A2 - Real Number System PDF

The Real Number System and Integer Exponents
Mathematics 17
Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines-Diliman
Lecture 2
Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 1 / 33

Outline
1 The Real Number System

Axioms on R
Order in R
The Real Number Line
Interval Notation
The Absolute Value
2 Integer Exponents
Laws of Exponents

The Real Number System
Recall: R, the set of real numbers
The real number system consists of R and two operations on its elements:
addition and multiplication

The Real Number System
Recall: R, the set of real numbers
The real number system consists of R and two operations on its elements:
addition and multiplication
Operation Symbol Result

Addition + Sum a + b
Multiplication · Product a · b

Axioms on Equality
Axioms: logical statements that are assumed to be true

Axioms on Equality
Axioms: logical statements that are assumed to be true
For any real numbers a, b, c,

Reflexive : a = a
Symmetric : If a = b, then b = a.
Transitive : If a = b and b = c, then a = c.
Additive : If a = b, then a + c = b + c.
Multiplicative : If a = b, then ac = bc.

Axioms for Addition and Multiplication
For any real numbers a, b and c
Axiom Addition Multiplication

Closure a+b∈R a·b∈R
Associativity (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (a · b) · c = a · (b · c)
Commutativity a+b=b+a a·b=b·a
Distributivity: c · (a + b) = c · a + c · b

Let a ∈ R.
Identity Axiom for Addition :
There exists a real number, zero (0), such that
a+0=0+a=a
0 is the identity element for addition.
Identity Axiom for Multiplication :

There exists a real number, one (1), such that
a·1=1·a=a
1 is the identity element for multiplication.

Let a ∈ R.
Inverse Axiom for Addition :
There exists a real number, −a, such that
a + (−a) = (−a) + a = 0
−a is the additive inverse of a.
Inverse Axiom for Multiplication :

1
If a 6= 0, there exists a real number, , such that
a
1 1
a· = ·a=1
a a
1
is the multiplicative inverse of a.
a

Cancellation Laws
For any a, b, c ∈ R,
Addition :
If a + c = b + c, then a = b.
If c + a = c + b, then a = b.
Multiplication :
If ac = bc, c 6= 0, then a = b.
If ca = cb, c 6= 0, then a = b.

For any real numbers a and b,
a·0=0
If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0
−(−a) = a
(−a)b = −ab
(−a)(−b) = ab
−(a + b) = (−a) + (−b)
(−1)a = −a

Subtraction
Definition
If a, b ∈ R, then subtraction is the operation that assigns to a and b a real
number, a − b, the difference of a and b, where
a − b = a + (−b)

Subtraction
Definition
If a, b ∈ R, then subtraction is the operation that assigns to a and b a real
number, a − b, the difference of a and b, where
a − b = a + (−b)
For any a, b, c ∈ R,
a−a=0
a − (−b) = a + b
a(b − c) = ab − ac

Division
Definition
If a, b ∈ R and b 6= 0, then division is the operation that assigns to a and b
a
a real number, a ÷ b = , the quotient of a and b, where
b
a 1
=a· .
b b

Division
Definition
a
b
a 1
=a· .
b b
For any a, b, c, d ∈ R, with b, d 6= 0

Division
Definition
a
b
a 1
=a· .
b b

a
= 1 if a 6= 0
a

Division
Definition
a
b
a 1
=a· .
b b

a
= 1 if a 6= 0
a
a
=a
1

Division
Definition
a
b
a 1
=a· .
b b

a
= 1 if a 6= 0
a
a
=a
1
1
1 = a for a 6= 0

a

Division
Definition
a
b
a 1
=a· .
b b

a
= 1 if a 6= 0
a
a
=a
1
1
1 = a for a 6= 0

a
1 b
a
= for a 6= 0
b
a
Division
Definition
a
b
a 1
=a· .
b b

a a c
= 1 if a 6= 0 = ⇔ ad = bc
a b d
a
=a
1
1
1 = a for a 6= 0

a
1 b
a
= for a 6= 0
b
a
Division
Definition
a
b
a 1
=a· .
b b

a a c
= 1 if a 6= 0 = ⇔ ad = bc
a b d
a a ac
=a = if c 6= 0
1 b bc
1
1 = a for a 6= 0

a
1 b
a
= for a 6= 0
b
a
Division
Definition
a
b
a 1
=a· .
b b

a a c
= 1 if a 6= 0 = ⇔ ad = bc
a b d
a a ac
=a = if c 6= 0
1 b bc
1 −a a a
1 = a for a 6= 0 = =−

a b −b b
1 b
a
= for a 6= 0
b
a
Division
Definition
a
b
a 1
=a· .
b b

a a c
= 1 if a 6= 0 = ⇔ ad = bc
a b d
a a ac
=a = if c 6= 0
1 b bc
1 −a a a
1 = a for a 6= 0 = =−

a b −b b
1 b −a a
= for a 6= 0 =
a a −b b
b
Other properties of division: For a, b, c, d ∈ R, b, d 6= 0
a c ad + bc
Sum : + =
b d bd
a c ad − bc
Difference : − =
b d bd
a c ac
Product : · =
b d bd
a c a d ad
Quotient : ÷ = · = provided c 6= 0
b d b c bc

Order Axioms of R
For any real number a,

a is positive if and only if a > 0.
a is negative if and only if a < 0.

Order Axioms of R
For any real number a,

a is positive if and only if a > 0.
a is negative if and only if a < 0.
For any real numbers a, b, c

Trichotomy One and only one of the following relations holds:
a = b, a > b or a < b
Transitive If a > b and b > c then a > c.

Addition If a > b, then a + c > b + c.
Multiplication If a > b and c > 0, then ac > bc.

For any a, b, c ∈ R
The set of positive real numbers is closed under addition and
multiplication.

multiplication.
If a > b, then −a < −b.

multiplication.
a2 ≥ 0

multiplication.
a2 ≥ 0
If a > b and c < 0, then ac < bc.

multiplication.
a2 ≥ 0
1
If a > 0, then > 0.
a

multiplication.
a2 ≥ 0
1
If a > 0, then > 0.
a
1 1
If a > b > 0, then < .
a b





There is a one-to-one correspondence between

the points on the line l and R.

All real numbers can be put in sequence

on a line.

Interval Notation
Let a, b ∈ R such that a < b.

Interval Notation
The open interval (a, b) is the set {x ∈ R | a < x < b}.

Interval Notation
The closed interval [a, b], is the open interval (a, b) together with its
two endpoints.

Interval Notation
two endpoints.
a is called the left endpoint

Interval Notation
two endpoints.
a is called the left endpoint

b is called the right endpoint

Interval Notation Set Notation Number Line Graph
[a, b] {x | a ≤ x ≤ b}
(a, b) {x | a < x < b}
[a, b) {x | a ≤ x < b}
(a, b] {x | a < x ≤ b}
[a, +∞) {x | x ≥ a}
(a, +∞) {x | x > a}
(−∞, b] {x | x ≤ b}
(−∞, b) {x | x < b}

Example.
1 [−4, 1] ∪ (−2, 3]

Example.
1 [−4, 1] ∪ (−2, 3]

Example.
1 [−4, 1] ∪ (−2, 3]

Example.
1 [−4, 1] ∪ (−2, 3]

Example.
1 [−4, 1] ∪ (−2, 3]

Example.
1 [−4, 1] ∪ (−2, 3] = [−4, 3]

Example.
1 [−4, 1] ∪ (−2, 3] = [−4, 3]
2 [−4, 1] ∩ (−2, 3]

Example.
1 [−4, 1] ∪ (−2, 3] = [−4, 3]
2 [−4, 1] ∩ (−2, 3]

Example.
1 [−4, 1] ∪ (−2, 3] = [−4, 3]
2 [−4, 1] ∩ (−2, 3] = (−2, 1]

The Absolute Value
If x is any real number, the absolute value of x, written as |x|, is defined

as: 
 −x if x < 0
|x| = 0 if x = 0
x if x > 0


The Absolute Value
If x is any real number, the absolute value of x, written as |x|, is defined

as: 
 −x if x < 0
|x| = 0 if x = 0
x if x > 0

Example. | − 7| = |7| = 7

Let x, y ∈ R. Then
|x| ≥ 0
| − x| = |x|
|xy| = |x| · |y|

x |x|
y |y| , y 6= 0
=

Let x, y ∈ R. Then
|x| ≥ 0
| − x| = |x|
|xy| = |x| · |y|

x |x|
y |y| , y 6= 0
=

3 − 9 −6 | − 6| 6
Example: = = =
5 5 |5| 5

Geometric Interpretation of Absolute Value
|x| represents the distance of the point corresponding to x from the point
corresponding to 0.

corresponding to 0.

corresponding to 0.

Let a > 0
|x| = a if and only if x = ±a

Let a > 0
|x| < a if and only if − a < x < a

Let a > 0

Let a > 0
|x| > a if and only if x < −a or x > a

Let a > 0
|x| > a if and only if x < −a or x > a

Distance between Real Numbers
The distance between two real numbers x and y is
d = |x − y| = |y − x|

d = |x − y| = |y − x|

d = |x − y| = |y − x|
Example: The distance between −11 and 5 is
| − 11 − 5| = | − 16| = 16

For x, y ∈ R,
|x − y| ≥ 0
|x − y| = 0 if and only if x = y
Triangle Inequality: |x + y| ≤ |x| + |y|

Integer Exponents
Let a ∈ R, n ∈ Z. The nth power of a is denoted by an .

Integer Exponents
If n > 0, then an = a
| · a · a{z· · · · · a}.
n times

Integer Exponents
| · a · a{z· · · · · a}.
n times
If a 6= 0, then a0 = 1

Integer Exponents
| · a · a{z· · · · · a}.
n times
1
If a 6= 0, then a0 = 1 and a−1 = .
a

Integer Exponents
| · a · a{z· · · · · a}.
n times
1
If a 6= 0, then a0 = 1 and a−1 = .
a
1
If n > 0 and a 6= 0, then a−n = .
an

Laws of Exponents: Product Law
Let n, m ∈ Z, a ∈ R, then an · am = an+m .


Examples:


Examples:
42 · 43 =


Examples:
42 · 43 = 42+3


Examples:
42 · 43 = 42+3
= 45


Examples:
42 · 43 = 42+3
= 45
= 1024


Examples:
42 · 43 = 42+3 x2 · x−5 =
= 45
= 1024


Examples:
42 · 43 = 42+3 x2 · x−5 = x−3

= 45
= 1024

Laws of Exponents: Power raised to a Power Law
Let n, m ∈ Z, a ∈ R, then (an )m = anm .


Examples:


Examples:
(23 )4 =


Examples:
(23 )4 = 23·4


Examples:
(23 )4 = 23·4
= 212


Examples:
(23 )4 = 23·4
= 212
= 4096


Examples:
(23 )4 = 23·4 (x−1 )3 =

= 212
= 4096


Examples:
(23 )4 = 23·4 (x−1 )3 = x−3

= 212
= 4096


Examples:
(23 )4 = 23·4 (x−1 )3 = x−3

= 212
= 4096 (y 2 )−3 =


Examples:
(23 )4 = 23·4 (x−1 )3 = x−3

= 212
= 4096 (y 2 )−3 = y −6

Laws of Exponents: Power of a Product Law
Let n ∈ Z, a, b ∈ R. Then (ab)n = an bn .


Examples:


Examples:
(−2 · 3)2 =


Examples:
(−2 · 3)2 = (−2)2 · (3)2


Examples:
(−2 · 3)2 = (−2)2 · (3)2

= 4·9


Examples:
(−2 · 3)2 = (−2)2 · (3)2

= 4·9
= 36


Examples:
(−2 · 3)2 = (−2)2 · (3)2 25 · 55 =

= 4·9
= 36


Examples:
(−2 · 3)2 = (−2)2 · (3)2 25 · 55 = (2 · 5)5

= 4·9
= 36


Examples:
(−2 · 3)2 = (−2)2 · (3)2 25 · 55 = (2 · 5)5

= 4·9 = 105
= 36


Examples:
(−2 · 3)2 = (−2)2 · (3)2 25 · 55 = (2 · 5)5

= 4·9 = 105
= 36 = 100000

Laws of Exponents: Quotient Law
an
Let n, m ∈ Z, a ∈ R. If a 6= 0, then = an−m .
am

an
am
Examples:

an
am
Examples:
x10
= x10−6 = x4
x6

an
am
Examples:
x10
= x10−6 = x4
x6
y2
= y 2−(−7) = y 9
y −7

an
am
Examples:
x10 1110
= x10−6 = x4 = 110 = 1
x6 1110
y2
= y 2−(−7) = y 9
y −7

Laws of Exponents: Power of a Quotient Law
a n an
Let n ∈ Z, a, b ∈ R. If b 6= 0, then = .
b bn

a n an
b bn
Examples.

a n an
b bn
Examples.
4
x x4
=
y y4

a n an
b bn
Examples.
4
x x4 63
= =
y y4 183

a n an
b bn
Examples.
4 3
x4 63

x 6
= =
y y4 183 18

a n an
b bn
Examples.
4
x4 63 6 3

x
= =
y y4 183 18
3
1
=
3

a n an
b bn
Examples.
4
x4 63 6 3

x
= =
y y4 183 18
3
1
=
3
1
=
27

Laws of Exponents
Let n, m ∈ Z, a, b ∈ R, then
1 an · am = an+m
2 (an )m = anm
3 (ab)n = an bn
an
4 If a 6= 0, then = an−m
am
a n an
5 If b 6= 0, then = n
b b

Example.

Example.
20x8 y 2 z 5
−5x2 y 7 z 5

Example.
20x8 y 2 z 5 20 x8 y 2 z 5
= · · ·
−5x2 y 7 z 5 −5 x2 y 7 z 5

Example.
20x8 y 2 z 5 20 x8 y 2 z 5
= · · ·
−5x2 y 7 z 5 −5 x2 y 7 z 5
= −4 · x8−2 · y 2−7 · z 5−5

Example.
20x8 y 2 z 5 20 x8 y 2 z 5
= · · ·
−5x2 y 7 z 5 −5 x2 y 7 z 5
= −4 · x8−2 · y 2−7 · z 5−5
= −4 · x6 · y −5 · z 0

Example.
20x8 y 2 z 5 20 x8 y 2 z 5
= · · ·
−5x2 y 7 z 5 −5 x2 y 7 z 5
= −4 · x8−2 · y 2−7 · z 5−5
= −4 · x6 · y −5 · 1

Example.
20x8 y 2 z 5 20 x8 y 2 z 5
= · · ·
−5x2 y 7 z 5 −5 x2 y 7 z 5
= −4 · x8−2 · y 2−7 · z 5−5
= −4 · x6 · y −5 · 1
4x6
= − 5
y

Exercises:
Let the universal set be R, X be the half-open interval −3

2 ,5 ,
1
Y = {x | 4 ≤ |x|}, and Z be the interval (2, +∞). Find the following

sets and express them in interval notation:
1 Y ∩ Zc 3 X c ∩ (Z ∪ X)
2 (X ∪ Y )c 4 X\(Y ∩ Z)
2 Simplify the following expressions:
a−1 + b−1
−3
185 · 203 x−1 y 2 z 4

1 2
(a + b)−1 159 x−3 y −2 z −1

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The Real Number System and Integer Exponents

Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines-Diliman

Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 1 / 33

1 The Real Number System

Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 2 / 33

Recall: R, the set of real numbers

Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 3 / 33

Recall: R, the set of real numbers

Operation Symbol Result

Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 3 / 33

Axioms: logical statements that are assumed to be true

Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 4 / 33

Axioms: logical statements that are assumed to be true

For any real numbers a, b, c,

Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 4 / 33

For any real numbers a, b and c

Axiom Addition Multiplication

Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 5 / 33

Identity Axiom for Multiplication :

Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 6 / 33

Inverse Axiom for Multiplication :

Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 7 / 33

Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 8 / 33

−(a + b) = (−a) + (−b)

Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 9 / 33

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Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 11 / 33

For any a, b, c, d ∈ R, with b, d 6= 0

Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 11 / 33

For any a, b, c, d ∈ R, with b, d 6= 0

Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 11 / 33

For any a, b, c, d ∈ R, with b, d 6= 0

Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 11 / 33

For any a, b, c, d ∈ R, with b, d 6= 0

Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 11 / 33

For any a, b, c, d ∈ R, with b, d 6= 0

For any a, b, c, d ∈ R, with b, d 6= 0

For any a, b, c, d ∈ R, with b, d 6= 0

For any a, b, c, d ∈ R, with b, d 6= 0

For any a, b, c, d ∈ R, with b, d 6= 0

Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 12 / 33

For any real number a,

Math 17 (UP-IMath) R and Integer Exponents Lec 2 13 / 33

For any real number a,

For any real numbers a, b, c

Transitive If a > b and b > c then a > c.

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