the sequence contains only integer terms, k = −4 .

u4 = 12 − 7(−4) = 40 , u5 =3(−4) 2 =48
So common difference d is d = u5 − u4 = 48 − 40 = 8
The first term a satisfies
a + 3d = u4 ⇒ a = 40 − 3(8) = 16
So a = 16 , d = 8

a 19 p − 18
2 a=
d = u2 − a = (17 p − 8) − (19 p − 18) = 10 − 2 p
So u30 =a + 29d =(19 p − 18) + 29(−2 p + 10)
u=
30 272 − 39 p

31
b S31
= (2a + (31 − 1)d=
) 0
2
⇒ 2a + 30d = 0
So 2(19 p − 18) + 30(10 − 2 p ) =0
(38 − 60) p − 36 + 300 = 0
22 p = 264
p = 12

3 a u=
2 = 256, u=
ar 8
7
ar= 900
ar 7 900
=
ar 256
225
⇒ r6 =
64
 225 
⇒ ln r 6 =
ln  
 64 
 225 
⇒ 6 ln r − ln =  0 (as=
ln x k k ln x)
 64 
 64 
⇒ 6 ln r + ln  =0 (as ln x −1 =
− ln x)
 225 

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3 b Noting r > 1, so r is positive
1
 225  6
=r =  1.2331060...
= 1.23 (3 s.f.)
 64 

4 a 4, 4r , 4r 2 ,...
2
Use arn–1 to write down expressions for the first
4 + 4r + 4r =
7 three terms. Here a = 4 and n = 1, 2, 3
4r 2 + 4r − 3 =0 (as required)

b 4r 2 + 4r − 3 =0 Factorise 4r 2 + 4r − 3 =−12
(−2) + (+6) =+4, so
(2r − 1)(2r + 3) =
0
2
1 3 4r − 2r + 6r −=
3 2r (2r − 1) + 3(2r − 1)
r= , r= − =(2r − 1)(2r + 3)
2 2

1
c r=
2 a
a 4 Use S∞ =
= 1− r
1 − r 1 − 12
1
4 Here
= a 4=
and r
= 1
2
2

=8

5 a ar 3= x, ar 4= 3, ar 5= x + 8
ar 5 ar 4
=
ar 4 ar 3
x +8 3
so =
3 x
x( x + 8) = 9
x2 + 8x − 9 = 0
( x + 9)( x − 1) = 0
x = 1, x = −9
ar 4 3
=r =
ar 3 x
When=x 1,=
r 3
1
When x = −9, r =
−
3
1
b r= −
3
4
ar = 3
4
 1
a−  = 3
 3
a = 243

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 a 243
5 c =
S∞ = = 182.25
1 − r 1 + 13
6 a a= 3an + 5
n +1
Use the given formula with n = 1
n 1: a=
= 2 3a1 + 5
a=
2 3k + 5

n 2: =
b = a3 3a2 + 5
= 3(3k + 5) + 5
= 9k + 15 + 5
= 9k + 20

4 This is not an arithmetic series.

c i ∑ ar = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4
r =1

n 3:=
= a4 3a3 + 5 You cannot use a standard formula, so work
out each separate term and then add them
= 3(9k + 20) + 5
together to find the required sum.
= 27 k + 65
4

∑a
r =1
r =k + (3k + 5) + (9k + 20) + (27 k + 65)

= 40k + 90
4
ii ∑
= ar 10(4k + 9)
r =1 Give a conclusion.
There is a factor of 10, so the sum is divisible by 10.

7 a Common ratio is r = −4 x
Condition for the convergence of infinite sum is
r < 1 ⇒ −4 x < 1
1
⇒ x<
4

∞
24
b ∑ 6 × (−4 x)
r =1
r −1
= S∞=
5
a 6
Another equation for S∞ is=
S∞ =
1− r 1+ 4x
6 24
So =
1+ 4x 5
⇒ 30 = 24 + 96 x
6 1
⇒ x= =
96 16

ar u2
8 a =
r =
a u1
50
5
So=
r =
6

10 6

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 a 10
∴ As r < 1, S∞ = = = 60
1 − r 1 − 56

5
8 b=a 10,
= r
6

Sk =
(
10 1 − ( 56 )
k
)
1− 5
6
k
5 55
As S k > 55 ⇒ 1 −   >
6 60
k
 5  11
⇒ 1−   >
 6  12
k k
1 5 1 5
⇒ >   ⇒ log   > log  
12  6   12  6
1 5
⇒ log   > k log  
 12  6
1
log  
⇒k >  12 
5
log  
6
(the inequality reverses direction in the final step because ln 5 < 0 )
6

c k must be a positive integer.

ln 121
= 13.629 (3 d.p.)
ln 56
So the minimum value of k is 14.

a a 2400,
9= = r 1.06
After 4 years,
3
2400(1.06)
= 2858.44
=  2860 to the nearest 10.

b 2400 ×1.06 N −1 > 6000 ⇒ 1.06 N −1 > 2.5

⇒ log1.06 N −1 > log 2.5 ⇒ ( N − 1) log1.06 > log 2.5

c Rearranging the inequality

ln 2.5
N> +1 =16.7 (1 d.p.)
ln1.06
So N = 17

d The total amount raised is 5( S10 )

a (1 − r10 ) 2400 (1 − 1.0610 )
=S10 = = 31633.90 (2 d.p.)
1− r 1.106
Therefore the total amount raised is 5 × 31633.9, which to
the nearest £1000 is £158 000
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10 a

b There are two solutions in the interval

0 ≤ x ≤ 360°.

11 a sin θ = cos θ
tan θ = 1

b tan θ= 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
π 5π
θ = and θ =
4 4

(Note, in earlier versions of the book an erroneous question 12 was removed; all subsequent numbers
will therefore by 1 higher than printed here.)

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12 3 tan2 x = 1
1
tan x = ±
3
1
For tan x =
3
x = 30°

So x = 30° or x = 210°
1
For tan x = −
3
x = 330° (or −30°)

So x = 330° or x = 150°
So x = 30°, 150°, 210° or 330°

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 13 2 sin (θ − 30°) = 3
3
sin (θ − 30°) =
2
θ − 30° = 60°

So θ − 30° = 60° or θ − 30° = 120°

When θ − 30° = 60°
θ = 60° + 30°
= 90°
When θ − 30° = 120°
θ = 120° + 30°
= 150°
So θ = 90° or 150°

14 a 2 cos2 x = 4 − 5 sin x
2(1 − sin2 x) = 4 − 5 sin x
2 − 2 sin2 x = 4 − 5 sin x
2 sin x − 5 sin x + 2 = 0 (as required)
  2 

b Let sin x = y
2y2 − 5y + 2 = 0
(2y − 1)(y − 2) = 0
So y = 12 or y = 2
When sin x = 12 , x = 30°
or x = 180° − 30° = 150°
sin x = 2 is impossible.
x = 30° or 150°

15 2 tan2 x − 4 = 5 tan x
2 tan2 x − 5 tan x − 4 = 0

Using the quadratic formula:

  5 ± (−5) 2 − 4(2)(−4)
tan x =
2(2)
5 ± 57
=
4
5 + 57
When tan x = , x = 72.3°
4
or x = 72.3° + 180° = 252.3°

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16 5 sin2 x = 6(1 − cos x)
5 sin2 x + 6 cos x − 6 = 0
5(1 − cos2 x) + 6 cos x − 6 = 0
5 − 5 cos2 x + 6 cos x − 6 = 0
5 cos2 x − 6 cos x + 1 = 0
(5 cos x − 1)(cos x − 1) = 0
 

So cos x = 15 or cos x = 1
When cos x = 15 , x = 78.5°
or x = 360° − 78.5° = 281.5°
When cos x = 1, x = 0° or 360°
x = 0°, 78.5°, 281.5° or 360°

17 LHS = cos2 x(tan2 x + 1)
 sin 2 x 
= cos 2 x  2
+ 1
 cos x 
= sin2 x + cos2 x
= RHS

18 f(x) = x3 − 12x2 + 48x

f'(x) = 3x2 − 24x + 48
= 3(x − 4)2
(x − 4)2 > 0 for all real values of x
So 3x2 − 24x + 48 > 0 for all real values of x.
So f(x) is increasing for all real values of x.

2
19 a y = x + −3
x
2
When y = 0, x + −3 =0
x
x2 + 2 − 3x = 0
x2 − 3x + 2 = 0
(x − 1)(x − 2) = 0
x = 1 or x = 2
A(1, 0) and B(2, 0)

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19 b y = x + 2x−1 −3
dy
= 1 − 2 x −2
dx
2
= 1− 2
x
dy
Let = 0 to find the minimum
dx
x2 = 2
x= ± 2
x is positive, so x = 2.
When x = 2,
2
y= 2+ −3
2
2 2
=2+ −3
2
= 2 2 −3
C has coordinates ( 2, 2 2 − 3 )
20

Draw a diagram. Let h be the height of the cylinder.

a Surface area, S = 2πrh + 2πr2

Volume = πr2h = 128π
128π
h=
πr 2
128
= 2
r
128
so S = 2πr × 2 + 2πr2
r
256π
= + 2πr2 (as required)
r

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 dS 256π
20 b = 4πr − 2
dr r
256π
4πr − 2 = 0
r
256π
4πr = 2
r
3
r = 64
r = 4 cm
When r = 4,
256π
+ 2π ( 4 )
2
= S
( 4)
= 64π + 32π
= 96π cm 2

21 a y = 3x2 + 4 x
1
= 3x2 + 4x 2
dy  1 −1 
= ( 3 × 2 x1 ) +  4 × x 2 
dx  2 
1
dy −
= 6x + 2x 2
dx
Or:
dy 2 2
=6 x + 1 =6 x +
dx x
x2

−1
dy
b = 6x + 2x 2
dx
d2 y  1 − 23 
= 6 +  2× − x 
dx 2  2 
−3
= 6− x 2
Or:
d2 y 1
2
= 6− 3
dx
x2
Or:
d2 y 1
2
= 6−
dx x x

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 3
 2 1
 3x3 4 x 2
21 c ∫  3 x + 4 x  dx =
2
+ 3 +C
  3 (2)
3
x + 4(
= 3 2
3 )x 2
+C
3
=x3 + 83 x 2 + C
(Or: x3 + 8
3 x x +C )

1 −1
8
22 ∫1
x 3 − x 3 dx
 4 2
  4 2

=  34 ( 8 ) 3 − 32 ( 8 ) 3  −  34 (1) 3 − 32 (1) 3 
   
= ( 4 (16 ) − 2 ( 4 ) ) − ( 4 (1) − 2 (1) )
3 3 3 3

27
=
4
3
=6
4

∫ (x − kx ) dx
6
23 2
0
6
 x3 kx 2 
=  −
3 2  0
 6 k ( 6 ) 2   03 k ( 0 ) 2 
= − − − 
3 2  3 2 
   
=72 − 18k =0
k =4

24 a −x4 + 3x2 + 4 = 0
(−x2 + 4)(x2 + 1) = 0
(2 − x)(2 + x)(x2 + 1) = 0
x2 + 1 = 0 has no real solutions.
So there are two solutions x = −2 or x = 2.
A(−2, 0)and B(2, 0)

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 ∫ (−x + 3 x 2 + 4 ) dx
2
24 b R = 4
−2
2
 x5 3x3 
 5 + 3 + 4x
=−
  −2
2
 x5 
= − + x3 + 4 x 
 5  −2
  ( −2 )
5
 25 
=  − + 2 + 4 ( 2)  −  − + ( −2 ) + 4 ( −2 ) 
3 3

 5   5 

 32   32 
=  − + 8 + 8 −  − 8 − 8
 5   5 
2
= 19.2 units

4
25 Area = ∫ ( x − 1)( x − 4 ) dx
1
4
∫ x − 5 x + 4 dx
2
=
1
4
 x3 5 x 2 
= − + 4x 
 3 2 1
 ( 4 )3 5 ( 4 ) 2 
= − + 4 ( 4) 
 3 2 
 
 (1) 5 (1)
3 2

= − − + 4 (1) 
 3 2 
 
1
= −4
2
∴ Area = 4 12 units2 (area cannot be a negative value)

26 a Solving simultaneously
5 − x2 = 3 − x
x2 − x − 2 = 0
(x − 2)(x + 1) = 0
x = 2 or x = −1
when x = 2, y = 1
when x = −1, y = 4
P(−1, 4) and Q(2, 1)

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26 b Shaded area =
area under the curve between P and Q and the x-axis − area of trapezium
1
Area = ∫ ( 5 − x 2 ) dx − × 3 (1 + 4 )
2

−1 2
2
 x3  15
=5 x −  −
 3  −1 2

23   ( −1)  15
3

=  5 ( 2 ) −  −  5 ( −1) − −
 3   3  2
 8  1  15
= 10 −  −  −5 +  −
 3  3 2
2
= 4.5 units

27 a

b
x 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
1
1 0.833 0.714 0.625 0.556 0.5
x

2
1
c A = ∫   dx
1
x
b
1
∫a y=
dx h ( y0 + 2 ( y1 + y2 + ... + yn −1 ) + yn )
2
2
1 1
∫  x  d=x ( 0.2 ) (1 + 2 ( 0.833 + 0.714 + 0.625 + 0.556 ) + 0.5)
1
2
= 0.696 (3 s.f.)

d Overestimate as the curve is concave.

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28 a =
y 1 − x2
1 − x2 = 0
2
1− x = 0
x = ±1
so x = 1
x 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1 − x 2 1 0.9950 0.9798 0.9539 0.9165 0.866 0.8 0.7141 0.6 0.4359 0
1
A
= ∫
0
1 − x 2 dx
b
1
∫ y=
dx h ( y0 + 2 ( y1 + y2 + ... + yn −1 ) + yn )
a
2

1
1
∫ 1 − x 2 dx= ( 0.1) (1 + 2 ( 0.9950 + 0.9798 + 0.9539 + 0.9165 + 0.866 + 0.8 + 0.7141 + 0.6 + 0.4359 ) + 0 )
0
2
= 0.776 (3 s.f.)
π
− 0.776
b Error 4 ×100 =
1.2%
π
4

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29 y = x and y = x 2
x = x2
x = x4
x4 − x =0
x ( x3 − 1) =
0
=x 0=
or x 1

The shaded area is given by

1 1
=A ∫
0
x dx − ∫ x 2 dx
0

3 1 1
 2  1 
=  x  −  x3 
2

 3 0  3 0
 2 3   2 3
   1 3   1 3  
=  (1) 2  −  ( 0 ) 2   −  (1)  −  ( 0 )  
 3  3    3  3 
2 1
= −
3 3
1
=
3

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Challenge
1 Many possible solutions are available, such as
11 15
an +=
1 an + k , a1 = m , ∑ ai = ∑ ai
=i 6=i 12

a1 = m , a2= m + k , a3= m + 2k , …
11

∑a
i =6
i = m + 5k + m + 6k + ... + m + 10k

= 6m + 45k
15

∑a
i =12
i = m + 11k + m + 12k + m + 13k + m + 14k

= 4m + 50k
6m + 45k =4m + 50k
5k = 2m
5
m = k as required
2

2 2sin 3 x − sin x + 1 = cos 2 x

2sin 3 x − sin x + 1 = 1 − sin 2 x
2sin 3 x + sin 2 x − sin x =
0
sin x ( 2sin 2 x + sin x − 1) =
0
sin x ( 2sin x − 1)( sin x + 1) =
0
1
sin x = 0, sin x =and sin x = −1
2
When sin x =0, x =0, x =180° and x =360°
1
When sin x =, x = 30° and x = 150°
2
When sin x =−1, x = 270°

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