A5 - Rational Exponents PDF

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents
Mathematics 17
Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines-Diliman
Lecture 5
Math 17 (UP-IMath) Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents Lec 5 1 / 23

Outline
1 Radical Expressions
nth root of a
Simplification of Radical Expressions
Operations Involving Radical Expressions
Addition and Subtraction of Radical Expressions
Multiplication and Division of Radical Expressions
Rationalizing Radical Expressions

nth root of a
Definition
Let a, b ∈ R and n ∈ N, n > 1. If bn = a then b is an nth root of a.

nth root of a
Definition
Let a, b ∈ R and n ∈ N, n > 1. If bn = a then b is an nth root of a.
Examples:
Since both 32 , (−3)2 are equal to 9, then 3 and -3 are second roots or
square roots of 9.
-4 is a third root or a cube root of -64 since (−4)3 = −64.
2 and -2 are fourth roots of 16 since (−2)4 = (2)4 = 16.

Principal nth root of a
Definition
√
If n ∈ N, n > 1, a ∈ R, the principal nth root of a, denoted n a, is defined
as follows:
√
If a > 0, then n a is the nth root of a that is positive.
√
If a < 0 and n is odd, then n a is the nth root of a that is negative.
√
If a is zero, then n 0 = 0.

Definition
√
If n ∈ N, n > 1, a ∈ R, the principal nth root of a, denoted n a, is defined
as follows:
√
If a > 0, then n a is the nth root of a that is positive.
√
If a < 0 and n is odd, then n a is the nth root of a that is negative.
√
If a is zero, then n 0 = 0.
Note:
1. The principal nth root is unique.
2. If n is even, the nth roots of negative real numbers are not real
numbers.

Radical Expression

Radical Expression

Radical Expression

Radical Expression

Radical Expression
If no index is written, it is taken to be 2.

Examples:
4 and −4 are square roots of 16, but the principal square root of 16 is
4.

Examples:
4 and −4 are
√ square roots of 16, but the principal square root of 16 is
4. That is, 16 = 4.

Examples:
4 and −4 are
4. That is, 16 = 4.
cube root of 27 since (3)3 = 27 and 3 is a positive
3 is the principal √
integer. That is, 3 27 = 3.

Examples:
4 and −4 are
4. That is, 16 = 4.
√3
−27

Examples:
4 and −4 are
4. That is, 16 = 4.
√3
−27 = −3

Examples:
4 and −4 are
4. That is, 16 = 4.
√3
−27 = −3
√
2011
0

Examples:
4 and −4 are
4. That is, 16 = 4.
√3
−27 = −3
√
2011
0=0

Examples:
4 and −4 are
4. That is, 16 = 4.
√3
−27 = −3
√
2011
0=0
√
−9

Examples:
4 and −4 are
4. That is, 16 = 4.
√3
−27 = −3
√
2011
0=0
√
−9 is not a real number because there is no real number b such
that b2 = −9.

Rational Exponents for Radical Expressions
Definition
m
If n is a positive integer and m is an integer such that n is in lowest
terms, then √
1
a n = n a, and
m
1 m √
a n = an = ( n a)m

Rational Exponents for Radical Expressions
Definition
m
If n is a positive integer and m is an integer such that n is in lowest
terms, then √
1
a n = n a, and
m
1 m √
a n = an = ( n a)m
Examples:
√
1. 251/2 = 25 = 5
√
2. 27 = ( 27)2 = 32 = 9
2/3 3
√
3. (−32)1/5 = 5 −32 = −2
√
4. −(32)1/5 = − 5 32 = −2
√ 1
5. 4−3/2 = ( 4)−3 = 2−3 =
8

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents
The laws of integral exponents can be extended to rational exponents:

Laws of Rational Exponents
Let a, b ∈ R, r, s ∈ Q.
arr · as = ar+s (ar )s = ars , a ≥ 0

a
= ar−s , a 6= 0 (ab)r = ar br
as
1 a r ar
a−r = r , a 6= 0 = r , b 6= 0
a b b

Radical Expression and the Rational Exponents
Examples:
1. (x1/2 + y 1/2 )(x1/2 − y 1/2 )

Examples:
1. (x1/2 + y 1/2 )(x1/2 − y 1/2 )
= (x1/2 )2 − (y 1/2 )2

Examples:
1. (x1/2 + y 1/2 )(x1/2 − y 1/2 )
= (x1/2 )2 − (y 1/2 )2
= x−y

Examples:
1. (x1/2 + y 1/2 )(x1/2 − y 1/2 )
= (x1/2 )2 − (y 1/2 )2
= x−y
a + a1/2 − a1/3
2.
a2/3

Examples:
1. (x1/2 + y 1/2 )(x1/2 − y 1/2 )
= (x1/2 )2 − (y 1/2 )2
= x−y
a + a1/2 − a1/3
2.
a2/3
a a1/2 a1/3
= + −
a2/3 a2/3 a2/3

Examples:
1. (x1/2 + y 1/2 )(x1/2 − y 1/2 )
= (x1/2 )2 − (y 1/2 )2
= x−y
a + a1/2 − a1/3
2.
a2/3
a a1/2 a1/3
= + −
a12/3 a2/3 a2/3
= a /3

Examples:
1. (x1/2 + y 1/2 )(x1/2 − y 1/2 )
= (x1/2 )2 − (y 1/2 )2
= x−y
a + a1/2 − a1/3
2.
a2/3
a a1/2 a1/3
= + −
a12/3 a2/13 a2/3
= a +a /3 − /6

Examples:
1. (x1/2 + y 1/2 )(x1/2 − y 1/2 )
= (x1/2 )2 − (y 1/2 )2
= x−y
a + a1/2 − a1/3
2.
a2/3
a a1/2 a1/3
= + −
a12/3 a2/13 a2/31
= a +a /3 − /6
− a− /3

Examples:
1. (x1/2 + y 1/2 )(x1/2 − y 1/2 )
= (x1/2 )2 − (y 1/2 )2
= x−y
a + a1/2 − a1/3
2.
a2/3
a a1/2 a1/3
= + −
a12/3 a2/13 a2/31
= a +a /3 − /6
− a− /3
1 1
= a1/3 + 1/6 − 1/3
a a


We use the following properties:

Theorem
Let m, n ∈ N, n > 1 for any a, b ∈ R with a, b ≥ 0 if n is even.
√ √n
a = a; ank = ak , k ∈ Z
n n
√
n √ √
ab = n a · n b
r √n
a a
n
= √n
, b 6= 0
b b
√
a = am/n
n m
p
n m
√ √
a = mn a

Examples:
√ √ √ √
1. 2 · 18 = 2 · 18 = 36 = 6
√
54 √
3
r
54
2. √ 3
= 3 = 3 27 = 3
2 2
√
4
3. x3 = x3/4 (x ≥ 0 if the index is even.)

Examples:
√ √ √ √
1. 2 · 18 = 2 · 18 = 36 = 6
√
54 √
3
r
54
2. √ 3
= 3 = 3 27 = 3
2 2
√
4
√
Note: if n is even, am/n = n am is true only if a ≥ 0. If a < 0, the
statement is not necessarily true.
√ √ √
Example: 43/2 = ( 4)3 = 23 = 8 and 43 = 64 = 8

Examples:
√ √ √ √
1. 2 · 18 = 2 · 18 = 36 = 6
√
54 √
3
r
54
2. √ 3
= 3 = 3 27 = 3
2 2
√
4
√
Note: if n is even, am/n = n am is true only if a ≥ 0. If a < 0, the
statement is not necessarily true.
√ √ √
Example: 43/2 = ( 4)3 = 23 = 8 and 43 = 64 = 8
p √
(−1)6/2 = (−1)3 = −1 but (−1)6 = 1 = 1

A radical expression is in simplest form if all the following conditions

are satisfied:
The radicand has no factors which are perfect powers of the index n.
The radicand is positive for radicals with odd indices.
The radicand is not a fraction. (Rationalize the denominator.)
The smallest possible index is used.

Simplification of Radicals
p
Example: 18x3 y 2

p
Example: 3 2
p 18x y
= 32 · 2 · x2 · x · y 2

p
Example: 3 2
p 18x y
= √ 32 · 2 · x2√· x · y 2 p
√ √
= 32 · 2 · x2 · x · y 2

p
Example: 3 2
p 18x y
= √ 32 · 2 · x2√· x · y 2 p
√ √
= 32√· 2 · x2 · x · y 2
= 3xy 2x


p
Example: 3 −8x7 y 2


p
3
Example:
p −8x7 y 2
= 3
(−2)3 · x6 · x · y 2


p
3
Example:
p −8x7 y 2
= p(−2)3 · x
3
√
6 · x · y2
3 √ p
= 3
(−2) · x6 · 3 x · 3 y 2
3


p
3
Example:
p −8x7 y 2
= p(−2)3 · x
3
√
6 · x · y2
3 √ p
= 3
(−2)
p
3 · x6 · 3 x · 3 y 2
= −2x2 3 xy 2


r
4
3 10y
Example:
3x2


r
4
3 10y
Example:
r 3x2
4 32 x
3 10y
= ·
3x2 32 x


r
4
3 10y
Example:
r 3x2 r
4 32 x 4
3 10y 3 90xy
= · =
3x2 32 x 33 · x3


r
4
3 10y
Example:
r 3x2 r p
4 32 x 4 3
90xy · y 3
3 10y 3 90xy
= · = = √
3x2 32 x 33 · x3 3
33 · x3


r
4
3 10y
Example:
r 3x2 r p
4 32 x 4 3
90xy · y 3
3 10y 3 90xy
= 2
· = = √
√3x 32 x 33 · x3 3
33 · x3
y 3 90xy
=
3x

√
Example: 4 9

√ √4
Example: 4 9 = 32

√ √4
Example: 4 9 = 32 = 32/4

√ √4
Example: 4 9 = 32 = 32/4 = 31/2

√ √4
√
Example: 4 9 = 32 = 32/4 = 31/2 = 3

√ √4
√
Example: 4 9 = 32 = 32/4 = 31/2 = 3
√6
Example: 16x4

√ √4
√
Example: 4 9 = 32 = 32/4 = 31/2 = 3
√6
p
Example: 16x4 = 6 (2x)4

√ √4
√
Example: 4 9 = 32 = 32/4 = 31/2 = 3
√6
p p
Example: 16x4 = 6 (2x)4 = 3 (2x)2

√ √4
√
Example: 4 9 = 32 = 32/4 = 31/2 = 3
√6
p p √
3
Example: 16x4 = 6 (2x)4 = 3 (2x)2 = 4x2

Radicals with the same index and radicand can be added or subtracted.

Examples:
√ √ √
1. 4 3 − 5 12 + 2 75

Examples:
√ √ √
1. 4 3 − 5√12 + 2 √75 √
= 4 3 − 5(2 3) + 2(5 3)

Examples:
√ √ √
1. 4 3 − 5√12 + 2 √75 √
= 4√3 − 5(2√ 3) + 2(5
√ 3)
= 4 3 − 10 3 + 10 3

Examples:
√ √ √
1. 4 3 − 5√12 + 2 √75 √
= 4√3 − 5(2√ 3) + 2(5
√ 3)
= 4√3 − 10 3 + 10 3
= 4 3

Examples:
√ √ √
1. 4 3 − 5√12 + 2 √75 √
= 4√3 − 5(2√ 3) + 2(5
√ 3)
= 4√3 − 10 3 + 10 3
= 4 3
√ √ √
2. 5 x3 − 121x3 + 16x

Examples:
√ √ √
1. 4 3 − 5√12 + 2 √75 √
= 4√3 − 5(2√ 3) + 2(5
√ 3)
= 4√3 − 10 3 + 10 3
= 4 3
√ √ √
2. 5 x3 − √ 121x3 + √16x √
= 5x x − 11x x + 4 x

Examples:
√ √ √
1. 4 3 − 5√12 + 2 √75 √
= 4√3 − 5(2√ 3) + 2(5
√ 3)
= 4√3 − 10 3 + 10 3
= 4 3
√ √ √
2. 5 x3 − √ 121x3 + √16x √
= 5x x − 11x x + 4 x
√ √
= −6x x + 4 x

√
√ √ √ n
r
n n a a
If radicals have the same index, we use n
a· b= √
ab and n = n
b b
Examples:
p √
1. 3 3x2 y · 3 36x

√
√ √ √ n
r
n n a a
a· b= √
ab and n = n
b b
Examples:
p √
· 3 36x
1. 3 3x2 y p
= 3 3x2 y · 36x

√
√ √ √ n
r
n n a a
a· b= √
ab and n = n
b b
Examples:
p √
· 3 36x
1. 3 3x2 y p p
= 3 3x2 y · 36x = 3 33 · 22 · x3 · y

√
√ √ √ n
r
n n a a
a· b= √
ab and n = n
b b
Examples:
p √
· 3 36x
1. 3 3x2 y p p
= 3 3x2 y · 36x = 3 33 · 22 · x3 · y
√
= 3x 3 4y

√
√ √ √ n
r
n n a a
a· b= √
ab and n = n
b b
Examples:
p √
· 3 36x
1. 3 3x2 y p p
= 3 3x2 y · 36x = 3 33 · 22 · x3 · y
√
= 3x 3 4y
√ √
15x · 2x
2. √
6x3

√
√ √ √ n
r
n n a a
a· b= √
ab and n = n
b b
Examples:
p √
· 3 36x
1. 3 3x2 y p p
= 3 3x2 y · 36x = 3 33 · 22 · x3 · y
√
= 3x 3 4y
√ √
15x · 2x
2. √
3
6x√
15x · 2x
= √
6x3

√
√ √ √ n
r
n n a a
a· b= √
ab and n = n
b b
Examples:
p √
· 3 36x
1. 3 3x2 y p p
= 3 3x2 y · 36x = 3 33 · 22 · x3 · y
√
= 3x 3 4y
√ √
15x · 2x
2. √
3
6x√ √
15x · 2x 30x2
= √ = √
6x3 6x3

√
√ √ √ n
r
n n a a
a· b= √
ab and n = n
b b
Examples:
p √
· 3 36x
1. 3 3x2 y p p
= 3 3x2 y · 36x = 3 33 · 22 · x3 · y
√
= 3x 3 4y
√ √
15x · 2x
2. √
3
6x√ √ r
15x · 2x 30x2 30x2
= √ = √ =
6x3 6x3 6x3

√
√ √ √ n
r
n n a a
a· b= √
ab and n = n
b b
Examples:
p √
· 3 36x
1. 3 3x2 y p p
= 3 3x2 y · 36x = 3 33 · 22 · x3 · y
√
= 3x 3 4y
√ √
15x · 2x
2. √
3
6x√ √ r r
15x · 2x 30x2 30x2 5 x
= √ = √ = 3
= ·
6x3 6x3 6x x x

√
√ √ √ n
r
n n a a
a· b= √
ab and n = n
b b
Examples:
p √
· 3 36x
1. 3 3x2 y p p
= 3 3x2 y · 36x = 3 33 · 22 · x3 · y
√
= 3x 3 4y
√ √
15x · 2x
2. √
3
6x√ √ r r
15x · 2x 30x2 30x2 5 x
= √ = √ = 3
= ·
√ 6x3 6x3 6x x x
5x
=
x

If radicals have different indices, we first make their indices

√ the same by
√
finding the LCM of all the indices, then using n a = nm am .
√ √
Example: 2 · 4 8


√ the same by
√
√ √
Example: 2 · 4 8
LCM of indices: 4


√ the same by
√
√ √
Example: 2 · 4 8
LCM of indices: 4 √ √ √ √
4 2
2· 48 = 2 · 48


√ the same by
√
√ √
Example: 2 · 4 8
4
2 · 4 8 = p22 · 4 8
= 4 4(8)


√ the same by
√
√ √
Example: 2 · 4 8
4
2 · 4 8 = p22 · 4 8
4
= √ 4(8)
4
= 32


√ the same by
√
√ √
Example: 2 · 4 8
4
2 · 4 8 = p22 · 4 8
4
= √ 4(8)
4
= √32
4 5
= 2


√ the same by
√
√ √
Example: 2 · 4 8
4
2 · 4 8 = p22 · 4 8
4
= √ 4(8)
4
= √32
4
= √25
= 242

Rationalizing a Denominator
If denominator consists of one radical

Multiply both the numerator and denominator by an expression that will
make the radicand of the denominator a perfect power of the index.
r
16x4
Example:
3z


r
16x4
Example:
3z
4x2
= √
3z


r
16x4
Example:
3z
√
4x2 3z
= √ ·√
3z 3z


r
16x4
Example:
3z
√ √
4x2 3z 4x2 3z
= √ ·√ = √
3z 3z 32 z 2


r
16x4
Example:
3z
√ √
4x2 3z 4x2 3z
= √ ·√ = √
3z 3z 32 z 2
√
4x2 3z
=
3z

If denominator consists of two or more radicals

To rationalize the denominator, use the special products:
(x − y)(x + y) = x2 − y 2
(x ± y)(x2 ∓ xy + y 2 ) = x3 ± y 3


(x − y)(x + y) = x2 − y 2
(x ± y)(x2 ∓ xy + y 2 ) = x3 ± y 3
√ √
3x + 2x
Example: √ √
√ 3x√ − 2x
3x + 2x
= √ √
3x − 2x


(x − y)(x + y) = x2 − y 2
(x ± y)(x2 ∓ xy + y 2 ) = x3 ± y 3
√ √
3x + 2x
Example: √ √
√ 3x√ − 2x
3x + 2x
= √ √ ·
3x − 2x


(x − y)(x + y) = x2 − y 2
(x ± y)(x2 ∓ xy + y 2 ) = x3 ± y 3
√ √
3x + 2x
Example: √ √
√ 3x√ − 2x√ √
3x + 2x 3x + 2x
= √ √ ·√ √
3x − 2x 3x + 2x


(x − y)(x + y) = x2 − y 2
(x ± y)(x2 ∓ xy + y 2 ) = x3 ± y 3
√ √
3x + 2x
Example: √ √
√ 3x√ − 2x√ √ √ √
3x + 2x 3x + 2x ( 3x + 2x)2
= √ √ ·√ √ =
3x − 2x 3x + 2x 3x − 2x


(x − y)(x + y) = x2 − y 2
(x ± y)(x2 ∓ xy + y 2 ) = x3 ± y 3
√ √
3x + 2x
Example: √ √
√ 3x√ − 2x√ √ √ √
3x + 2x 3x + 2x ( 3x + 2x)2
= √ √ ·√ √ =
3x − 2x 3x + 2x 3x − 2x
√
3x + 2 3x · 2x + 2x
=
x


(x − y)(x + y) = x2 − y 2
(x ± y)(x2 ∓ xy + y 2 ) = x3 ± y 3
√ √
3x + 2x
Example: √ √
√ 3x√ − 2x√ √ √ √
3x + 2x 3x + 2x ( 3x + 2x)2
= √ √ ·√ √ =
3x − 2x 3x + 2x 3x − 2x
√ √
3x + 2 3x · 2x + 2x 5x + 2x 6
= =
x x


(x − y)(x + y) = x2 − y 2
(x ± y)(x2 ∓ xy + y 2 ) = x3 ± y 3
√ √
3x + 2x
Example: √ √
√ 3x√ − 2x√ √ √ √
3x + 2x 3x + 2x ( 3x + 2x)2
= √ √ ·√ √ =
3x − 2x 3x + 2x 3x − 2x
√ √
3x + 2 3x · 2x + 2x 5x + 2x 6
= =
x x
√
= 5+2 6

1
Example: √
2− 34
1
= √
2− 34

1
Example: √
2− 34 √ √
3
1 4 + 2 3 4 + 42
= √ · √ √
2 − 3 4 4 + 2 3 4 + 3 42

1
Example: √
2− 34 √ √
3
1 4 + 2 3 4 + 42
= √ · √ √
2 − 3 4 4 + 2 3 4 + 3 42
√ √
3
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
=
8−4

1
Example: √
2− 34 √ √
3
1 4 + 2 3 4 + 42
= √ · √ √
2 − 3 4 4 + 2 3 4 + 3 42
√ √
3
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
=
8−4
√ √
3
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
=
4

1
Example: √
2− 34 √ √
3
1 4 + 2 3 4 + 42
= √ · √ √
2 − 3 4 4 + 2 3 4 + 3 42
√ √3
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
=
8−4
√ √3
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
=
4
√3
√
3
4 16
= 1+ +
2 4

1
Example: √
2− 34 √ √
3
1 4 + 2 3 4 + 42
= √ · √ √
2 − 3 4 4 + 2 3 4 + 3 42
√ √3
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
=
8−4
√ √3
4 + 2 3 4 + 42
=
4
√3
√
3
4 16
= 1+ +
2 4
√3
√
3
4 2
= 1+ +
2 2
Exercise:
Simplify the following. Rationalize the denominators.

24c−1/2 d2/3
1
18c−1/7 d−3/5
2 (u1/3 + (uv)1/6 + v 1/3 )(u1/6 − v 1/6 )
√3
3 −84
√4 2
p9x
4
√3
5 9a4 b2
√
2 5 9
6 √ +√ 3
8 16
x2 − 2x + 1
7 √
x+1
1
8 √3
√
4 + 3 −27

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Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines-Diliman

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If no index is written, it is taken to be 2.

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The laws of integral exponents can be extended to rational exponents:

arr · as = ar+s (ar )s = ars , a ≥ 0

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We use the following properties:

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A radical expression is in simplest form if all the following conditions

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The radicand is positive for radicals with odd indices.

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The radicand is positive for radicals with odd indices.

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The radicand is positive for radicals with odd indices.

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The radicand is positive for radicals with odd indices.

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The radicand is not a fraction. (Rationalize the denominator.)