Warsangali Sultanate

The Warsangali Sultanate[1] (Somali: Saldanadda
Warsangeli, Arabic: ‫ )سلطنة الورسنجلي‬was a Somali
imperial ruling house centered in northeastern and in
some parts of southeastern Somalia.[2] It was one of the
largest sultanates ever established in the territory, and,
at the height of its power, included the Sanaag region
and parts of the northeastern Bari region of the country,
an area historically known as Maakhir or the Maakhir
Coast. The Sultanate was founded in the late 13th cen-
tury in northern Somalia by a group of Somalis from the
Warsangali branch of the Darod clan, and was ruled by
the descendants of the Gerad Dhidhin. In the late 19th
century, the influential Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire gov-
erned the Sultanate, assuming control during some of its
most turbulent years. The Akil Dhahar ruled south of
Sanaag and some portions of the Bari region. In 1884, the
United Kingdom established the protectorate of British
Somaliland through various treaties with the northern So-
mali sultanates, including the Warsangali Sultanate.
1 History
1.1 Akil Dhahar
Although there is a dearth of historical testimony on Akil
Dhahar, according to oral tradition, he fought against the
Abyssinians. In honor of his accomplishments, Akil Dha-
har’s name is immortalized in the valley and mountains of
the city known as Dhahar.
the Horn of Africa, refers to the Sultan from the colonial
literature as a “man of unusual influence”, a “man of mer-
curial image”, and a “man of unusual strength”. Several
Somali Sultanates existed in Somalia prior to the Euro-
pean imperialism of the 19th century, but the Warsangali
Sultanate was the only one with a robust tax-based cen-
tralized administration. Lewis writes:
Vestiges of a similar degree of centralized
administration on the pattern of a Muslim Sul-
tanate, survive today in the Protectorate among
the Warsangali. Prior to 1920, the Garaad
had at his command a small standing army
with which, with British support, he fought
Sayyid Mahamad Abdille Hassan’s forces. But
Garad’s powers’ are dwindling under modern
administration.
Sultanates such as these, generally only
arose on the coast or through commanding an
important trade route, and were largely depen-
dent on the possession and control of a port
or other exploitable economic resources. They
were in direct trade and diffuse political re-
lations with Arabia, received occasional Arab
immigrants, and were the centres from which
Islam expanded with trade into the interior.
The Sultanates had to fight to maintain their
positions of supremacy against the periodic in-
cursions of raiding parties of nomads, and their
authority was never great.

1.2 Northern Somali sultanates

In 1896, a challenge of leadership emerged between a fa-
ther and son. The powerful Gerad Ali Shire’s authority
was dwindling and young Mohamoud Ali Shire, with the
tacit support of the Isse Garad (Bohogayslabe) sub-clan
of the Warsangali Darod, sought to undermine the power
of his father. Before then, internal conflict among the
Warsangali sub-clans had surfaced and had had an ef-
fect on Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire and his ascension
to power. The disarray caused by the young Mohamoud
among the Warsangali was finally settled by the proposal
that Mohamoud fils should become Sultan, while his fa-
Ruins of the Warsangali Sultanate in Las Khorey. ther could remain Gerad. The Bihidor sub-clan of the
Warsangali, however, withdrew their support for the Sul-
I. M. Lewis, in his book A Pastoral Democracy: A Study tan, deeming him an upstart and an untested authority
of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of figure. They subsequently forged an alliance with the

1
2 1
Somali religious and nationalist leader Mohammed Ab-
dullah Hassan's Dervish forces in an attempt to defeat
Britain and Ethiopia, two powers that were then also vy-
ing for control of the Somali Peninsula. In his paper The
'Mad Mullah' and Northern Somalia, the historian Robert
L. Hess touches upon this alliance, writing that “in at-
tempt to break out of Obbian-Mijertein circle, the Mul-
lah sought closer alliances with the Bihidor Warsangali of
British Somaliland and Bah Geri of Ethiopia”.
Following an unexpected onslaught, the Sultan ordered
his army to retreat from its main military posts in Erigavo,
a town that at the time served as a reserve well for the
Sultan’s horses and as a base for his army. Hassan’s al-
liance with the Bihidor clan was instrumental in extend-
ing the Dervish sphere of influence and in expanding his
Dervish State's hegemony. On 3 March 1905, Italy came
close to signing a treaty with Hassan at Illig, offering
him the Nugaal territory as a protectorate. Hassan, how-
ever, rejected the offer and his Dervish army continued
its anti-imperial resistance struggle. In its early proposal,
both the Majeerteen and Warsangali Sultanates also op-
posed the treaty, as they foresaw potential threats to their
own local authority from its hypothetical implementation.
These Sultanates thus collaborated to defeat the Dervish
forces:
The first success in this Anglo-Italian co-
operation came in December 1910. In that
month, the British Warsangali and the Ital-
ian Mijertain peacefully resolved all their out-
standing disputes and, convening in Bander
Kasim, agreed to act jointly in combating
Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan and his
Dervishes. The Mijertain–Warsangali Accord
led to a common offensive against the Mullah,
whose forces were cut off from arms and muni-
tions smuggled in from the coast. (Hess, 427)
In 1920, the Dervishes unexpectedly captured
Badhan and besieged Las Khorey. The British
Governor at Aden soon sent RAF biplanes to
contain the advance of the Dervish army into
the Warsangali country. Though the air strikes
that bombarded Badhan, Jidali and Talex never
did considerable harm to the Dervishes, the
Dervishes were still powerful but disorganized
and dispersed into unknown areas. Finally, the
forces of Warsangali and Dervishes met at Ji-
dali and this was in fact the final decimation of
the Dervish movement.
The Mijertein Somalis, who in June suc-
ceeded launching counter-attack with the aid
of their Warsangali allies..Mullah and his fol-
lowers were driven out of Italian Somaliland
into British Somaliland, where they occupied
Buhotleh with great cruelty and oppressed the
Dolbahante who had shifted their allegiance
back to British Somaliland.
HISTORY
As a result, the Dervishes abandoned the Nugaal territory
and retreated into the Hawd.
1.3 Somali-British treaties
Historically, the British used indirect rule to their ad-
vantage to control and exploit territories. Following the
British treaty with the Warsangali in 1886, the British
Somaliland protectorate was formed. Much of the ter-
ritory’s economy at the time was centered on the trade
relationship it had with Aden, Yemen, which was chiefly
based on the export of livestock, frankincense, and myrrh
in return for food, fabric, and other materials. The pro-
tectorate was subsequently administered from Aden un-
til 1898, just before the rise to prominence of Sayyid
Muhammad Abdullah Hassan.
The British realized that isolated efforts to pacify Somali
authority with treaties were not sufficient, and that doing
so could incite trouble within the protectorate. In 1884,
the British government thus signed protection treaties
with the Issa, Gadabuursi and Isaaq Somali clans, all
at once. This particular tripartite agreement was ben-
eficial to the British, as it permitted them to operate
harmoniously alongside the existing clan social systems
of northwestern Somalia. However, Sultan Mohamoud
Ali Shire and his administration in the northeastern part
of the Somali territories wielded enough power to con-
tinue to exercise independent operation and rule. Arti-
cle V of the British treaty with the Warsangali acknowl-
edges this continued sovereignty of the Warsangali terri-
tories, adding that the British government appointed an
ambassador to the region and was in the process of build-
ing an office there:
Article V. The British Government shall
have the power to appoint an Agent or Agents
to reside in the Territories of the Warsangali,
and every such Agent shall be treated with
respect and consideration, and be entitled to
have for this protection such guard as the
British Government deem sufficient.
Another Article of the treaty between the Warsangali and
the British highlights the independence of the Warsangali
from colonial interference vis-a-vis their territories:
Article III. The Warsangali are bound
to render assistance to any vessel, whether
British or belonging to any other nation, that
may be wrecked on the shores under their
jurisdiction and control, and to protect the
crew, passengers, and cargo of such vessels,
giving speedy intimation to the Resident at
Aden of the circumstances; for which act of
friendship and good-will a suitable reward will
1.5 Warsangali-Dervish collaboration 3

be given by the British Government. is believed to have been the location of the famous Land
of Punt, existed numerous notable examples of sophisti-
cated architecture, agricultural innovation and civil engi-
neering. Irrefutable evidence is the existence of 15 storey
1.4 Civilization, society and Islam towers in Las Khorey that were built during the Gerad
dynasty. Materials used in the local Somali architecture
Islam was introduced into the Sanaag region as early as included, among other things, a specific type of wood:
the 7th century, with most of the area’s inhabitants fol-
lowing the Shafi'i madh'hab of Sunni Islam. Thus, it
The gum-producing trees grow on the ster-
appears that Sufism and saint veneration, the mystical
ile hills near the coast in the Sanaag and Bari
movement and ecstasy in Islam, was embraced among the
regions. In this districts there also grows a
Warsangali clans of Sanaag and spread to other areas of
tree known in Somali as 'damask', a species
Somalia. For instance, Haylaan, a small town located 20
of willow valuable for house- and boat-building
km south of Badhan, houses the sepulchre of Darod Is-
purposes. It grows along the banks of the 'tugs’
maiil, the founder of the Darod clan. The Somali scholar
or dry water-courses that in the rainy season
Said Ali Nur indicates that regions such as Zeila, Sanaag
drain the interior. (Burale).
and Harar became centers of dispersal for the founders
of many Muslim communities in the Horn. In fact, the
founder of the Darod clan is venerated as a saint by many Moreover, according to historical testimony by the British
members of said clan. This sort of veneration is inter- Lieutenant John Hanning Speke in his journal What led
nalized in the customs of all Somalis, and these figures to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile, published some
are known as “ancestor saints”. They are means by which 31 years before the Somali-British treaty of 1886 wherein
man’s appeal to the mercy and blessings of God through the English agreed to provide military and logistical sup-
the saints is strengthened. These saints, however, are not port to the Isaaq near Aden in Yemen, the decline in
worshipped, but venerated, and the respect shown to them power of the Warsangali Sultanate began thus:
is clearly based upon their intermediary role. The struc- Speke also discussed the relative strength of the Sul-
ture of the Elaayo mosque where, among other masjids, tanate’s administration, opining that Gerad Mohamoud
actual worship took place, is still of remarkable strength; Ali was a capable leader:
almost marble.

1.5 Warsangali-Dervish collaboration

Warsangali Sultanate cavalry in 1908.

Sheikh Darod's tomb in Haylaan, Somalia.

The two Somali leaders, Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire and

Initially, due to their many ancient settlements, the north-
Sayyid Muhammad Abdullah Hassan, were in the spot-
eastern cities of Las Khorey and Elaayo formed a grow- light. The British Somaliland protectorate’s administra-
ing international hub and served as important destina- tion had dealt with each one of them secretly, and had
tions. The Sultan’s revolt against the British, however, worked to prevent a possible bilateral alliance of power-
led to the ultimate decline of these coastal areas, as the sharing and common economic and political integration
British then shifted their administration to the western on their part. A notable incident took place in 1908, when
side of northern Somalia. The erstwhile commercial cen- British airplanes bombarded Jidali, Badhan and Taleex.
ters of Las Khorey and Elaayo consequently diminished This led to the dispersal of the Dervish into many areas,
in importance.[3] and it took a long period for the Sayyid to recoup his
However, the ascendancy of Somali society in terms of strength. However, despite the rift between them, Sul-
trade, civilization and contact with ancient pharaohs con- tan Mohamoud Ali Shire and his army within the British
tinued for many centuries. In northern Somalia, which Somaliland protectorate’s claimed areas of Sanaag were
4 2 TIMELINE OF EVENTS IN NORTHERN SOMALIA
severely disturbed by the sudden ebb in Dervish activi-
ties. To demonstrate his concern, Sultan Shire ordered
his army to open fire on a British ship that was about to
land at the port of Las Khorey. I. M. Lewis cites this brief
incident in his book, A Modern History of the Somali:
The Warsangali clan within the British pro-
tectorate on the eastern coast who under their
spirited leader Garad Mahamud 'Ali Shire had
now decided to throw in their lot with the
Dervishes and in January 1908, fired on a
British dhow as it was landing on their coast.
This incident has led to a hostile exchange of
letters with the consul at Berbera and it was ev-
ident that the Dervishes would soon be on the
March again.[4]
Furthermore, Hassan’s association with Mohamoud Ali
Shire as brother-in-law gave him access to the Maakhir
Coast, which served as a gateway to the Arabian penin-
sula for the importation of firearms and ammunition.
The Dervishes thus resumed their movements, which ren-
dered the British nervous, especially since their alliance
with the Isaaq forged in a treaty from 1885 had proved
ineffectual.
The British ran out of options and were forced to col-
laborate with the Italians and the Majeerteen Sultanates
for an attack that forced the Dervishes from their main
strongholds such as Taleex and Jidali. Sporadic resis-
tance using guerrilla tactics ensued. However, while Sul-
tan Mohamoud Ali Shire’s government was feared by the
British and many Somali clans, some Warsangali sub-
clans also viewed the Sultan’s government with suspicion
because of its authoritarianism. They consequently de-
clared independence from his dominions, and began a re-
bellion to topple the leader. This internal conflict among
the Warsangali sub-clans coincided with the Dervishes’
struggle to expel the British and Italian imperialists. In
an attempt to lure supporters to side with him, the Sayyid
composed a poem for this incident:
The Sultan’s troops killed many men of the Bihidoor clan,
a subclan of the Warsangali. According to testimony
by John Hanning Speke in his journal and elders of the
Warsangali sub-clans, this led to defiance and hostility
on the part of the Bihidoor. Members of the Bihidoor
nonetheless settled in Xiingalol, which was then the most
populous city in Sanaag, as well as in the long plateau of
Xadeed in large numbers.
1.6 Exile
Despite a lack of stability and struggles with the imperi-
alists, Sultan Shire was secretly invited to a conference
in Yemen, ostensibly to discuss possible ways of settling
differences. After a short session before the meeting
was scheduled to begin, he was taken into custody by the
British authorities. Sultan Shire was later tried without
proper representation in a kangaroo court. Due to the
Sultan’s vehement and active opposition to foreign rule
over his territory and dread on the part of the British of
the prospect of another twenty years of costly and pro-
tracted battles with yet another Somali potentate, he was
sentenced to exile in the Seychelles for a period of seven
years (a place where the British often confined promi-
nent anti-imperialist leaders). However, Shire continued
to play a prominent role in local affairs until his even-
tual death a few months after independence, as the British
administration sought his support before introducing any
major policy changes so as to avoid alienating the influ-
ential leader.
2 Timeline of events in northern
Somalia
• 1884: Khedives evacuate Somali coast. British gar-
rison to Berbera from Bombay.
• 1885: British treaties with the Issa, Isaaq and Darod
clans.
• 1886: British treaty with the Warsangali.
• 1895: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan's Salihiyya re-
ligious revival in Berbera fails.
• 1898: The British Foreign Office takes over admin-
istration of the British Somaliland Protectorate from
the India Office. The Protectorate was then the
only self-supporting British dependency in eastern
Africa.
• 1899: First truculent letter from Hassan at Kirit to
Protectorate Administration.
• 1900: Abyssinians fights Hassan at Haradigit. Has-
san takes 2,000 Eidegalla camels.
• 1900, November: Swayne’s first expedition with en-
gagements at Kirit, Samala, Welahed, Anahadigli,
Kurgerad, Ferdidin.
• 1901, October: Swayne’s second expedition with
engagements at Erago.
• 1903, April: Third expedition with engagements at:
Daratoleh.
• 1904, January: Fourth expedition with engagements
at: Jidballi.
• 1904, March: Jidbali occupies: Higligab, and Las
Khorey.
• 1904, 21 March: Illig (Eyl).

• 1904, October: Pestalozza Peace.
• 1909, November: Sultan’s forces repel British to
coast.
• 1913, 9 August: Battle of Dul Madoba, Has-
san’s forces defeat Somaliland Camel Constabulary.
Colonel Richard Corfield also killed.
• 1913, 5 September: Hassan raids Burao.
• 1914, 12 March: Hassan raids Berbera. Somaliland
Camel Corps established.
• 1914, November: Shimbir Beris.
• 1916, May: Dervishes shelled from sea while be-
sieging Las Khorey.
• 1919, November: Fifth (and “final”) expedition
with engagements at Badhan, Las Khorey, Medishe,
Jidali, Talex.
• 1920, January: British employ aerial bombardment
for the first time on the continent in order to defeat
of Hassan at: Medishe, Jidali, Badhan, Taleh, 3,000
H. Y. Warsangali, and Dhulbahante attack Hassan at
Gorah near Shinileh. The year of aeroplanes (daiu-
rada).
• 1920, November: Hassan dies of influenza. Sultan
Mohamoud Ali Shire exiled to Seychelles for seven
years for ignoring British entreaties.
3 Rulers of the Warsangali Sul-
tanate
Rulers of the Warsangali Sultanate up to and after Sultan
Mohamoud Ali Shire:[1]
4 See also
• Mohamoud Ali Shire – 26th Sultan of the Sultanate
of Warsangali
• Mohammed Abdullah Hassan – religious and na-
tionalist leader
• Akil Dhahar – leader of the Sanaag region in the late
nineteenth century
• Yusuf Ali Kenadid – founder of the Sultanate of
Hobyo
• Somali aristocratic and court titles
• List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
• Sultanate of Hobyo
• Majeerteen Sultanate
5
• Marehan Sultanate
• Herbert Augustine Carter – Victoria Cross (VC) re-
cipient, Fourth Somaliland Expedition
• Alexander Stanhope Cobbe – VC recipient, Second
Somaliland Expedition
• John Gough – VC recipient, Third Somaliland Ex-
pedition
• George Murray Rolland – VC recipient, Third So-
maliland Expedition
• Clement Leslie Smith – VC recipient, Fourth Soma-
liland Expedition
• William George Walker – VC recipient, Third So-
maliland Expedition
5 Notes
[1] Warsangeli Sultanate
[2] Culture and customs of Somalia p. 138
[3] Pre-Independency Socio-Economic of British Somaliland
[4] I. M. Lewis, A modern history of the Somali: nation and
state in the Horn of Africa, (James Currey: 2002), p. 74.
6 References
• Lewis. I. M. A Modern History of Somalia: Nation
and State in Horn of Africa. Ohio: Ohio University
Press, 1960.
• Hess. Robert L. “The 'Mad Mullah' and Northern
Somalia”. The Journal of African History, vol 5, no.
3 p. 415–433. Cambridge: Ohio Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, 1964.
• Speke. John Hanning. “Sultan/Garad Mohamoud
Ali—Hidden Treasure—Royal Reception—Sultan
Tries my Abban”. What Led to the Discovery of the
Source of the Nile. Edinburgh: Edinburgh William
Blackwood and Sons 1864.
• British Empire. Protection treaties with Somaliland
tribes. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and sons,
1887.
• Lewis. I. M. Pastoral Democracy: A Study on Pas-
toralism and Politics among the Northern Somali
Clans. Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1958.
• Alinur, Said. “Abyssinian Invasion: Reminder of a
Seven Century old Animosity”. 17 January 2007.
Source
• Warsangeli Sultanate
6 7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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