Human Reproduction-9 (2.0)

Human Reproduction
Pregnancy and
Embryonic Development
LECTURE 9
Pregnancy and Embryonic Development
Blastocyst Formation
➔ The dividing zygote takes four days to reach uterus.

➔ Morula floats in uterine lumen for 4 days and undergoes phase of compaction.
Blastocyst
Embryoblast
Trophoblast
Development of Trophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast
Development of Bilaminar Embryonic Disc
➔ Cells of the embryoblast also differentiate into two layers.
Hypoblast (primitive endoderm)
Epiblast (primitive ectoderm)

Development of Bilaminar Embryonic Disc
➔ Cells of the hypoblast and epiblast together form a flat disc referred to as the
bilaminar embryonic disc.
➔ Soon, a small cavity appears within the epiblast and eventually enlarges to
form the amniotic cavity.
Gastrulation
➔ It is the first major event of the third week

of development.
➔ It occurs about 15 days after fertilization.
Gastrulation
➔ In this process, the bilaminar embryonic disc, consisting of

epiblast and hypoblast, transforms into a trilaminar
(embryonic disc consisting of three primary germ layers:
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Gastrulation
Gastrulation
➔ The primary germ layers are the major embryonic tissues from which the various
tissues and organs of the body develop.
Gastrulation
➔ Gastrulation involves the

rearrangement and
migration of cells from the
epiblast.
Primitive Streak Formation
➔ The first evidence of gastrulation is the formation of the primitive streak.

➔ It is a faint groove on the dorsal surface of the epiblast that elongates from the
posterior to the anterior part of the embryo.
➔ The primitive streak clearly establishes the head and tail ends of the embryo, as well
as its right and left sides.
➔ At the head end of the primitive streak a small group of epiblastic cells forms a
rounded structure called the primitive node.
Gastrulation
Gastrulation
Formation Of Germ Layers
➔ After formation of primitive streak, cells of the epiblast move inward and detach from
the epiblast in a process called invagination.
➔ Once the cells have invaginated, some of them displace the hypoblast, forming the
endoderm.
➔ Other cells remain between the epiblast and newly formed endoderm to form the
mesoderm.
➔ Cells remaining in the epiblast then form the ectoderm.
➔ Ectoderm and endoderm are epithelia composed of tightly packed cells.

➔ Mesoderm is a loosely organized connective tissue (mesenchyme).
Fate Of Germ Layers
Endoderm
➔ As the embryo develops, the endoderm

ultimately becomes the epithelial lining of the
◆ Gastrointestinal tract
◆ Respiratory tract
◆ Several other organs.
Fate Of Germ Layers
Mesoderm
➔ Mesoderm gives rise to

◆ Muscles
◆ Bones
◆ Connective tissues
◆ Peritoneum.
Fate Of Germ Layers
Ectoderm
➔ Ectoderm develops into the

◆ epidermis of skin
◆ nervous system.
Gastrulation
Gastrulation
Allantois
➔ The wall of the yolk sac forms a small vascularized outpouching called the allantois
that extends into the connecting stalk.
Allantois
➔ In most other mammals, the allantois is used for gas exchange and waste removal.
Because of the role of the human placenta in these activities, the allantois is not a
prominent structure in humans.
➔ It functions in the early formation of blood and blood vessels, and it is associated with
the development of the urinary bladder.
➔ It is formation of different organ systems from the three germ layers.

➔ The first sign of growing foetus may be noticed by listening to the heart sound
carefully through the stethoscope.
➔ By the end of the second month of pregnancy, the foetus develops limbs and digits.
➔ By the end of 12 weeks (first

trimester), most of the major organ
systems are formed, for example,
the limbs and external genital
organs are well-developed.
➔ The first movements of the foetus and appearance of hair on the head are usually
observed during the fifth month.
➔ By the end of 24 weeks (second trimester), the body is covered with fine hair, eye-
lids separate, and eyelashes are formed.
➔ By the end of nine months of pregnancy, the foetus is fully developed and is ready
for delivery.

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Human Reproduction

➔ The dividing zygote takes four days to reach uterus.

Development of Bilaminar Embryonic Disc

➔ Cells of the embryoblast also differentiate into two layers.

Hypoblast (primitive endoderm)

Epiblast (primitive ectoderm)

Development of Bilaminar Embryonic Disc

➔ It is the ﬁrst major event of the third week

➔ In this process, the bilaminar embryonic disc, consisting of

➔ Gastrulation involves the

➔ The ﬁrst evidence of gastrulation is the formation of the primitive streak.

➔ Ectoderm and endoderm are epithelia composed of tightly packed cells.

➔ As the embryo develops, the endoderm

➔ Mesoderm gives rise to

➔ Ectoderm develops into the

➔ It is formation of different organ systems from the three germ layers.

➔ By the end of 12 weeks (first

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