A6 - Complex Numbers PDF

The Set of Complex Numbers
Mathematics 17
Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines-Diliman
Lecture 6
Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 1 / 24

Outline
1 The Set of Complex Numbers

Properties of Complex Numbers
Conjugate of a Complex Number
Operations Involving Complex Numbers
Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers
Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers
The Powers of i
Applications of complex numbers

Recall: There is no real number b such that b2 = −1.

We define i to be a number such that i2 = −1.

We define i to be a number such that i2 = −1. The number i is not a real

number.


number.
A complex number is a number of the form a + b · i, where a and b are

real numbers.


number.
A complex number is a number of the form a + b · i, where a and b are

real numbers.
Examples.
2 + 3i
6 − i = 6 + (−1) · i
4=4+0·i
5i = 0 + 5 · i

Definition
The set of complex numbers C is defined as:
C = {a + bi | a, b ∈ R, i2 = −1}


Let z = a + bi ∈ C.
Standard or Rectangular Form: z = a + bi
Real Part of z: Re(z) = a
Imaginary Part of z: Im(z) = b
Example:
z = 3 − 7i


Example:
z = 3 − 7i
Re(z)


Example:
z = 3 − 7i
Re(z) = 3


Example:
z = 3 − 7i
Re(z) = 3
Im(z)


Example:
z = 3 − 7i
Re(z) = 3
Im(z) = −7


Given z = a + bi, z ∈ C
if b = 0, z is a real number: a = a + 0i.
if b 6= 0, z is an imaginary number.
if a = 0 and b 6= 0, z is a pure imaginary number: bi = 0 + bi.


Examples:
5 is a real number.


Examples:
5 is a real number.
2 + 3i is an imaginary number


Examples:
5 is a real number.
2 + 3i is an imaginary number, but is not a pure imaginary number.


Examples:
5 is a real number.
2 + 3i is an imaginary number, but is not a pure imaginary number.
7i is a pure imaginary number.

Principal Square Root of −p
Definition
√
If p > 0, then the principal square root of −p, denoted by −p, is given by
√ √
−p = i p

Definition
√
√ √
−p = i p
Examples:
i2

Definition
√
√ √
−p = i p
Examples:
i2 = −1

Definition
√
√ √
−p = i p
Examples:
i2 = −1 and (−i)2

Definition
√
√ √
−p = i p
Examples:
i2 = −1 and (−i)2 = (−1)2 (i2 )

Definition
√
√ √
−p = i p
Examples:
i2 = −1 and (−i)2 = (−1)2 (i2 ) = 1(−1)

Definition
√
√ √
−p = i p
Examples:
i2 = −1 and (−i)2 = (−1)2 (i2 ) = 1(−1) = −1, so i and −i are
square roots of −1.

Definition
√
√ √
−p = i p
Examples:
i2 = −1 and (−i)2 = (−1) 2 2
√ (i ) = 1(−1) = −1, so i and −i are
square roots of −1. But, −1

Definition
√
√ √
−p = i p
Examples:
i2 = −1 and (−i)2 = (−1) 2 2 1(−1) = −1, so i and −i are
√ (i ) = √
square roots of −1. But, −1 = i 1

Definition
√
√ √
−p = i p
Examples:
√ (i ) = √
square roots of −1. But, −1 = i 1 = i.

Definition
√
√ √
−p = i p
Examples:
√ (i ) = √
√
−4

Definition
√
√ √
−p = i p
Examples:
√ (i ) = √
√ √
−4 = i 4

Definition
√
√ √
−p = i p
Examples:
√ (i ) = √
√ √
−4 = i 4 = 2i

Definition
√
√ √
−p = i p
Examples:
√ (i ) = √
√ √
−4 = i 4 = 2i
√
−18

Definition
√
√ √
−p = i p
Examples:
√ (i ) = √
√ √
−4 = i 4 = 2i
√ √
−18 = i 18

Definition
√
√ √
−p = i p
Examples:
√ (i ) = √
√ √
−4 = i 4 = 2i
√ √ √
−18 = i 18 = 3 2 · i

Definition
Let z = a + bi, where a, b ∈ R. The conjugate of z is:
z̄ = a + bi = a − bi.
Examples:
7 + 2i

Definition
z̄ = a + bi = a − bi.
Examples:
7 + 2i = 7 − 2i

Definition
z̄ = a + bi = a − bi.
Examples:
7 + 2i = 7 − 2i
3
2 − 21 i

Definition
z̄ = a + bi = a − bi.
Examples:
7 + 2i = 7 − 2i
3
2 − 21 i = 3
2 + 12 i

Definition
z̄ = a + bi = a − bi.
Examples:
7 + 2i = 7 − 2i
3
2 − 21 i = 3
2 + 12 i
9

Definition
z̄ = a + bi = a − bi.
Examples:
7 + 2i = 7 − 2i
3
2 − 21 i = 3
2 + 12 i
9=9

Definition
z̄ = a + bi = a − bi.
Examples:
7 + 2i = 7 − 2i
3
2 − 21 i = 3
2 + 12 i
9=9
5i

Definition
z̄ = a + bi = a − bi.
Examples:
7 + 2i = 7 − 2i
3
2 − 21 i = 3
2 + 12 i
9=9
5i = −5i

Definition
z̄ = a + bi = a − bi.
Examples:
7 + 2i = 7 − 2i
3
2 − 21 i = 3
2 + 12 i
9=9
5i = −5i
i−1

Definition
z̄ = a + bi = a − bi.
Examples:
7 + 2i = 7 − 2i
3
2 − 21 i = 3
2 + 12 i
9=9
5i = −5i
i − 1 = −1 − i

Operations on Complex Numbers
1. Two complex numbers a + bi and c + di are equal if a = c and b = d.

2. The axioms for the real number system hold for C, except for the
order axioms.
3. There is no concept of ‘order’ in C.
4. Identity Element of Addition in C: 0 = 0 + 0i
5. Identity Element of Multiplication in C: 1 = 1 + 0i

Definition
Let z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di ∈ C, where a, b, c, d ∈ R.
Then
z1 + z2 = (a + bi) + (c + di)
= (a + c) + (b + d)i
z1 − z2 = (a + bi) − (c + di)
= (a − c) + (b − d)i

Example: Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 4 − 3i.

1. z1 + z2


1. z1 + z2
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i) + (4 + −3i)


1. z1 + z2
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i) + (4 + −3i)
= (3 + 4) + (2 + (−3))i


1. z1 + z2
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i) + (4 + −3i)
= (3 + 4) + (2 + (−3))i
= 7−i


1. z1 + z2
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i) + (4 + −3i)
= (3 + 4) + (2 + (−3))i
= 7−i
2. z1 − z2


1. z1 + z2
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i) + (4 + −3i)
= (3 + 4) + (2 + (−3))i
= 7−i
2. z1 − z2
z1 − z2 = (3 + 2i) − (4 + 3i)


1. z1 + z2
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i) + (4 + −3i)
= (3 + 4) + (2 + (−3))i
= 7−i
2. z1 − z2
z1 − z2 = (3 + 2i) − (4 + 3i)
= (3 − 4) + (2 − (−3))i


1. z1 + z2
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i) + (4 + −3i)
= (3 + 4) + (2 + (−3))i
= 7−i
2. z1 − z2
z1 − z2 = (3 + 2i) − (4 + 3i)
= (3 − 4) + (2 − (−3))i
= −1 + 5i

Definition
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di ∈ C, then
z1 · z2 = (a + bi) · (c + di)
= (ac − bd) + (ad + bc)i
z1 a + bi c − di
= ·
z2 c + di c − di
ac + bd bc − ad
= + 2 i, z2 6= 0
c2 + d2 c + d2

Definition
If z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di ∈ C, then
z1 · z2 = (a + bi) · (c + di)
= (ac − bd) + (ad + bc)i
z1 a + bi c − di
= ·
z2 c + di c − di
ac + bd bc − ad
= + 2 i, z2 6= 0
c2 + d2 c + d2
Note: The laws of integer exponents apply to complex numbers.

Example: Let z1 = 2 − 3i and z2 = 1 + 5i.

1. z1 · z2


1. z1 · z2
z1 · z2 = (2 − 3i) · (1 + 5i)


1. z1 · z2
z1 · z2 = (2 − 3i) · (1 + 5i)
= 2


1. z1 · z2
z1 · z2 = (2 − 3i) · (1 + 5i)
= 2 + 10i


1. z1 · z2
z1 · z2 = (2 − 3i) · (1 + 5i)
= 2 + 10i − 3i


1. z1 · z2
z1 · z2 = (2 − 3i) · (1 + 5i)
= 2 + 10i − 3i − 15i2


1. z1 · z2
z1 · z2 = (2 − 3i) · (1 + 5i)
= 2 + 10i − 3i − 15i2
= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i


1. z1 · z2
z1 · z 2 = (2 − 3i) · (1 + 5i)
= 2 + 10i − 3i − 15i2
= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i
= 17 + 7i


1. z1 · z2
z1 · z 2 = (2 − 3i) · (1 + 5i)
= 2 + 10i − 3i − 15i2
= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i
= 17 + 7i
z1
2.
z2


1. z1 · z2
z1 · z 2 = (2 − 3i) · (1 + 5i)
= 2 + 10i − 3i − 15i2
= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i
= 17 + 7i
z1
2.
z2
z1 2 − 3i
=
z2 1 + 5i


1. z1 · z2
z1 · z 2 = (2 − 3i) · (1 + 5i)
= 2 + 10i − 3i − 15i2
= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i
= 17 + 7i
z1
2.
z2
z1 2 − 3i 1 − 5i
= ·
z2 1 + 5i 1 − 5i


1. z1 · z2
z1 · z 2 = (2 − 3i) · (1 + 5i)
= 2 + 10i − 3i − 15i2
= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i
= 17 + 7i
z1
2.
z2
z1 2 − 3i 1 − 5i
= ·
z2 1 + 5i 1 − 5i
2
=


1. z1 · z2
z1 · z 2 = (2 − 3i) · (1 + 5i)
= 2 + 10i − 3i − 15i2
= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i
= 17 + 7i
z1
2.
z2
z1 2 − 3i 1 − 5i
= ·
z2 1 + 5i 1 − 5i
2 − 15
=


1. z1 · z2
z1 · z 2 = (2 − 3i) · (1 + 5i)
= 2 + 10i − 3i − 15i2
= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i
= 17 + 7i
z1
2.
z2
z1 2 − 3i 1 − 5i
= ·
z2 1 + 5i 1 − 5i
2 − 15 − 3i
=


1. z1 · z2
z1 · z 2 = (2 − 3i) · (1 + 5i)
= 2 + 10i − 3i − 15i2
= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i
= 17 + 7i
z1
2.
z2
z1 2 − 3i 1 − 5i
= ·
z2 1 + 5i 1 − 5i
2 − 15 − 3i − 10i
=


1. z1 · z2
z1 · z 2 = (2 − 3i) · (1 + 5i)
= 2 + 10i − 3i − 15i2
= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i
= 17 + 7i
z1
2.
z2
z1 2 − 3i 1 − 5i
= ·
z2 1 + 5i 1 − 5i
2 − 15 − 3i − 10i
=
12 + 52


1. z1 · z2
z1 · z 2 = (2 − 3i) · (1 + 5i)
= 2 + 10i − 3i − 15i2
= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i
= 17 + 7i
z1
2.
z2
z1 2 − 3i 1 − 5i
= ·
z2 1 + 5i 1 − 5i
2 − 15 − 3i − 10i
=
12 + 52
−13 − 13i
=
26


1. z1 · z2
z1 · z 2 = (2 − 3i) · (1 + 5i)
= 2 + 10i − 3i − 15i2
= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i
= 17 + 7i
z1
2.
z2
z1 2 − 3i 1 − 5i
= ·
z2 1 + 5i 1 − 5i
2 − 15 − 3i − 10i
=
12 + 52
−13 − 13i 13(−1
− i)
= =
26 13(2)



1. z1 · z2
z1 · z 2 = (2 − 3i) · (1 + 5i)
= 2 + 10i − 3i − 15i2
= (2 − (−15)) + (10 − 3)i
= 17 + 7i
z1
2.
z2
z1 2 − 3i 1 − 5i
= ·
z2 1 + 5i 1 − 5i
2 − 15 − 3i − 10i
=
12 + 52
−13 − 13i 13(−1
− i) 1 1
= = =− − i
26 13(2)
2 2

The Powers of i
i1

The Powers of i
i1 = i

The Powers of i
i1 = i
i2

The Powers of i
i1 = i
i2 = −1

The Powers of i
i1 = i
i2 = −1
i3

The Powers of i
i1 = i
i2 = −1
i3 = (i2 )(i)

The Powers of i
i1 = i
i2 = −1
i3 = (i2 )(i) = −i

The Powers of i
i1 = i
i2 = −1
i3 = (i2 )(i) = −i
i4

The Powers of i
i1 =i
i2 = −1
i3 = (i2 )(i) = −i
i4 = (i2 )2

The Powers of i
i1 =i
i2 = −1
i3 = (i2 )(i) = −i
i4 = (i2 )2 = (−1)2 = 1

The Powers of i
i1 =i i5
i2 = −1
i3 = (i2 )(i) = −i
i4 = (i2 )2 = (−1)2 = 1

The Powers of i
i1 =i i5 = (i4 )(i)
i2 = −1
i3 = (i2 )(i) = −i
i4 = (i2 )2 = (−1)2 = 1

The Powers of i
i1 =i i5 = (i4 )(i) = 1(i) = i

i2 = −1
i3 = (i2 )(i) = −i
i4 = (i2 )2 = (−1)2 = 1

The Powers of i
i1 =i i5 = (i4 )(i) = 1(i) = i

i2 = −1 i6 = −1
i3 = (i2 )(i) = −i
i4 = (i2 )2 = (−1)2 = 1

The Powers of i
i1 =i i5 = (i4 )(i) = 1(i) = i i9 = i

i2 = −1 i6 = −1 i10 = −1
i3 = (i2 )(i) = −i i7 = −i i11 = −i
i4 = (i2 )2 = (−1)2 = 1 i8 =1 i12 = 1

The Powers of i
i1 =i i5 = (i4 )(i) = 1(i) = i i9 = i

i2 = −1 i6 = −1 i10 = −1
i3 = (i2 )(i) = −i i7 = −i i11 = −i
i4 = (i2 )2 = (−1)2 = 1 i8 =1 i12 = 1
Let n ∈ N. Observe: in depends only on the remainder when n is divided

by 4.

The Powers of i
Powers of i
Let n ∈ N.
in

The Powers of i
Powers of i
Let n ∈ N.
If r is the remainder when n is divided by 4, then


 1 if r =0
i if r =1

in =

 −1 if r =2
−i if r =3


The Powers of i
Example:
−7i13 + 10i6 − 5i3 + 4i

The Powers of i
Example:
−7i13 + 10i6 − 5i3 + 4i = −7i4·3+1 + 10i4·1+2 − 5i4·0+3 + 4i

The Powers of i
Example:
−7i13 + 10i6 − 5i3 + 4i = −7i4·3+1 + 10i4·1+2 − 5i4·0+3 + 4i

= −7i − 10 + 5i + 4i

The Powers of i
Example:
−7i13 + 10i6 − 5i3 + 4i = −7i4·3+1 + 10i4·1+2 − 5i4·0+3 + 4i

= −7i − 10 + 5i + 4i
= −10 + 2i

AC circuits
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol 2/chpt 1/4.html

Fluid Dynamics
http://www.annualreviews.org/journal/fluid

Fluid Dynamics
http://4mechanical.com/computational-fluid-dynamics-approach.html

Image Processing
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S143484110900332X

Fractals
http://www.fractal-recursions.com/

Pythagorean triples
Definition
Let x, y, z ∈ N. The triple (x, y, z) is called a Pythagorean triple if
x2 + y 2 = z 2 .
Theorem
Let x, y, z ∈ N. Then, (x, y, z) is a Pythagorean triple if and only if there
are integers m, n with m > n such that:
x = m 2 − n2
y = 2mn
z = m 2 + n2

Example:
m = 5, n = 2

Example:
m = 5, n = 2
x = 52 − 22

Example:
m = 5, n = 2
x = 52 − 22 = 21,

Example:
m = 5, n = 2
x = 52 − 22 = 21,y = 2(5)(2)

Example:
m = 5, n = 2
x = 52 − 22 = 21,y = 2(5)(2) = 20,

Example:
m = 5, n = 2
x = 52 − 22 = 21,y = 2(5)(2) = 20,z = 52 + 22

Example:
m = 5, n = 2
x = 52 − 22 = 21,y = 2(5)(2) = 20,z = 52 + 22 = 29
x2 + y 2 = (21)2 + (20)2

Example:
m = 5, n = 2
x = 52 − 22 = 21,y = 2(5)(2) = 20,z = 52 + 22 = 29
x2 + y 2 = (21)2 + (20)2 = 400 + 441 = 841

Example:
m = 5, n = 2
x = 52 − 22 = 21,y = 2(5)(2) = 20,z = 52 + 22 = 29
x2 + y 2 = (21)2 + (20)2 = 400 + 441 = 841
z 2 = (29)2

Example:
m = 5, n = 2
x = 52 − 22 = 21,y = 2(5)(2) = 20,z = 52 + 22 = 29
x2 + y 2 = (21)2 + (20)2 = 400 + 441 = 841
z 2 = (29)2 = 841

Exercise:
Perform the following operations and simplify.

1 3i(i2012 − i67 + 5i5 − i−2 )
√ ! √ √ !
−1 3 2 2
2 + i − i
2 2 2 2
3i − 2
3
3i + 2
7 + i − 4(3 − i)
4
6 − 5i51
2 − i75 − 2(i + 1)
5 √
2 − −4

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The Set of Complex Numbers

Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines-Diliman

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 1 / 24

1 The Set of Complex Numbers

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 2 / 24

Recall: There is no real number b such that b2 = −1.

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 3 / 24

Recall: There is no real number b such that b2 = −1.

We define i to be a number such that i2 = −1.

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 3 / 24

Recall: There is no real number b such that b2 = −1.

We define i to be a number such that i2 = −1. The number i is not a real

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 3 / 24

Recall: There is no real number b such that b2 = −1.

We define i to be a number such that i2 = −1. The number i is not a real

A complex number is a number of the form a + b · i, where a and b are

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 3 / 24

Recall: There is no real number b such that b2 = −1.

We define i to be a number such that i2 = −1. The number i is not a real

A complex number is a number of the form a + b · i, where a and b are

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 3 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 4 / 24

Properties of Complex Numbers

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 5 / 24

Properties of Complex Numbers

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 5 / 24

Properties of Complex Numbers

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 5 / 24

Properties of Complex Numbers

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 5 / 24

Properties of Complex Numbers

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 5 / 24

Properties of Complex Numbers

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 6 / 24

Properties of Complex Numbers

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 6 / 24

Properties of Complex Numbers

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 6 / 24

Properties of Complex Numbers

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 6 / 24

Properties of Complex Numbers

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 6 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 7 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 7 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 7 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 7 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 7 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 7 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 7 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 7 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 7 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 7 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 7 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 7 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 7 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 7 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 7 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 7 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 8 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 8 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 8 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 8 / 24

Math 17 (UP-IMath) The Set of Complex Numbers Lec 6 8 / 24