AP® BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS

Statistical Analysis and Probability

x = sample mean
Mean Standard Deviation
n = sample size
- I n
= ~-L(x. -xi
x= -I\
n i= I
S ~ l _ __
n- 1 s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample-based
estimate of the standard deviation of the
Standard Error of the Mean Chi-Square population)

SE- =_!__ X2 = L (o - e)2 o = observed results

X ✓
n e
e = expected results
Chi-Square Table
p Degrees of Freedom  = sum of all
value
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3.84 5.99 7.81 9.49 11.07 12.59 14.07 15.51
Degrees of freedom are equal to the number of
0.05
distinct possible outcomes minus one.
0.01 6.63 9.21 11.34 13.28 15.09 16.81 18.48 20.09

Laws of Probability Metric Prefixes

If A and B are mutually exclusive, then:
Factor Prefix Symbol
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) 109 giga G
If A and B are independent, then: 106 mega M
P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B) 103 kilo k
10- 1 deci d
Hardy-Weinberg Equations
10- 2 centi C
p = frequency of allele 1 in a
p2 + 2pq + q2 =1 population
10-3 milli m
10- 6 nucro µ
p+q=l q = frequency of allele 2 in a
10- 9 nano n
population
10-12 pico p

Mode = value that occurs most frequently in a data set

Median = middle value that separates the greater and lesser halves of a data set

Mean = sum of all data points divided by number of data points

Range= value obtained by subtracting the smallest observation (sample minimum) from the greatest (sample maximum)

AP Biology Equations and Formulas Page 1 of 2

00762-113-CED-Biology_Appendix.indd 214 4/13/19 6:27 PM

 Rate and Growth Water Potential ( '¥ )
'P = 'Pp + 'Ps
dY = amount of change
dt dt = change in time l.f'p = pressure potential

Population Growth B =birthrate '-Ps = solute potential

dN
-=B-D D = death rate
dt The water potential will be equal to the
N = population size solute potential of a solution in an open
Exponential Growth container because the pressure potential of
dN K = carrying capacity the solution in an open container is zero.
dt = rmaxN
rmax = maximum per capita The Solute Potential of a Solution
Logistic Growth growth rate of population
dN (K -N)
-;Ji" = rmaxN ------Y-
'-Ps = -iCRT

i = ionization constant (1.0 for sucrose

because sucrose does not ionize in

r
Simpson's Diversity Index water)

Diversity Index = I - I:(; C = molar concentration

𝑛𝑛 = total number of organisms of a particular species R = pressure constant

( R = 0.0831 liter bars/mole K)
𝑁𝑁 = total number of organisms of all species T = temperature in Kelvin (°C + 273)
pH= - log[H+]

Surface Area and Volume

r = radius
Surface Area of a Sphere Volume of a Sphere
SA = 4nr 2 4 3 l = length
V pr
3
h = height
Surface Area of a Rectangular Solid Volume of a Rectangular Solid
SA = 2/h + 2/w + 2wh V lwh w = width

Surface Area of a Cylinder Volume of a Cylinder s = length of one

SA = 2nrh + 2nr 2 V pr h 2 side of a cube

SA = surface area
Surface Area of a Cube Volume of a Cube
SA = 6s2 V s3 V = volume

AP Biology Equations and Formulas Page 2 of 2

  

00762-113-CED-Biology_Appendix.indd 215 4/13/19 6:27 PM