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Aula 09
Aula 09
+Ε. <6. −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(. ?<+ ,+5,+:+)∗. <6. 505</.4=0 ()3()(∗. 206 −.,(Η)2(.
20)Ι+2(1. ϑ σ 2 Κ :∗+ Λ()3()(∗.Μ 7 :Φ 5.,. :+, ,(Χ0,0:0 .:0 . 505</.4=0 :+Ε. 3()(∗.∆ 0:
,+:</∗.10: ?<+ −+,+60: :Φ :+ .5/(2.6 :+ . .60:∗,.Χ+6 30, 3+(∗. 206 ,+50:(4=0
0(: ;+6∆ +)∗=0 7 )0::. −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(. 206 −.,(Η)2(. 20)Ι+2(1. ϑ σ 2 Κ
,+5,+:+)∗. )0::. 505</.4=0
5+:., 1+ 20)Ι+2+,60: :<. −.,(Η)2(.∆ )=0 20)Ι+2+60:
:<. 671(. ϑ µ Κ 0::0 0;Ε+∗(−0 :+,≅ 0;∗+, <6. .60:∗,. +∆ . 5.,∗(, 1+/.∆ 1+3()(, 0
2Ι.6.10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. µ
.60: :<50, ?<+ . −.,(Η)2(. 1. 505</.4=0 :+Ε. 1+
)∗+: 1+ +3+∗(−.6+)∗+ 3.>+, <6. .60:∗,.Χ+6 ϑ0 ?<+ )0: 30,)+2+,≅ <6 −./0,
+:5+2Β3(20 5.,. X Κ∆ −.60: 5+):., +6 ∗01.: .: .60:∗,.: ?<+ 501+,(.6 :+, 0;∗(1.:
ϑ206 ∗.6.)Ι0 Κ 6 2.1. <6. 1+/.:∆ X .::<6+ <6 −./0, 1(3+,+)∗+ 0)30,6+ −(:∗0
)0 206+40 1. .</.∆ X 501+ :+, −(:∗. 2060 <6. −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(. )0,6./ ϑ0<
.5,0Α(6.1.6+)∗+ )0,6./Κ 1+ 671(. µ
< :+Ε.∆ :+ 3(>7::+60: −≅,(.: .60:∗,.: + 5.,. 2.1. <6. 1+/.: 0;∗(−7::+60: <6 −./0,
X −µ
5.,. X ∆ +6 ∃!Ν 10: 2.:0: 0 −./0, +:∗.,(. +)∗,+ ∆∃ + ∆∃
σX
X −µ
0,∗.)∗0∆ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ .::<6(, −./0,+: +)∗,+ ∆∃ + ∆∃ 7 1+ ∃!Ν
σX
Θ
Χ0,. )Φ: 5+Χ.60: + ,+./6+)∗+ 3.>+60: <6. .60:∗,. 206 −./0,+: :∗.
.60:∗,. ,+:</∗0< +68
∆ !∆ ∆
.,. +:∗. .60:∗,. +:5+2Β3(2.∆ 0 −./0, 1+ X 30( ∆! 06 ;.:+ )+:∗. .60:∗,. +:5+2Β3(2.∆
∗+60: <6 −./0, +:5+2Β3(20 5.,. X + 20):(1+,.,60: .5+).: +:∗. .60:∗,.∆ X )=0 7
6.(: −.,(≅−+/ <6 −./0, Ρ)(20 ϑ∆!Κ
5.,. +:∗. .60:∗,. +:5+2Β3(2. 0 −./0, 1+ 9 78
2,5 − µ
Z=
2
5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ +:∗+ −./0, +:∗., )0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ ∆∃ . ∆∃ )=0 7 6.(: ∃!Ν :∗0
50,?<+ . +Α5,+::=0 .2(6. )=0 .::<6+ 6.(: −./0,+: 1(−+,:0:∆ ./+.∗Φ,(0: <6 −./0,
Ρ)(20
∆! 7 <6 )Ρ6+,0∆ <6. 20):∗.)∗+
−./0, 1+ µ 7 ∗.6;76 <6 )Ρ6+,0∆ 20):∗.)∗+ 1+:20)Ι+2(10 .: 7 20):∗.)∗+
∃
:∗+ ()∗+,−./0 +)∗,+ ∆ + ∆ 7 2Ι.6.10 1+ ()∗+,−./0 1+ ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. .
671(. 1. 505</.4=0
+5.,+ ?<+ )=0 ∗+60: 2+,∗+>. 1+ ?<+ . 671(. 1. 505</.4=0 ϑ µ Κ +:∗+Ε. )+:∗+
()∗+,−./0 +6 501+60: 1(>+, ?<+ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ +/. +:∗., )+:∗+ ()∗+,−./0 :+Ε. 1+
∃!Ν
6 ∃!Ν 10: 2.:0:∆ X +:∗≅ 1(:∗.)∗+ 6+)0: 1+ ∆∃ 1+:−(0: 5.1,=0 1. 671(. µ
060 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+ X 7 ∆ ∗+60: ?<+ +6 ∃!Ν 10: 2.:0: X 1(:∗. 6+)0: ?<+
∆∃ 1. 671(. µ
.>+60: . .60:∗,.Χ+6 ;∗+60: <6 +:5+2Β3(20 −./0, 5.,. X ϑΣ∆!Κ :∗+ −./0, 501+
+:∗., 0< )=0 )0 ()∗+,−./0 +)∗,+ µ − 3,92 + µ + 3,92 + 3(>7::+60: ()Ρ6+,.:
.60:∗,.Χ+):∆ +6 ∃!Ν 1+/.: 0 −./0, 1+ X 1+ 3.∗0 +:∗.,(. 20)∗(10 )0 ,+3+,(10 ()∗+,−./0
.,. +:∗+ −./0, +6 5.,∗(2</., ϑ∆!Κ∆ )=0 ∗+60: 2060 :.;+,
.60: :<50, ?<+ +:∗+ −./0, +:∗+Ε. )+:∗+ ()∗+,−./0 + (:∗0 30, −+,1.1+∆ ?<./ 0 ()∗+,−./0
?<+ 20)∗76 µ Π
−./0, +)20)∗,.10 5.,. X 7 1+ ∆! :∗+ −./0, 501+ ∗.)∗0 +:∗., Τ +:?<+,1. 1+ µ
?<.)∗0 Τ 1(,+(∗. .60: 3.>+, 0: 10(: 2.:0: +Α∗,+60:
+ X +:∗(−+, Τ +:?<+,1. 1+ µ ∆ 0 2.:0 6.(: +Α∗,+60 :+,(. Ε<:∗.6+)∗+ ?<.)108
X = µ − 3,92
2,5 = µ − 3,92
:∗+ 2.:0 +Α∗,+60 020,,+,(. :+
µ = 6,42
%
X = µ + 3,92
2,5 = µ + 3,92
:∗+ 2.:0 +Α∗,+60 020,,+,(. :+8
µ = −1,42
+:<6()10∆ :<50)10 ?<+ 0 −./0, +)20)∗,.10 5.,. X 1(:∗. 6+)0: 1+ ∆∃ 1+:−(0
5.1,=0 1+ µ ∆ 0: −./0,+: +Α∗,+60: ?<+ µ 501+ .::<6(, :=0 ∆ + ∆ 0,∗.)∗0∆
206 ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ µ +:∗≅ )+:∗+ ()∗+,−./0
:∗. +:∗(6.∗(−. 1. 671(. 1. 505</.4=0 7 50, −+>+: 2Ι.6.1. 1+ +:∗(6.∗(−. 50,
()∗+,−./0 =0 +:∗.60: /Ι+ .∗,(;<()10 <6 −./0, Ρ)(20∆ 6.: <6. 3.(Α. 1+ −./0,+:
0 206+40 1+:∗. .</. −(60: 2060 3.>+, . +:∗(6.∗(−. 50, 50)∗0 . +:∗(6.∗(−. 50,
50)∗0 )=0 1+∗+,6()≅−.60: <6. 3.(Α. 1+ −./0,+: (6 <6 −./0, Ρ)(20 :∗(6≅−.60: 0
−./0, 1+ µ 206 0 −./0, 1+ X
.60: 3.>+, 6.(: <6 +Α+65/0
+:∗. −+> −0< 20/02., 0 Λ5.::0 . 5.::0Μ∆ 5.,. Χ+)∗+
206+4., . 3(Α., 2060 3.>+,
−.(/
.,. 1+∗+,6().4=0 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ :+Χ<(60: 5.::0:
08 5,+2(:.60: 1+∗+,6()., 0 ()∗+,−./0∆ 5.,. . −.,(≅−+/ )0,6./ ,+1<>(1.
ϑ9Κ∆ ?<+ 20)∗76 ∃!Ν 10: −./0,+: ϑ50(: +:∗+ 7 0 )Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. :0/(2(∗.10 )0
+)<)2(.10Κ Ι.6.60: +:∗+ −./0, 1+ 9∋ .::02(.10 . ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.
&
08 1+∗+,6()., 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+
1
<(∗0 ;+6
Β . Χ+)∗+ 5+Χ. + 3.> <6. Ρ)(2. .60:∗,.∆ 0;∗+)10 <6 Ρ)(20 −./0, 5.,. .
671(. .60:∗,./ 06 (::0∆ 0;∗+60:8
, − − . ,
− − /
4
ϑ
Κ Ξ ∆ Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃! ∆ ∋!Ζ
−.(/
,(6+(,0 5.::08
+Χ<)10 5.::08
+,2+(,0 5.::08
+∗ +, /
<.,∗0 5.::08
12 3
5
/
∋( ∃
)) +2 ,
)0,6./ 206 671(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1. + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 Σ ∋∋ Ι0,.: 6 +:∗<10 3+(∗0
∗+650 1+ 1<,.4=0 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 .5.,+/Ι0 +/+∗,⊥)(20 :+Χ<+ <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
206 <6. .60:∗,. 1+ Σ ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: 5,01<>(< <6 ∗+650 671(0 1+ 1<,.4=0 (Χ<./
. !∋∋∋ Ι0,.:
06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 ?<+
4 ∆ +6 ?<+ 5 7 1+3()(10
50, 6
5 7 + 6 ,+5,+:+)∗. . 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .2<6</.1. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
)0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 5,ΦΑ(60 (∗+6
6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν 5.,. +::. +:∗(6.∗(−. 7 1.10 50, +#4)=∃> ∃∗=&,
Ξ0;:+,−.4=08 5+/0 20)∗+Α∗0 1. 5,0−.∆ _+::. +:∗(6.∗(−._ 7 . +:∗(6.∗(−. 1. 671(.
505</.2(0)./Ζ
+:0/<4=08
+ 2.,. Ε≅ 501+60: .::()./., +,,.10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . 671(. 7 2+)∗,.10
). 671(. .60:∗,./ < :+Ε.∆ 7 2+)∗,.10 +6 !∋∋∋ ()∗+,−./0 30,)+2(10∆ 1+ ∋∆ .
∃∆ ∆ :+?<+, 20)∗+65/. 0 −./0, !∋∋∋
5
/ 3
6()<∗0
+:0/<4=08
()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. ∗+6 0 :+Χ<()∗+ 30,6.∗08
89
+∗
/(6(∗+ :<5+,(0, 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 7 ∆ 0Χ08
#
−.(
<.)10 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1. 505</.4=0 7 20)Ι+2(10∆ 7 )0,6./ 206 671(. (Χ<./ . +
≅
1+:−(0 5.1,=0 Α
+
/Χ<): ./<)0: 20)3<)1+6 +:∗.: −.,(Η)2(.: ?<+ :<,Χ(,.6 <(1.10 5.,. )=0 20)3<)1(,α
+/+6;,.)108
7 . −.,(Η)2(. 1. 505</.4=0 06.60: 2.1. −./0, 1. 505</.4=0 <;∗,.Β60: 1.
671(. 505</.2(0)./∆ 0;∗+)10 0: 1+:−(0: +6 ,+/.4=0 Τ 671(. 6 :+Χ<(1.∆ 2./2</.60: .
671(. 10: ?<.1,.10: 10: 1+:−(0: :∗0 7 . −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./
&
& 7 . −.,(Η)2(. 1+ 06.60: ∗010: 0: 50::Β−+(: −./0,+: 1+ <;∗,.Β60: 1.
≅∆
Ο≅ +:∗<1.60: ?<+
Α
−.(
,(6+(,0 5.::08 0;∗+, ∗∋ .::02(.10 . ∃ Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.
060 . .60:∗,. ∗+6 ∗.6.)Ι0 ∆ 0 )Ρ6+,0 1+ Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+ 7 (Χ<./ . !
0):</∗.,+60: . ∗.;+/. 1.1. )0 +)<)2(.10
5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ :+, 6+)0, 0< (Χ<./ . ∆! 7 1+ ∋∆∃ ϑ≅,+. −+,1+ 1. 3(Χ<,. .;.(Α0Κ
0,∗.)∗0∆ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ :+, 6.(0, ?<+ ∆! 7 1+ Ν ϑ≅,+. −+,6+/Ι. .;.(Α0Κ
1
060 0 Χ,≅3(20 1. 315 7 :(67∗,(20∆ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ :+, 6+)0, ?<+ ∆! ∗.6;76 7
1+ Ν
.1. <6. 1.: ≅,+.: −+,6+/Ι.: .;.(Α0 −./+ Ν
.;+60: ?<+ . ≅,+. ∗0∗./ 7 (Χ<./ . 0)2/<Β60: ?<+ . ≅,+. −+,1+ .;.(Α0 7 1+ ∃ Ν
4
−.(
+60: <6 +Α+,2Β2(0 1+ ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. +6 ?<+ )=0 :+ :.;+ . −.,(Η)2(. 1.
505</.4=0
+−+60: 20):</∗., . ∗.;+/. 5.,. . −.,(≅−+/ ∗ 060 . .60:∗,. ∗+6
∗.6.)Ι0 ∆ 0 )Ρ6+,0 1+ Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+ 7 (Χ<./ . !
∗.;+/. . :+, <∗(/(>.1. 7 .
∗.;+/. 10 +)<)2(.10
.60: 5.,. 0: 5.::0: 1+ :+65,+
,(6+(,0 5.::08 1+∗+,6()., 0 −./0, 1+ ∗∋ .::02(.10 . ∃ Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.
. ∗.;+/. ∆ :.;+60: ?<+ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ .::<6(, −./0,+: 6+)0,+: ?<+ ∆ 7
1+ ∃Ν 0Χ0∆ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ .::<6(, −./0,+: 6.(0,+: ?<+ ∆ 7 1+ Ν
060 0 Χ,≅3(20 1. 315 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ∗ 7 :(67∗,(20∆ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ .::<6(,
−./0,+: 6+)0,+: ?<+ ∆ ∗.6;76 7 1+ Ν
060 20):+?<[)2(.∆ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ +:∗., +)∗,+ ∆ + ∆ 7 1+ ∃ Ν ϑΣ∋∋Ν
Ν ΝΚ
: −./0,+: 1+ ∗ ?<+ 1+/(6(∗.6 ∃ Ν 10: −./0,+: :=0 ∆ + ∆
t 0 = 2,248
)
σ2 σ2
σX = =
2
n 16
σ
σX =
4
060 )=0 :.;+60: 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 505</.2(0)./∆ :<;:∗(∗<Β60: 5+/. :<. +:∗(6.∗(−.
+::+ 6010∆ . +:∗(6.∗(−. 10 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+ X 78
s
sX =
4
2
sX = = 0,5
4
<.,∗0 5.::08 +)20)∗,.)10 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.
()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 7 1. 30,6.8
X − t0 × s X ≤ µ ≤ X + t0 × s X
8 − 1,124 ≤ µ ≤ X + 1,124
5
/
ϑ
Κ Ξ∀∆!∋Ψ ! ∆!∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∀∆∋∋Ψ !∀∆∋∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃∆∋∋Ψ ∋ ∆∋∋Ζ
ϑ
Κ Ξ∃∆!∋Ψ ∋ ∆!∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃∆!∋Ψ ∋∀∆!∋Ζ
−.(/
,(6+(,0 5.::08 1+∗+,6().)10 0 −./0, 1+ ∗∋
060 . .60:∗,. ∗+6 ∗.6.)Ι0 ∆ ∗+60: ! Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+ −./0, 1+ ∗∋∆
30,)+2(10 ). ∗.;+/.∆ 7 1+ ∆
Ε Φ
+Χ<)10 5.::08
+,2+(,0 5.::08
:
:
+∗
:
+ ,
<.,∗0 5.::08
()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 3(2.8
Ε :
Φ
1ΦΦ2 3
5
/
::()./+ . 054=0 ?<+ 1≅ 0 −./0, 5+/0 ?<./ :+ 1+−+ 6</∗(5/(2., 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1+ 2.1.
.60:∗,.∆ )0 2≅/2</0 10: ()∗+,−./0: 1+ 20)3(.)4. ()1(−(1<.(:∆ 5.,. ?<+ :+ 0;∗+)Ι. 0
)Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 20)Ε<)∗0 1+:+Ε.10
∗.;+/. .;.(Α0 1≅ −./0,+: 1. 3<)4=0 1+
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ϑΑΚ 1. −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(. ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗
−.(
#
)./0Χ.6+)∗+8
P(Y − t 0σ Y < θ < Y + t 0σ Y ) = 95%
:∗0 :(Χ)(3(2. ?<+∆ :+ 30::+ 50::Β−+/ 3.>+, ()3()(∗.: .60:∗,.: 1.: 1<.: 505</.4Γ+:∆
∗+,Β.60:8
+6 ∃!Ν 1.: −+>+:∆ . 671(. µ +:∗.,(. 20)∗(1. )0 ()∗+,−./0 X ± t 0σ X
∃
060 . ≅,+. ∗0∗./ 7 (Χ<./ . ∆ +)∗=0 . ≅,+. −+,6+/Ι. 7 1+ ∋∆∋! 0)2/<Β60: ?<+ .
5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ :+, 6.(0, ?<+ ∆ 7 1+ ∆!Ν
060 0 Χ,≅3(20 1. 315 7 :(67∗,(20∆ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ :+, 6+)0, ?<+ ∆ ∗.6;76
7 1+ ∆!Ν
::(6∆ 2.1. <6. 1.: 1<.: ≅,+.: −+,6+/Ι.: 1. 3(Χ<,. .;.(Α0 7 (Χ<./ . ∋∆∋!
%
X − 0,53275 × s ≤ µ ≤ X + 0,53275 × s
0,∗.)∗0∆ ). 1+∗+,6().4=0 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ 0 −./0, 5+/0 ?<./ 6</∗(5/(2.60:
0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1. .60:∗,. 7 ∋∆!∀!
.,. . 0<∗,. −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(.∆ 0: 2≅/2</0: :=0 .)≅/0Χ0:
5
/
&
−.(
Β)1(2+ φ,γ∆ ). :(6;0/0Χ(. <:.1. )0 +)<)2(.10∆ ()1(2. 0 )Ρ6+,0 1+ Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
,+(0 ?<+ (::0 501+,(. :+, 1(∗0 +Α5,+::.6+)∗+ 5.,. +−(∗., ?<.(:?<+, 1Ρ−(1.:
=0 20)Ι+2+60: . −.,(Η)2(. 1. 505</.4=0 .60: <:.,∆ 50,∗.)∗0∆ 0: −./0,+: 1.
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ∗ 060 . .60:∗,. ∗+6 ∗.6.)Ι0 ∆ ∗+60: ! Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
+−+60: 20):</∗.,∆ 50,∗.)∗0∆ . /()Ι. +6 ?<+ , Σ !
,(6+(,0 5.::08 0;∗+, 0 −./0, 1+ ∗∋ .::02(.10 . ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.
. ∗.;+/.∆ ∗+60: ?<+ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ :+, 6+)0, 0< (Χ<./ . ∆ 7 1+ ∋∆∃∀!
060 . ≅,+. ∗0∗./ 7 (Χ<./ . ∆ +)∗=0 . ≅,+. −+,6+/Ι. 7 1+ ∋∆∋! 0)2/<Β60: ?<+ .
5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ :+, 6.(0, ?<+ ∆ 7 1+ ∆!Ν
060 0 Χ,≅3(20 1. 315 7 :(67∗,(20∆ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+ ∗ :+, 6+)0, ?<+ ∆ ∗.6;76
7 1+ ∆!Ν
::(6∆ 2.1. <6. 1.: 1<.: ≅,+.: −+,6+/Ι.: 1. 3(Χ<,. .;.(Α0 7 (Χ<./ . ∋∆∋!
1
−.(
060 0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. 7 ϑ) Σ Κ∆ +)∗=0 <:.60: . ∗.;+/. 5.,. ! Χ,.<: 1+
/(;+,1.1+ ϑΣ) & Κ ,.∗.:+ 1. 5,(6+(,. /()Ι. 1. ∗.;+/. .2(6.
. ∗.;+/.∆ ∗+60: ?<+8
Ε ,Χ
0Χ08
Ε ,Χ
::(68
Ε ,Χ
?<+ ,+:</∗. +68
,Χ Ε ,Χ /
+:∗+ 6010∆ ∗∋ .::02(.10 . ∃Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4. 7 (Χ<./ . ∆∃∀
()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. ∗+6 0 :+Χ<()∗+ 30,6.∗08
:
Ε
+∗
,,
,Χ
+
∗
,,
,Χ
,
1/2 /3
5
/
∋( # !
:
3 2Β3 ))1 +,
.,. ,+:50)1+, Τ ?<+:∗=0 :+Χ<()∗+ 20):(1+,+∆ 1+)∗,+ 0: 1.10: .;.(Α0∆ .?<+/+: ?<+
Ε</Χ., .5,05,(.10: + 9 ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ +)∗=08
P ( Z > 2) = 0,023 Ψ P (0 < Z < 1,6) = 0,445 Ψ P ( Z < 1) = 0,84 Ψ P (0 < Z < 2,33) = 0,49
+ ∗ ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206 Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+∆ +)∗=08
P (t < 2,06) = 0,975 Ψ P (t < 2,49) = 0,99 Ψ P (t < 1,71) = 0,95
Β)1(2+ 1+ 6.::. 20,5Φ,+. 7 2./2</.10 1(−(1()10 0 5+:0 1. 5+::0. 5+/0 ?<.1,.10 1+
:<. ./∗<,. .,. . 505</.4=0 1+ Ι06+): 1+ 6+(. (1.1+ ?<+ 6.(: ∗.,1+ 1+:+)−0/−+6 .
10+)4. 1+ 1(.;+∗+:∆ . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 10: Β)1(2+: ;≅:(20: 1+ 6.::. 20,5Φ,+. 7
.5,0Α(6.1.6+)∗+ )0,6./ 206 671(. µ + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 σ 1+:20)Ι+2(10: .,. <6.
.60:∗,. 1+ ! Ι06+): :+/+2(0).10: 1+::+ Χ,<50∆ 0;:+,−0<:+ <6 Β)1(2+ 671(0 1+
X = 25,2 ΘΧι6 206 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 s = 2,5 ΘΧι6 6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν
5.,. . 671(. µ 1. 505</.4=0 7 1.10 50,8
.Κ 25,2 ± 2,15
;Κ 25,2 ± 1,56
2Κ 25,2 ± 1,03
1Κ 25,2 ± 0,86
+Κ 25,2 ± 0,68
−.(
=0 20)Ι+2+60: . −.,(Η)2(. 1. 505</.4=0 .60: <:.,∆ 50,∗.)∗0∆ 0: −./0,+: 1.
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 060 . .60:∗,. ∗+6 ∗.6.)Ι0 !∆ ∗+60: Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
,(6+(,0 5.::08 0;∗+, 0 −./0, 1+ ∗∋ .::02(.10 . ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.
.;+60: ?<+8
P (t < 2,06) = 0,975
0,∗.)∗08
P (t > 2,06) = 1 − 0,975 = 0,025
Χ,≅3(20 1. 315 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ∗ 7 :(67∗,(20 0Χ08
P (t < −2,06) = 0,025
#)
−.(/
,(6+(,0 5.::08 0;∗+, ∗∋ .::02(.10 . ∃∋Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.
. ϑ ∗ Κ
060 . .60:∗,. ∗+6 ∗.6.)Ι0 ∃ ϑΣ ∃Κ∆ +)∗=0 0 )Ρ6+,0 1+ Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+ 7 (Χ<./
Ε /
0Χ0∆ :.;+60: ?<+8
Ε /
0Χ08
/ Ε /
0,∗.)∗08
Ε /
: −./0,+: ?<+ 1+/(6(∗.6 . ≅,+. 1+ ∃∋Ν :=0 ∆ + ∆
+Χ<)10 5.::08
:
+,2+(,0 5.::08
:
+∗
, ,
:
+ Φ
<.,∗0 5.::08
Ε :
()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 3(2.8
,
/
Φ
,/
1Χ2 ,/3
5
/
#
ϑ
Κ Ξ∀∆!∋Ψ ! ∆!∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∀∆∋∋Ψ !∀∆∋∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃∆∋∋Ψ ∋ ∆∋∋Ζ
ϑ
Κ Ξ∃∆!∋Ψ ∋ ∆!∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃∆!∋Ψ ∋∀∆!∋Ζ
−.(/
,(6+(,0 5.::08 1+∗+,6().)10 0 −./0, 1+ ∗∋
060 . .60:∗,. ∗+6 ∗.6.)Ι0 ∆ ∗+60: ! Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+ −./0, 1+ ∗∋∆
30,)+2(10 ). ∗.;+/.∆ 7 1+ ∆
Ε Φ
+Χ<)10 5.::08
+,2+(,0 5.::08
:
:
+∗
:
+ ,
<.,∗0 5.::08
Ε :
()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 3(2.8
Φ
1ΦΦ2 3
5
/
∋( &
)) +2 ,
)0,6./ 206 671(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1. + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 Σ ∋∋ Ι0,.: 6 +:∗<10 3+(∗0
∗+650 1+ 1<,.4=0 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 .5.,+/Ι0 +/+∗,⊥)(20 :+Χ<+ <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
206 <6. .60:∗,. 1+ ) Σ ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: 5,01<>(< <6 ∗+650 671(0 1+ 1<,.4=0 (Χ<./
. !∋∋∋ Ι0,.:
##
06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 ?<+
4 ∆ +6 ?<+ 5 7 1+3()(10
50, 6
5 7 + 6 ,+5,+:+)∗. . 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .2<6</.1. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
)0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 5,ΦΑ(60 (∗+6
+:0/<4=08
+ 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 30, 1+:20)Ι+2(10∆ :<;:∗(∗<Β60: 50, :+< +:∗(6.10,∆ : 0 +)∗.)∗0∆
5.::.60: . <:., . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ∗<1+)∗∆ + )=0 6.(: . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ ./−+>
50, (::0 . ?<+:∗=0 ∗+)Ι. :(10 Ε</Χ.1. 2060 _+,,.1._
0):(1+,+ ?<+∆ . 3(6 1+ .−./(., 1+:5+:.: 206 :./≅,(0: 10 5+::0./ /0∗.10 +6 Φ,Χ=0: 10
01+, Α+2<∗(−0∆ 1+∗+,6().1. :+2,+∗.,(. 1+ 3.>+)1. 1+2(1(< 3.>+, <6 /+−.)∗.6+)∗0
+6 ?<.∗,0 Φ,Χ=0: +6 ,+/.4=0 .0 6[: 1+ .Χ0:∗0 1+ ∋∋∃ : 1.10: 0;:+,−.10: +:∗=0
.5,+:+)∗.10: ). ∗.;+/. .2(6.
+:0/<4=08
<.)10 .: .60:∗,.: :=0 5+?<+).: + . −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./ 7 1+:20)Ι+2(1.∆
1+−+60: <∗(/(>., . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 5.,. 20):∗,<(, 0: ()∗+,−./0: 1+ 20)3(.)4.
./ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 30,)+2+ ()∗+,−./0: 1+ 6.(0, .65/(∗<1+ ?<+ 0: 20,,+:50)1+)∗+:
()∗+,−./0: 0;∗(10: 206 . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 060∆ )0 3<)10∆ +:∗.60: +:∗(6.)10 .
671(. + . −.,(Η)2(. .0 6+:60 ∗+650∆ 7 5,+2(:0 20):∗,<(, ()∗+,−./0: 1+ 6.(0,
.65/(∗<1+ 5.,. 6.)∗+, 0 6+:60 )Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4.
%.;.,(∗08 +,,.10
∋( 4 !3
)) +2 ,
6 <6. 1(:5<∗. 206+,2(./ +)∗,+ 10(: 5.Β:+:∆ ϕ + 9∆ .<∗0,(1.1+: 10 5.Β: ϕ
.,Χ<6+)∗.−.6 ?<+ 6+1(1.: 5,0∗+2(0)(:∗.: 10 5.Β: 9 (65+1(.6 . /(−,+ 2(,2</.4=0 1+
;+): +)∗,+ +::+: 5.Β:+:
+ .20,10 206 +::. .,Χ<6+)∗.4=0∆ .: 2065.)Ι(.: 10 5.Β: 9
5,.∗(2.−.6 5,+40: 6+)0,+: +6 ϕ ?<+ )0 :+< 5,Φ5,(0 5.Β: .,. +:∗<1., +::+ 5,0;/+6.∆
<6 5+:?<(:.10, 0;∗+−+ 1<.: .60:∗,.: ./+.∗Φ,(.:∆ 2.1. <6. 20)∗+)10 ∋∋ −+)1.: )0
5.Β: ϕ + ∋∋ −+)1.: )0 5.Β: 9∆ 5.,. 0 6+:60 5+,Β010 + 5.,. 0 6+:60 ;+6
206+,2(./(>.10 )+::+: 10(: 5.Β:+:
. .)≅/(:+ 1.: 0;:+,−.4Γ+: 30,.6 0;∗(10: 5,+40:
671(0:
89Γ Φ,
89Η Φ
+ 1+:−(0:5.1,Γ+:
:9Γ
:9Η ,
∗010: +6 1Φ/.,+: )0,∗+.6+,(2.)0:∆ 5.,. .: .60:∗,.: 10: 5.Β:+: ϕ + 9∆
,+:5+2∗(−.6+)∗+
06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+: + ).: 3Φ,6</.: <:<.(: 5.,. ()3+,[)2(. +:∗.∗Β:∗(2. )0 2.:0
1+ ∗.6.)Ι0: .60:∗,.(: Χ,.)1+:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 0: −./0,+: :+/+2(0).10: 1. ∗.;+/.
)0,6./ .;.(Α0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 :+Χ<()∗+ (∗+6
−
33 −3 ΗΓΙ 3 3
.(
− 03(
#%
06 ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ 0 5,+40 671(0 5,.∗(2.10 )0 5.Β: ϕ +:∗≅ +)∗,+ ∋∆∋ + ∆ ∋
1Φ/.,+:
+:0/<4=08
O intervalo de confiança tem o seguinte formato:
:Ι
89
+∗
Onde "n" é o tamanho da amostra e Z0 é o valor da normal padrão associado ao nível de
confiança estabelecido (no caso, 95%).
1. ,+:(:∗[)2(. +/7∗,(2. 8Κ
,+:(:∗[)2(. 671(. 0;:+,−.1. . 5.,∗(, 1+::. .60:∗,.
#&
<50)10 ?<+ . ,+:(:∗[)2(. +/7∗,(2. :(Χ. <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 206 671(. +
./+.∗Φ,(. :(65/+: 30( ∆! Ι6: + 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 .60:∗,./ 30( (Χ<./ . ∆! Ι6:
ΦΦ ΦΦ
∀ .
+ +
−.(/
()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. ∗+6 0 :+Χ<()∗+ 30,6.∗08
Ε :
)1+8
• 7 . 671(. .60:∗,./ 1+ κ ϑ)0 2.:0∆ −./+ ∆!
• Ε 7 0 −./0, 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ∗ 1+ :∗<1+)∗ .::02(.10 . ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4. 0 2.:0∆
Ε .:0 −02[ ∗+)Ι. 3(2.10 +6 1Ρ−(1.∆ ;.:∗. )0∗., ?<+8
Λ − Χ
Λ =
Λ
Λ
:
:
+∗ +
#1
−.(/
,(6+(,0 5.::08 1+∗+,6()., 0 −./0, 1+ 9∋ +)<)2(.10 1(::+ ?<+8
+Χ<)10 5.::08
ΜΝ / = ΟΠ /
+,2+(,0 5.::08
ΜΝ ΟΠ
:ΘΠ Ρ
∗
∃#
5
/
−.(/
()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. ∗+6 0 :+Χ<()∗+ 30,6.∗08
ΜΝ ΟΠ
ΜΝ Ρ
∗
∃%
Ρ
?<+ ,+:</∗. +68
,2 /
5,0Α(6.)108
,
5
/
3
8− 3
9
.
+ 30, ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. <6. 671(. + 20)Ι+2+,60: . −.,(Η)2(. 1. 505</.4=0∆
<∗(/(>.60: . ∗.;+/. 1. −.,(≅−+/ )0,6./
+ 30, ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. <6. 671(. + )=0 20)Ι+2+,60: . −.,(Η)2(. 1.
505</.4=0∆ <∗(/(>.60: . ∗.;+/. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ϑ. 6+)0: ?<+ 0 +Α+,2Β2(0 1(Χ. 5.,. <∗(/(>.,
. ∗.;+/. 1. −.,(≅−+/ )0,6./Κ
+ 30, ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. <6. 5,050,4=0∆ <∗(/(>.60: . ∗.;+/. 1. −.,(≅−+/ )0,6./
∃ 26;≅ ∋;Λ∋;
i =1
< :+Ε.∆ . −.,(≅−+/ χ 2 7 (Χ<./ . <6. :06. 10: ?<.1,.10: 1+ Θ −.,(≅−+(: )0,6.(: 1+
671(. >+,0 + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 <)(∗≅,(0
(>+60: ?<+ χ 2 ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(
?<.1,.10 206 Θ Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
∃&
)∗=0 −.( 3<)2(0)., .::(6 +65,+ ?<+ ∗(−+,60: <6. :(∗<.4=0 +6 ?<+ . −.,(≅−+/
+)−0/−(1. 5<1+, :+, +Α5,+::. 2060 <6. :06. 1+ ?<.1,.10: 1+ −.,(≅−+(: )0,6.(:
,+1<>(1.:∆ ∗./ −.,(≅−+/ ∗+,≅ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10 5.,. +/. )Φ: 501+60:
20):</∗., . ∗.;+/. +:5+2Β3(2. 5.,. . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10 ,.∗.:+ 1. .;+/. ∆
.)+Α.1. .0 3()./ 1+:∗. .</.∆ Χ+,.1. 206 0 Α2+/
−.(
:Β6;0/0 ϑ∋∆Κ 7 <6. 30,6. 1+ ,+5,+:+)∗., −.,(≅−+(: ./+.∗Φ,(.: )0,6.(: ΛΜ
()1(2. ?<+ . −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(. )0,6./
+)∗,0 10 5.,[)∗+:(:∆ 0 5,(6+(,0 )Ρ6+,0 ()1(2.
. 671(. + 0 :+Χ<)10 )Ρ6+,0 ()1(2. . −.,(Η)2(.
)∗=0 0 ?<+ ∗+60: ). ?<+:∗=0 7 <6. :06. 1+ ?<.1,.10: 1+ −.,(≅−+(: )0,6.(: 206
671(. >+,0 + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 <)(∗≅,(0
Ο≅ :.;+60: ?<+ +:∗. :06. ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10 206 ) Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
5
/
∃1
∗ :
Σ
∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10 +∆ 5.,. +/.∆ )Φ: 501+60: 20):</∗., . ∗.;+/.
ϑ20/02.1. .0 3()./ 1. .</.Κ :∗. ()30,6.4=0 7 Ρ∗(/ 5.,. ∗+:∗.,60: Ι(5Φ∗+:+: .2+,2. 1.
−.,(Η)2(.∆ ;+6 2060 5.,. 1+3()(,60: ()∗+,−./0: 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . 6+:6.
6 Χ,.)1+ 2<(1.10 ?<+ ∗+60: ?<+ ∗+, 206 . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10 7 ?<+ +/.
)=0 7 :(67∗,(2. ϑ.0 20)∗,≅,(0 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ + 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 Κ
5+).: 5.,. :+ ∗+, <6. (17(. 10 Χ,≅3(20∆ :+Χ<+ +Α+65/0 .;.(Α0∆ 5.,. Χ,.<: 1+
/(;+,1.1+
−.(
∃4
ΤΑΚΥς
Κ
:
∗
0Χ08
Α
:
∗ Ω
Κ
ΚΥς
s 2 × (n − 1)
060 −(60:∆ ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10 206 n − 1 Χ,.<: 1+
σ2
(X )
n
2
/(;+,1.1+ 0Χ0∆ i −X ∗.6;76 ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10 206 n − 1
i =1
Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+
5
/ 6
∃∗
0):</∗.)10 . ∗.;+/. ∆ 5.,. Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+∆ −+60: ?<+ .5+).: ∆!Ν 10:
−./0,+: :=0 :<5+,(0,+: . ∃∆
;.(Α0 ∗,.>+60: <6 ∗,+2Ι()0 1. ∗.;+/. /. )0: 1≅ −./0,+: 1+ χ k ∗.(: ?<+ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ 1+
2
0):</∗.)10 . 6+:6. ∗.;+/.∆ 5.,. Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+∆ −+60: ?<+ ∃∀∆!Ν 10:
−./0,+: :=0 :<5+,(0,+: . ∆∋
,0;.;(/(1.1+
%,.< 1+ ∋∆∃∃! ∋∆∃∃∋ ∋∆∃∀! ∋∆∋! ∋∆∋∋ ∋∆∋∋!
/(;+,1.1+
∆∋ ∆∃∀ ∋∆ !∆∀∃ ∆∃ ∆∋
∆ ∃∆! ∋∆∃ ∆∀ ∋∆∃ ∆∀∃
∃∆ ∋ ∋∆∃ ∆ ∃ ∆∋∀ ∆ ∆
∃∆ ∋∆! ∆∋ ∃∆ ∆∃∋ !∆!!∃
%
−.(
ο 5.::08 1+∗+,6()., 0: −./0,+: 1+ χ 2 ?<+ 1+/(6(∗.6 <6 ()∗+,−./0 206 . 20)3(.)4.
:0/(2(∗.1. +:∗+ +Α+,2Β2(0∆ 1+−+,Β.60: 1+∗+,6()., <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.
.,. ∗.)∗0∆ ;.:∗. 20):</∗., . ∗.;+/. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10∆ 206 Χ,.<: 1+
/(;+,1.1+
0):</∗.)10 . ∗.;+/. ϑ20/<). 1+ 97,5% + Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+Κ∆ ∗+60: ?<+ . ≅,+.
−+,1+ 1+ 3(Χ<,. .;.(Α0 7 1+ ∃∀∆!Ν
%#
Ο<)∗.)10 .: 1<.: 3(Χ<,.:∆ ∗+60: ?<+ . ≅,+. −+,1+ 1. 3(Χ<,. .;.(Α0 7 1+ ∃!Ν
%∃
0,88 ≤σ 2≤ 2,79
5
/
−.(
ο 5.::08 1+∗+,6()., 0: −./0,+: 1+ χ 2 ?<+ 1+/(6(∗.6 <6 ()∗+,−./0 206 . 20)3(.)4.
:0/(2(∗.1. +:∗+ +Α+,2Β2(0∆ 1+−+,Β.60: 1+∗+,6()., <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ ∃∋Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.
.,. ∗.)∗0∆ ;.:∗. 20):</∗., . ∗.;+/. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10∆ 206 ! Χ,.<: 1+
/(;+,1.1+
0,86 ≤σ 2≤ 2,97
5
/
%%
−.(
ο 5.::08 1+∗+,6()., 0: −./0,+: 1+ χ 2 ?<+ 1+/(6(∗.6 <6 ()∗+,−./0 206 . 20)3(.)4.
:0/(2(∗.1. +:∗+ +Α+,2Β2(0∆ 1+−+,Β.60: 1+∗+,6()., <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.
.,. ∗.)∗0∆ ;.:∗. 20):</∗., . ∗.;+/. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ?<(?<.1,.10∆ 206 ! Χ,.<: 1+
/(;+,1.1+
=0 206<): ./Χ<): ∗(50: 1+ +Α+,2Β2(0: +6 ?<+ :+ 5+1+ 0 ∗.6.)Ι0 ?<+ 1+−+ ∗+, .
.60:∗,. 5.,. ?<+ :+ 20):(Χ. <6. 1+∗+,6().1. .65/(∗<1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.
)∗+: 1+ −+,60: +::+ ∗(50 1+ +Α+,2Β2(0∆ 7 ;06 ∗+,60: <6. )04=0 1. ,+/.4=0 +)∗,+ .
.65/(∗<1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. + 0 +,,0 1. +:∗(6.∗(−.
ϑ0−
0):(1+,+ 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃∋∆∋Ν 5.,. . 671(. 1+ <6. 505</.4=0 )0,6./
206 −.,(Η)2(. ∆ 20):∗,<Β10 . 5.,∗(, 1. :+Χ<()∗+ .60:∗,.8 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∋ <./ 0 +,,0
6≅Α(60 206+∗(10 ). +:∗(6.∗(−. 1. 671(. 505</.2(0)./Π
%&
−.(
0):</∗.)10 . ∗.;+/. ∆ ∗+60:8
671(. .60:∗,./ 78
. . .
,
1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1. 671(. .60:∗,./ 78
+
+,
()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 3(2.8
: /(6(∗+: 10 ()∗+,−./0 :=08
Ξ∆∀ Ψ ∃∆Ζ
06 ∃∋∆∋Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ . 671(. 505</.2(0)./ +:∗≅ +)∗,+ ∆∀ + ∃∆
<./ 0 6.(0, +,,0 ?<+ 206+∗+60: ?<.)10 <:.60: . 671(. .60:∗,./ 5.,. +:∗(6., .
671(. 505</.2(0)./Π ::0∆ 7 2/.,0∆ 20):(1+,.)10 <6 20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+
∃∋∆∋Ν
671(. .60:∗,./ +:∗≅ ;+6 )0 6+(0 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 0Χ0∆ 0 +,,0 :+,≅ 6.(0,
:+ . 671(. 505</.2(0)./ +:∗(−+, +6 <6. 1.: +Α∗,+6(1.1+: 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.
+,,0 :+,≅ 6≅Α(60 :+ . 671(. 505</.2(0)./ 30, (Χ<./ . ∆∀ 0< :+ +/. 30, (Χ<./ . ∃∆
0 5,(6+(,0 2.:0∆ 0 +,,0 206+∗(10 3(2.8
erro = X − µ
erro = 6 − 2,7 = 3,3
0 :+Χ<)10 2.:0∆ 0 +,,0 206+∗(10 78
erro = 6 − 9,3 = −3,3
6 ?<./?<+, <6 1+::+: 10(: 2.:0:∆ 0 6Φ1</0 10 +,,0 7 1+ ∆ 206<6 ?<+ 0:
+Α+,2Β2(0: (Χ)0,+6 . 5./.−,. 6Φ1</0 + 1(Χ.6 .5+).: Λ+,,0Μ
+::+ 6010∆ 1(>+60:
?<+∆ )0: 10(: 2.:0: .2(6.∆ 0 +,,0 206+∗(10 30( 1+ ∆
)∗=0∆ ?<.)10 0 +Α+,2Β2(0 :+ ,+3+,(, . +,,0 6≅Α(60 206+∗(10∆ +/+ ?<+, ?<+ . Χ+)∗+
:<50)Ι. ?<+ . 671(. 505</.2(0)./ +:∗≅ Ε<:∗.6+)∗+ ). +Α∗,+6(1.1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+
20)3(.)4.
0∗+ ?<+ 0 +,,0 6≅Α(60 7 :+65,+ 6+∗.1+ 1. .65/(∗<1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.
+::+ +Α+65/0∆ 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. +,. Ξ∆∀ Ψ ∃∆Ζ
<. .65/(∗<1+ 78
Amplitude = 9,3 − 2,7 = 6,6
. 6+∗.1+ 1. .65/(∗<1+ 78
%1
Amplitude 6,6
= = 3,3
2 2
7ϑ
3= 0 3
3
Μ8− 3
9
./
0,,+:50)1+ Τ 6+∗.1+ 1. .65/(∗<1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.
7ϑ
3
:∗(6.4=0 1. 671(.∆ 206 −.,(Η)2(. 505</.2(0)./ 20)Ι+2(1.8
erro _ max = Z 0σ X
:∗(6.4=0 1. 5,050,4=08
erro _ max = Z 0 s pˆ
%4
−.(/
∗.6.)Ι0 1+ .60:∗,. 1+ ∗Ψ
6 :+Χ<(1.∆ 0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. 7 .<6+)∗.10 5.,. ∋∋ 0< 2Ι.6., +:∗+ )0−0
%∗
ΞΨ Χ/,
,
5
/
+:<6()10 0 ?<+ 3(>+60:8
∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. 30( 6</∗(5/(2.10 50, 0Χ0∆ +∗ 30( 6</∗(5/(2.10 50,
060 +∗ +:∗≅ )0 1+)06().10,∆ +)∗=0 . .65/(∗<1+ 30( 1(−(1(1. 50,
−.(/
&)
−.(
. 5,(6+(,. 5+:?<(:.∆ 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 30( Ξς ∆∋Ψ ς ∆∃Ζ
&
n' = 4n
06 (::0∆ +∗ 30( 1<5/(2.10 060 20):+?<[)2(.∆ . .65/(∗<1+ 30( 1(−(1(1. 50,
)0−. .65/(∗<1+ 78
Χ/,
Φ
06 (::0∆ 0 )0−0 ()∗+,−./0 7 2+)∗,.10 +6 !∆ 206 .65/(∗<1+ 1+ ∆∃
:∗0 )0: 5+,6(∗+ .2Ι., 0: /(6(∗+: 10 )0−0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.8
3,92
65 + = ∆∃
2
3,92
65 − = ∆∋
2
0Χ08
63,04 ≤ µ ≤ 66,96
5
/
∋( # 9
3 2( − ))1 +,
.,. ,+:50)1+, Τ ?<+:∗=0 :+Χ<()∗+∆ <∗(/(>+∆ 1+)∗,+ .: ()30,6.4Γ+: .;.(Α0∆ .: ?<+ Ε</Χ.,
.1+?<.1.: + 9 ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ +)∗=08
P (0 < Z < 1) = 0,341
P (0 < Z < 1,6) = 0,445
P (0 < Z < 2) = 0,477
6. −.,(≅−+/ ./+.∗Φ,(. ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 206 671(. µ + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 ∋∋
∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. 5.,. ?<+ . 1(3+,+)4.∆ +6 −./0, .;:0/<∗0∆ +)∗,+ . 671(. .60:∗,./
+ µ :+Ε. 6+)0, 10 ?<+ ∆ 206 20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃Ν 78
.Κ ∋∋∋
;Κ ∋∋
2Κ ∋∋
1Κ ∋∋
+Κ ∋∋
−.(
+Α+,2Β2(0 3(Α0< 0 +,,0 6≅Α(60 . :+, 206+∗(10 +∆ 5.,. ?<+ (::0 020,,.∆ 5+,Χ<)∗0< ?<+
∗.6.)Ι0 1+−+ ∗+, . .60:∗,.
+,,0 6≅Α(60 206+∗(10 7 (Χ<./ .8
erro _ max = Z 0σ X
&
< :+Ε.8
(2.60: 2068
⊥__α5Ι
+∗
+∗
+∗
∗
,,
5
/
∋( #∃
)) +2 ,
)0,6./ 206 671(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1. + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 Σ ∋∋ Ι0,.: 6 +:∗<10 3+(∗0
∗+650 1+ 1<,.4=0 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 .5.,+/Ι0 +/+∗,⊥)(20 :+Χ<+ <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
206 <6. .60:∗,. 1+ Σ ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: 5,01<>(< <6 ∗+650 671(0 1+ 1<,.4=0 (Χ<./
. !∋∋∋ Ι0,.:
06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 ?<+
4 ∆ +6 ?<+ 5 7 1+3()(10
50, 6
5 7 + 6 ,+5,+:+)∗. . 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .2<6</.1. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
)0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 5,ΦΑ(60 (∗+6
0):(1+,.)10 ?<+ + ) :+Ε.6 −./0,+: 20):∗.)∗+:∆ :+ 0 )Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. .<6+)∗.,∆ 0
2065,(6+)∗0 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1(6()<(,≅
+:0/<4=08
)1+8
+ 0 )Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. .<6+)∗.,∆ +:∗.60: .<6+)∗.)10 0 −./0, 1+ 0Χ0∆ .
.65/(∗<1+ 10 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. ∗.6;76 .<6+)∗.,≅ 0Χ0∆ 0 (∗+6 +:∗≅ 3
5
/ 3
∋( #%
)) +2 ,
)0,6./ 206 671(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1. + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 Σ ∋∋ Ι0,.: 6 +:∗<10 3+(∗0
∗+650 1+ 1<,.4=0 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 .5.,+/Ι0 +/+∗,⊥)(20 :+Χ<+ <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
206 <6. .60:∗,. 1+ Σ ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: 5,01<>(< <6 ∗+650 671(0 1+ 1<,.4=0 (Χ<./
. !∋∋∋ Ι0,.:
&%
06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 ?<+
4 ∆ +6 ?<+ 5 7 1+3()(10
50, 6
5 7 + 6 ,+5,+:+)∗. . 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .2<6</.1. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
)0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 5,ΦΑ(60 (∗+6
+ 0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. 30, 1+ ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: ϑ206 Σ∋∋ ()./∗+,.10Κ∆ 0 +,,0
6≅Α(60 5,0−≅−+/ 1+ ∃!Ν 1. +:∗(6.∗(−. :+,(. 6+)0, ?<+ ∋ Ι0,.:
+:0/<4=08
+,,0 6≅Α(60 7 1.10 50,8
β
+∗
<;:∗(∗<()10 0: −./0,+:8
,
/
+,
+,,0 6≅Α(60 7 1+ ∃∆ Ι0,.:
%.;.,(∗08
χ89 χ _ 89 7
+6 ?<+ 7 + 89 ,+5,+:+)∗. . 671(. .60:∗,./
+::+ 2.:0∆ 7 20,,+∗0 .3(,6., ?<+
β ε
∗δ
φ
_
+6 ?<+ βγ
7 0 ?<.)∗(/ 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0 + ε 7 0 20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+
−.,(.4=0
+:0/<4=08
%+)+,(2.6+)∗+∆ . .65/(∗<1+ 1+ <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . 671(. 7 1.1. 50,8
&&
+∗
)1+ 7 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 505</.2(0)./∆ ∗ 7 0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. + 7 0 −./0, 1.
;.)2. <:0< 0 :Β6;0/0 βγ
)0 /<Χ., 1+ .,. :(65/(3(2., . +:2,(∗.∆ −0< <∗(/(>.,
)0,6./ 5.1,=0 .::02(.10 .0 )Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+:+Ε.10 0 2.:0 1+:∗. ?<+:∗=0∆ .
6+:60
χ89 χ _ 89 7
+
)∗=08
χ89 χ _ 89 7
::(68
_89
+∗
+∗
_ 89
&1
P ( Z > 2) = 0,023 Ψ P (0 < Z < 1,6) = 0,445 Ψ P( Z < 1) = 0,84 Ψ P (0 < Z < 2,33) = 0,49
.,. +:∗(6., . 5,050,4=0 1+ 2<,. 1+ <6 6+1(2.6+)∗0 .)∗(5.,.:(∗≅,(0 ,+./(>0<:+ <6
+Α5+,(6+)∗0 2/Β)(20∆ .5/(2.)10:+ 0 6+1(2.6+)∗0 +6 φ)γ 10+)∗+: +:20/Ι(10: .0 .2.:0
+:∗. .60:∗,. 30( 20):(1+,.10 ?<+ ∋Ν 10: 10+)∗+: 30,.6 2<,.10: 06 ;.:+ )+:∗.:
()30,6.4Γ+: + <∗(/(>.)10 0 +0,+6. +)∗,./ 10 (6(∗+∆ 0 −./0, 1+ ∆ 5.,. ?<+ 0 +,,0
206+∗(10 ). +:∗(6.4=0 :+Ε. )0 6≅Α(60 ∋∆∋∆ 206 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃Ν∆ 7 1+8
.Κ
;Κ !
2Κ
1Κ ∃
+Κ
−.(
01+60: ()∗+,5,+∗., ?<+∆ ). .60:∗,. 5,+/(6().,∆ . 5,050,4=0 1+ 2<,. −+,(3(2.1. 30( 1+
∋Ν
5.,∗(, 1+::+ −./0,∆ 501+60: 2./2</., 0 −./0, 1+ φγ 5.,. <6. :+Χ<)1.
.60:∗,.Χ+6∆ 1+ ∗./ 30,6. ?<+ 0 +,,0 6≅Α(60 :+Ε. 1+ ∋∆∋
060 0 Χ,≅3(20 7 :(67∗,(20∆ +)∗=0 . ≅,+. −+,1+ 1. 3(Χ<,. .;.(Α0 7 (Χ<./ . ∋∆∃8
1#
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0 ϑ9Κ ?<+ . 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ ϑρ9ρ µ Κ Σ ∃!Ν∆ ∗+6:+ ?<+ 0
∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. 1+−+ :+, 1+
ϑ
Κ ∋∋
ϑΚ
ϑΚ
ϑ
Κ ∃
ϑΚ !
−.(/
−./0, 1+ 9∋ 1.10 ). ?<+:∗=0 7 (Χ<./ .
ΜΝ ΟΠ
Ξ Ρ
∗
/
Ρ
∗
+ /
+∗
∗
5
/
1%
ϑΚ ∋∋∋
ϑ
Κ !∋∋
ϑΚ ∋!
−.(/
<.)10 . −.,(Η)2(. 7 6≅Α(6.∆ :.;+60: ?<+ . 5,050,4=0 .60:∗,./ 7 (Χ<./ . ∋∆!
ΜΝ ΟΠ
+,,0 6≅Α(60 3(2.8
⊥__α5Ι :ΘΠ
ΜΝ ΟΠ
⊥__α5Ι Ρ
∗
/ Ρ
∗
+∗ / ,
∗ ,
5
/
−.(/
+,,0 6≅Α(60 7 1.10 50,8
11
−.(/
060 . −.,(Η)2(. 7 1+ !∆ +)∗=0 0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 7 ! ϑΣ ,.(> ?<.1,.1. 1+ !Κ
1∗
−./0, 1+ 9∋ 7 (Χ<./ . ϑ1.10 )0 +)<)2(.10Κ8
1+:−(0 5.1,=0 1. 671(. .60:∗,./ 7 (Χ<./ .0 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 .60:∗,./ 1(−(1(10 50, ,.(>
?<.1,.1. 1+ Λ)Μ8
:
+∗
+/
+∗
+∗ +/
∗ /
5
/
.Κ ∆∋
;Κ ∆∋
2Κ ∆
1Κ ∆
+Κ !∆∋
−.(/
. ∗.;+/. .2(6.∆ ∗+60:8
/ =
/
0Χ08
4#
ΡΧ Χ
∗
Ρ ,
∗
Ρ
Χ ∗
∗
ι ,
Χ
∗
,
∗
5
/
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ −./0,+: 10: ./<Χ<7(: 10: (6Φ−+(: +6 <6. 2+,∗. /02./(1.1+ 7 ;+6
,+5,+:+)∗.1. 50, <6. 2<,−. )0,6./ 206 1+:−(05.1,=0 505</.2(0)./ 1+ ς ∋∋∆∋∋
0, 6+(0 1+ <6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. 1+ ∋∋ (6Φ−+(: )+:∗+ /02./∆ 1+∗+,6()0<:+ <6
()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . 671(. 1+:∗+: −./0,+:∆ 206 <6 1+∗+,6().10 )Β−+/ 1+
20)3(.)4.∆ 2060 :+)10 Ξς !∋∆∋∋Ψ ς ∋∆∋∋Ζ
6+:6. 671(. .60:∗,./ 30( 0;∗(1. 206 0<∗,0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1+ .60:∗,.∆ 206 0 6+:60
)Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. .)∗+,(0,∆ :+)10 0 )0−0 ()∗+,−./0 Ξς ! ∋∆∋∋Ψ ς ∋∆∋∋Ζ 0: 10(:
2.:0: 20):(1+,0<:+ ()3()(∗0 0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. 505</.4=0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,.
20):(1+,.1. )0 :+Χ<)10 2.:0 30( 1+8
.Κ !
;Κ !
2Κ
1Κ ∋∋
+Κ !
+:0/<4=0
4%
−.(
∀ κλ)µ
+∗
+∗
1+:−(0 5.1,=0 505</.2(0)./ 7 ς ∋∋∆∋∋ −./0, 1+ 9∋ .::02(.10 . ∃!Ν 1+ 20)3(.)4.
7 ∆∃ ϑ;.:∗. 20):</∗. Τ ∗.;+/. Κ
+∗
44
+∗ Χ
∗ Φ/Χ
06.)10 0 ()∗+(,0 (6+1(.∗.6+)∗+ :<5+,(0,∆ ∗+60: ∃
5
/
ν ο
<π< ,Χ
−.(
4∗
. 5,0;.;(/(1.1+ ϑ9 > Κ = ∆!Ν∆ ∗+6:+ ?<+ 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν 5.,. .
−(1. 671(. 1.: /Η65.1.: 7
ϑ
Κ Ξ ∋ ∆ ∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ ∆ Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∋ ∆ ∋Ζ
ϑ
Κ Ξ ∆ Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃! ∆ ∋!Ζ
∋( ∃
)) +2 ,
)0,6./ 206 671(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1. + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 Σ ∋∋ Ι0,.: 6 +:∗<10 3+(∗0
∗+650 1+ 1<,.4=0 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 .5.,+/Ι0 +/+∗,⊥)(20 :+Χ<+ <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
206 <6. .60:∗,. 1+ Σ ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: 5,01<>(< <6 ∗+650 671(0 1+ 1<,.4=0 (Χ<./
. !∋∋∋ Ι0,.:
06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 ?<+
4 ∆ +6 ?<+ 5 7 1+3()(10
50, 6
5 7 + 6 ,+5,+:+)∗. . 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .2<6</.1. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
)0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 5,ΦΑ(60 (∗+6
6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν 5.,. +::. +:∗(6.∗(−. 7 1.10 50, +#4)=∃> ∃∗=&,
Ξ0;:+,−.4=08 5+/0 20)∗+Α∗0 1. 5,0−.∆ _+::. +:∗(6.∗(−._ 7 . +:∗(6.∗(−. 1. 671(.
505</.2(0)./Ζ
∋( % 6
))) +2 ,
6 5:(2Φ/0Χ0 1+:+Ε. +:∗<1., 0 ∗+650 ϑ+6 6()<∗0:Κ ?<+ 0: +65,+Χ.10: 1+ <6.
6()<∗0
∗
∗#
.Κ 3,0 ± 0,37
;Κ 3,0 ± 0,41
2Κ 3,0 ± 0,45
1Κ 3,0 ± 0,68
+Κ 3,0 ± 0,73
∋( 4 ! ))& +,
.,. ,+:0/−+, . ?<+:∗=0 .;.(Α0∆ 20):(1+,+ .: ∗.;+/.: . :+Χ<(, /.: 30,)+2+6 ./Χ<):
−./0,+: 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ϑΑΚ
∗.;+/. ,+3+,+:+ Τ −.,(≅−+/ )0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ .: ∗.;+/.:
+ ,+3+,+6:+ Τ −.,(≅−+/ ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206 ! + Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+∆
,+:5+2∗(−.6+)∗+8
∗∃
∗&
∋( # !
:
3 2Β3 ))1 +,
.,. ,+:50)1+, Τ ?<+:∗=0 :+Χ<()∗+ 20):(1+,+∆ 1+)∗,+ 0: 1.10: .;.(Α0∆ .?<+/+: ?<+
Ε</Χ., .5,05,(.10: + 9 ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ +)∗=08
P ( Z > 2) = 0,023 Ψ P (0 < Z < 1,6) = 0,445 Ψ P ( Z < 1) = 0,84 Ψ P (0 < Z < 2,33) = 0,49
+ ∗ ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206 Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+∆ +)∗=08
P (t < 2,06) = 0,975 Ψ P (t < 2,49) = 0,99 Ψ P (t < 1,71) = 0,95
Β)1(2+ 1+ 6.::. 20,5Φ,+. 7 2./2</.10 1(−(1()10 0 5+:0 1. 5+::0. 5+/0 ?<.1,.10 1+
:<. ./∗<,. .,. . 505</.4=0 1+ Ι06+): 1+ 6+(. (1.1+ ?<+ 6.(: ∗.,1+ 1+:+)−0/−+6 .
10+)4. 1+ 1(.;+∗+:∆ . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 10: Β)1(2+: ;≅:(20: 1+ 6.::. 20,5Φ,+. 7
.5,0Α(6.1.6+)∗+ )0,6./ 206 671(. µ + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 σ 1+:20)Ι+2(10: .,. <6.
.60:∗,. 1+ ! Ι06+): :+/+2(0).10: 1+::+ Χ,<50∆ 0;:+,−0<:+ <6 Β)1(2+ 671(0 1+
X = 25,2 ΘΧι6 206 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 s = 2,5 ΘΧι6 6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν
5.,. . 671(. µ 1. 505</.4=0 7 1.10 50,8
.Κ 25,2 ± 2,15
;Κ 25,2 ± 1,56
2Κ 25,2 ± 1,03
1Κ 25,2 ± 0,86
+Κ 25,2 ± 0,68
∋( ∃ ))∗ +,
6. .60:∗,. 206 .5+).: ∃ +/+6+)∗0: 30( +Α∗,.Β1. 1+ <6. 505</.4=0 )0,6./ 1+
∗.6.)Ι0 ()3()(∗0 206 −.,(Η)2(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1.
671(. .60:∗,./ .5,+:+)∗0< <6 −./0,
(Χ<./ . ∋ 206 <6. −.,(Η)2(. (Χ<./ . 6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃∋Ν 5.,. .
671(. 30( 0;∗(10 <∗(/(>.)10 . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗∆ 20):(1+,.)10
∋∆∋! 0 ?<.)∗(/ 1.
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 ∗ 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 5.,. ∗+:∗+ <)(2.<1./ ∗./ ?<+ ϑ
> t 0, 05 Κ = ∋∆∋!∆ 206 ) Χ,.<:
1+ /(;+,1.1+ ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4.∆ <∗(/(>.)10 0: 1.10: 1. .60:∗,.∆ 7
ϑ
Κ Ξ∀∆∀Ψ ∆ Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∀∆Ψ ∆!∃Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∀∆∀Ψ ∆!Ζ
ϑ
Κ Ξ∀∆!Ψ ∆Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∀∆! Ψ ∆Ζ
∗1
ϑ
Κ Ξ∀∆!∋Ψ ! ∆!∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∀∆∋∋Ψ !∀∆∋∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃∆∋∋Ψ ∋ ∆∋∋Ζ
ϑ
Κ Ξ∃∆!∋Ψ ∋ ∆!∋Ζ
ϑΚ Ξ∃∆!∋Ψ ∋∀∆!∋Ζ
∋( &
)) +2 ,
)0,6./ 206 671(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1. + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 Σ ∋∋ Ι0,.: 6 +:∗<10 3+(∗0
∗+650 1+ 1<,.4=0 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 .5.,+/Ι0 +/+∗,⊥)(20 :+Χ<+ <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
206 <6. .60:∗,. 1+ ) Σ ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: 5,01<>(< <6 ∗+650 671(0 1+ 1<,.4=0 (Χ<./
. !∋∋∋ Ι0,.:
06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 ?<+
4 ∆ +6 ?<+ 5 7 1+3()(10
50, 6
5 7 + 6 ,+5,+:+)∗. . 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .2<6</.1. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
)0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 5,ΦΑ(60 (∗+6
∗4
0):(1+,+ ?<+∆ . 3(6 1+ .−./(., 1+:5+:.: 206 :./≅,(0: 10 5+::0./ /0∗.10 +6 Φ,Χ=0: 10
01+, Α+2<∗(−0∆ 1+∗+,6().1. :+2,+∗.,(. 1+ 3.>+)1. 1+2(1(< 3.>+, <6 /+−.)∗.6+)∗0
+6 ?<.∗,0 Φ,Χ=0: +6 ,+/.4=0 .0 6[: 1+ .Χ0:∗0 1+ ∋∋∃ : 1.10: 0;:+,−.10: +:∗=0
.5,+:+)∗.10: ). ∗.;+/. .2(6.
∋( 4 !3
)) +2 ,
6 <6. 1(:5<∗. 206+,2(./ +)∗,+ 10(: 5.Β:+:∆ ϕ + 9∆ .<∗0,(1.1+: 10 5.Β: ϕ
.,Χ<6+)∗.−.6 ?<+ 6+1(1.: 5,0∗+2(0)(:∗.: 10 5.Β: 9 (65+1(.6 . /(−,+ 2(,2</.4=0 1+
;+): +)∗,+ +::+: 5.Β:+:
+ .20,10 206 +::. .,Χ<6+)∗.4=0∆ .: 2065.)Ι(.: 10 5.Β: 9
5,.∗(2.−.6 5,+40: 6+)0,+: +6 ϕ ?<+ )0 :+< 5,Φ5,(0 5.Β: .,. +:∗<1., +::+ 5,0;/+6.∆
<6 5+:?<(:.10, 0;∗+−+ 1<.: .60:∗,.: ./+.∗Φ,(.:∆ 2.1. <6. 20)∗+)10 ∋∋ −+)1.: )0
5.Β: ϕ + ∋∋ −+)1.: )0 5.Β: 9∆ 5.,. 0 6+:60 5+,Β010 + 5.,. 0 6+:60 ;+6
206+,2(./(>.10 )+::+: 10(: 5.Β:+:
. .)≅/(:+ 1.: 0;:+,−.4Γ+: 30,.6 0;∗(10: 5,+40:
671(0:
89Γ Φ,
89Η Φ
+ 1+:−(0:5.1,Γ+:
:9Γ
:9Η ,
∗010: +6 1Φ/.,+: )0,∗+.6+,(2.)0:∆ 5.,. .: .60:∗,.: 10: 5.Β:+: ϕ + 9∆
,+:5+2∗(−.6+)∗+
06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+: + ).: 3Φ,6</.: <:<.(: 5.,. ()3+,[)2(. +:∗.∗Β:∗(2. )0 2.:0
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−
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.(
− 03(
∗∗
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1Φ/.,+:
∋( ∗ !0 )) +2 ,
1. ,+:(:∗[)2(. +/7∗,(2. 8Κ
,+:(:∗[)2(. 671(. 0;:+,−.1. . 5.,∗(, 1+::. .60:∗,.
<50)10 ?<+ . ,+:(:∗[)2(. +/7∗,(2. :(Χ. <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 206 671(. +
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ΦΦ ΦΦ
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+ +
))
)
)
+ ∗ ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206 Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+ ϑ∗ > ∆ Κ = ∋∆∋
+ ∗ ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ ∗<1+)∗ 206 Χ,.<: 1+ /(;+,1.1+ ϑ∗ > ∆!Κ = ∋∆∋
+Α5+,([)2(. 206 ∗,.;./Ι.10,+: 1+ <6. 2+,∗. ()1Ρ:∗,(. ()1(2. ?<+ 0 ∗+650 ,+?<+,(10
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+:+Ε.:+∆
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∗.6.)Ι0 1+:∗. .60:∗,.∆ 5.,. ?<+ . 1(3+,+)4. +6 −./0, .;:0/<∗0 +)∗,+ 0 −+,1.1+(,0
−./0, 505</.2(0)./ + :<. +:∗(6.∗(−. :+Ε. 1+ )0 6≅Α(60 6()<∗0:∆ 206 5,0;.;(/(1.1+
1+ ∃ Ν∆ 7
ϑ
Κ
ϑΚ
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Κ
ϑΚ ∃
∋( #∃
)) +2 ,
)0,6./ 206 671(. 1+:20)Ι+2(1. + 1+:−(0 5.1,=0 Σ ∋∋ Ι0,.: 6 +:∗<10 3+(∗0
∗+650 1+ 1<,.4=0 1+ 1+∗+,6().10 .5.,+/Ι0 +/+∗,⊥)(20 :+Χ<+ <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
206 <6. .60:∗,. 1+ Σ ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: 5,01<>(< <6 ∗+650 671(0 1+ 1<,.4=0 (Χ<./
. !∋∋∋ Ι0,.:
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4 ∆ +6 ?<+ 5 7 1+3()(10
50, 6
5 7 + 6 ,+5,+:+)∗. . 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .2<6</.1. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
)0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 5,ΦΑ(60 (∗+6
Considerando que e n sejam valores constantes, se o nível de confiança aumentar, o
comprimento do intervalo de confiança diminuirá.
∋( #%
)) +2 ,
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206 <6. .60:∗,. 1+ Σ ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: 5,01<>(< <6 ∗+650 671(0 1+ 1<,.4=0 (Χ<./
. !∋∋∋ Ι0,.:
06 ;.:+ )+::.: ()30,6.4Γ+:∆ + 20):(1+,.)10 ?<+
4 ∆ +6 ?<+ 5 7 1+3()(10
50, 6
5 7 + 6 ,+5,+:+)∗. . 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .2<6</.1. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
)0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0 5,ΦΑ(60 (∗+6
+ 0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. 30, 1+ ∋∋ .5.,+/Ι0: ϑ206 Σ∋∋ ()./∗+,.10Κ∆ 0 +,,0
6≅Α(60 5,0−≅−+/ 1+ ∃!Ν 1. +:∗(6.∗(−. :+,(. 6+)0, ?<+ ∋ Ι0,.:
∋( #& 2 ) +2 ,
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+:∗.∗Β:∗(2.
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φ
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−.,(.4=0
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6 ,(;<)./ 1+ 0)∗.: ,+./(>0<∆ +6 1+∗+,6().10 .)0∆ <6 /+−.)∗.6+)∗0 +:∗.∗Β:∗(20
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(,,+Χ</.,+: +Α(:∗+)∗+: 7 6<(∗0 Χ,.)1+∆ 30( ∗06.1. <6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. :(65/+: 1+
∋∋ 5,02+::0: (,,+Χ</.,+: : 5,02+::0: .60:∗,.10: 30,.6 2/.::(3(2.10: +6 10(: ∗(50:8
06 ;.:+ ).: ()30,6.4Γ+: .2(6.∆ + 20):(1+,.)10:+ ?<+ ϑ∆!Κ Σ ∋∆∃∃∆ +6 ?<+ ϑ>Κ
,+5,+:+)∗. . 3<)4=0 1+ 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .2<6</.1. 1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ Ε</Χ<+ 0
(∗+6 :<;:+?<+)∗+
∋( #4 !
:
3 2Β3 ))1 +,
.,. ,+:50)1+, Τ ?<+:∗=0 :+Χ<()∗+ 20):(1+,+∆ 1+)∗,+ 0: 1.10: .;.(Α0∆ .?<+/+: ?<+
Ε</Χ., .5,05,(.10: + 9 ∗+6 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0∆ +)∗=08
P ( Z > 2) = 0,023 Ψ P (0 < Z < 1,6) = 0,445 Ψ P ( Z < 1) = 0,84 Ψ P (0 < Z < 2,33) = 0,49
.,. +:∗(6., . 5,050,4=0 1+ 2<,. 1+ <6 6+1(2.6+)∗0 .)∗(5.,.:(∗≅,(0 ,+./(>0<:+ <6
+Α5+,(6+)∗0 2/Β)(20∆ .5/(2.)10:+ 0 6+1(2.6+)∗0 +6 φ)γ 10+)∗+: +:20/Ι(10: .0 .2.:0
+:∗. .60:∗,. 30( 20):(1+,.10 ?<+ ∋Ν 10: 10+)∗+: 30,.6 2<,.10: 06 ;.:+ )+:∗.:
()30,6.4Γ+: + <∗(/(>.)10 0 +0,+6. +)∗,./ 10 (6(∗+∆ 0 −./0, 1+ ∆ 5.,. ?<+ 0 +,,0
206+∗(10 ). +:∗(6.4=0 :+Ε. )0 6≅Α(60 ∋∆∋∆ 206 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃Ν∆ 7 1+8
)&
.Κ
;Κ !
2Κ
1Κ ∃
+Κ
∋( #∗ <
( ))4 +,
6 <6. 2(1.1+∆ 20):(1+,.1. 206 <6. 505</.4=0 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0 ()3()(∗0∆ 7 3+(∗0 <6
+:∗<10 0;Ε+∗(−.)10 1+∗+2∗., . 5,050,4=0 1+ Ι.;(∗.)∗+: ?<+ 5,+3+,+6 . 6.,2. 10
:.;0)+∗+ κ 6. .60:∗,. 5(/0∗0 30,)+2+< <6 −./0, 1+ ∋Ν 5.,. +::. 5,050,4=0
+:+Ε.:+ 0;∗+, <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν 5.,. . 5,050,4=0∆ ∗+)10 0 ()∗+,−./0
<6. .65/(∗<1+ 1+ ∋Ν + . 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .60:∗,./ 1. 3,+?θ[)2(. ,+/.∗(−. 10:
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∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,. 1+−+ :+, 1+
ϑ
Κ ∋∋
ϑΚ
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)1
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+6:+ <6. 505</.4=0 )0,6./ 206 671(. + −.,(Η)2(. !
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5.,∗(, 1+ <6. .60:∗,. 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0 ) 1+::. 505</.4=0∆ <6 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,.
206 .65/(∗<1+ ! + 20+3(2(+)∗+ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν
::()./+ . 054=0 ?<+
20,,+:50)1+ .0 −./0, 1+ ) :+ 2060 .5,0Α(6.1.6+)∗+ 0 ?<.)∗(/ 1+ 0,1+6 ∃∀∆!Ν
1. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./ 5.1,=0
.Κ !
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1Κ
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∋( ∃% 6 )) +2,
6 .<1(∗0, 1+:+Ε. +:∗(6., . 5,050,4=0 5 1+ 20)∗.: ()20,,+∗.6+)∗+ 20)∗.;(/(>.1.: )0
5,02+::0 20)∗≅;(/ 1+ <6. ():∗(∗<(4=0 3().)2+(,. +:∗+ 20)∗+Α∗0 1+2(1+ ∗06., <6.
.60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. 1+ ∗.6.)Ι0 ) 1.: 20)∗.: + +:∗(6., 5 <:.)10 . 5,050,4=0 .60:∗,./
1+ 20)∗.: ()20,,+∗.6+)∗+ 20)∗.;(/(>.1.: .<1(∗0, 20):(1+,. . 505</.4=0 1+ 20)∗.:
()3()(∗. + ?<+ . 5,050,4=0 .60:∗,./ ∗+)Ι. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 .5,0Α(6.1.6+)∗+ )0,6./ 206
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1+ ) ?<+ 0 .<1(∗0, 1+−+ ∗06., 5.,. +:∗(6., 5 206 +,,0 )=0 :<5+,(0, . !Ν 5.,. 6.(:
0< 5.,. 6+)0: 206 )Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. 1+ ∃!Ν
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1Κ !∋∋
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∋( ∃& 5; ))4 +2,
%,.)1+ 5.,∗+ 1+ <6. 505</.4=0 1+ 5+::0.: 50::<( 1+∗+,6().1. 2.,.2∗+,Β:∗(2.
+:+Ε.
:+ +:∗(6., . 5,050,4=0 1+ 5+::0.: 206 +:∗. 2.,.2∗+,Β:∗(2. <./ 0 −./0, 6.(: 5,ΦΑ(60
10 ∗.6.)Ι0 1+ <6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. 5.,. :+ 0;∗+, <6. +:∗(6.∗(−. 1+:∗. 5,050,4=0
206 <6 +,,0 5.1,=0 1+ !Ν
.Κ ∃
;Κ
2Κ !
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∗
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∋( %) 6Φ))& +,
1(:∗,(;<(4=0 1+ −./0,+: 10: ./<Χ<7(: 10: (6Φ−+(: +6 <6. 2+,∗. /02./(1.1+ 7 ;+6
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0, 6+(0 1+ <6. .60:∗,. ./+.∗Φ,(. 1+ ∋∋ (6Φ−+(: )+:∗+ /02./∆ 1+∗+,6()0<:+ <6
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20)3(.)4.∆ 2060 :+)10 Ξς !∋∆∋∋Ψ ς ∋∆∋∋Ζ
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)Β−+/ 1+ 20)3(.)4. .)∗+,(0,∆ :+)10 0 )0−0 ()∗+,−./0 Ξς ! ∋∆∋∋Ψ ς ∋∆∋∋Ζ 0: 10(:
2.:0: 20):(1+,0<:+ ()3()(∗0 0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. 505</.4=0 ∗.6.)Ι0 1. .60:∗,.
20):(1+,.1. )0 :+Χ<)10 2.:0 30( 1+8
.Κ !
;Κ !
2Κ
1Κ ∋∋
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∋( % ! ; ))1 +,
6. )0−. 6.,2. 1+ /Η65.1. +:∗≅ :+)10 +:∗<1.1. .:+.10 +6 +:∗<10: .)∗+,(0,+:
206 0<∗,.: 6.,2.: :(6(/.,+:∆ 501+:+ .16(∗(, ?<+ . −(1. 671(. :+Χ<+ <6. 1(:∗,(;<(4=0
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. .5,0Α(6.4=0 P ( −2 ≤ Z ≤ 2) = 0,95 ∆ 0)1+ 9 7 . )0,6./ 5.1,=0Κ 5.,. . −(1. 671(. :+Ε.
1+ 6+:+: 7 1+8
.Κ
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+ <6. 505</.4=0 ()3()(∗. κ∆ 206 1(:∗,(;<(4=0 )0,6./∆ 206 671(. + −.,(Η)2(. ∃∆
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:(Χ)(3(2Η)2(. 1+ ϕ∆ +:∗(60<:+ 0 ()∗+,−./0 1+ 20)3(.)4. 5.,. . 671(. +6 Ξλ∋∆Ψ !∆ Ζ
. 6+:6. 505</.4=0∆ +Α∗,.(<:+ <6. .60:∗,. ∋∋ −+>+: 6.(0, ?<+ . .)∗+,(0, +
ν ο
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/(;+,1.1+ ∋∆∃∃! ∋∆∃∃∋ ∋∆∃∀! ∋∆∃!∋ ∋∆∃∋∋ ∋∆∀!∋ ∋∆!∋ ∋∆∋∋ ∋∆∋!∋ ∋∆∋! ∋∆∋∋ ∋∆∋∋!
! ∋∆!∋ ∆! ∆∋ ∆ ∆∀ ∃∆∃∃ ∃∆∃ ∆ ∀∆ ! ∋∆ ∆ ∆∃
∆ ∋ ∆∃ ∆ !∆∀∃ ∀∆∃ ∋∆ ∋∆! !∆! ∆! ∆∃ !∆ ∆∃∋
∀ ∆∋ ∆∀∃ ∆!∀ ∆! ∆ ∆∀∃ ∆! ∆∀ ∋∆ ∆∃! ∆∃ ∃∆ !
∆ ∆! ! !∆∋ ∆∃ ∆∃∃ ∆ !∀ ∆ ∋ ∀∆∃ ∆∀ ∆ ∆∀ !∋∆∃∃
∃ ∆ ∆! ∆∋∀ ∀∆∀∋ ∃∆∀ ∆! ∀ ∆∀ ∃∆∋∀ ∆!!∀ !∆∀ ∃∆! !∆
∋ ∆∀∀ ∆∃! ∆∀∃ ∆∃ ∋∆!∃∃ ∆∀ ∆∋∋ ∋∆! ∆∀∀ ∆∃∀∃ !∋∆∃ !∆ ∀
∋ ∋∆∀∋∀ ∆ ∆ ∆!∋∃ ∃∆∋! ∆ ∋ !∆ !∆∋! !!∆∀! !∃∆ ∆ ∃ ∆∀
!∋ ∀∆∃∃ ∃∆∀∋∀ ∆!∀ ∆∀ ∀∆ ∃ ∆∃ ! ∆ ∆ ∀ ∀∆!∋! ∀∆∋ ∀ ∆! ∀∃∆∃∋
∋ !∆! ∀∆! ∋∆ ∆ ∆!∃ !∆∃ ∆∃ ∀∆∃∀ ∀∃∆∋ ∆∃ ∆∀∃ ∃∆∃!
∀∋ ∆∀! !∆ ∆∀! !∆∀∃ !!∆∃ ∆ ∃ ∀∀∆!∀∀ !∆!∀ ∃∋∆! ∃!∆∋ ∋∋∆! ∋∆!
∋ !∆∀ !∆!∋ !∀∆! ∋∆∃ ∆∀ ∀∆! ∆∋ ∃ ∆!∀ ∋∆∀∃ ∋ ∆ ∃ ∆∃ ∆
∃∋ !∃∆∃ ∆∀! !∆ ∀ ∃∆ ∀∆∃ ∋∆ ! ∃∆ !∋ ∋∀∆! ! ∆! ∆ ∆ ∆∃∃
∋∋ ∀∆ ∀∋∆∋ ! ∀∆ ∀∀∆∃∃ ∆! ∃∋∆ ∋∃∆ ∆∃ ∆ ∃∆! !∆∋∀ ∋∆ ∃
4