Electrical Power Systems

ENEE 3522
Final Project

5/6/2011
Prepared By: Yubaraj Sharma

Submitted to: Dr. Ittiphong Leevongwat

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Abstract
In this term project, a two bus power system is provided, that includes a generator, 2
transformers, a transmission line and a 3 phase load. One of the transformers is a step up Delta-
Wye configuration and the other one is a step down Wye-Delta configuration. To simplify the
calculations the transformer resistance and the shunt reactance are ignored.

The entire system was minimized to a per-phase circuit to further simplify the calculations.

Initially, Excitation Voltage was calculated going backwards from the load towards the
generator. The power angle and the complex power supplied by the generator were then
calculated.

To do rest of the part of the assignment, a Matlab code was written.

For analysis purpose:

a) Power angle and Excitation voltage was calculated and plotted using the Matlab code
while varying the power factor from 0.1 to 1.
b) Power angle was calculated and plotted while varying the power at the load.
c) Voltage at the load was calculated while varying the power at the load.

Prepared by: Yubaraj Sharma ENEE 3522-Term Project Submitted to: Dr. Itti
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Table of Contents
 Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pg.3

 Figure 1: Two bus power system-----------------------------------------------------Pg.3

 Approach-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pg.4

 Figure 2: Per Phase circuit-----------------------------------------------------------Pg. 4

 Figure 3: Radial View of Conductor-------------------------------------------------Pg.5

 Results---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pg.8

 Table I: Power Factor Vs. Power Angle--------------------------------------------Pg.8

 Table II: Power Factor Vs. Excitation Voltage-------------------------------------Pg.8
 Figure 4: Power factor Vs. Power angle and Excitation Voltage---------------Pg. 8
 Table III: PLoad Vs. Power Angle-----------------------------------------------------Pg.9
 Figure 5: PLoad Vs. Power Angle-----------------------------------------------------Pg. 9
 Table IV: Power Vs. Voltage at Bus 2---------------------------------------------Pg. 10
 Figure 6: Power Vs. Voltage at Bus 2---------------------------------------------Pg. 11
 Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pg. 12

 Appendix----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pg. 13

Prepared by: Yubaraj Sharma ENEE 3522-Term Project Submitted to: Dr. Itti
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Introduction
A two-bus power systems as shown in the Figure 1, was provided.

Figure 1: Two-Bus power system

In this system, various components with the following specifications were also provided.

Generator: The 120-MVA, 13.8 kV, 60 Hz, two-pole, Y-connected, three-phase round-rotor
synchronous generator at Bus 1 has a synchronous reactance of 1.9 Ω per phase. Armature
winding resistance is neglected.

Transformers: Two 13.8Δ-230Y kV transformers are used. The first one is used as a step-up
transformer connected at Bus 1. The second one is used as a step-down transformer connected at
Bus 2. The primary-referred reactance of the transformers is 0.21 Ω per phase (Δ). Transformer
resistances and shunt reactance are neglected.

Transmission Line: The 230 kV three-phase line is 200 miles long and has three bundle
conductors each with 8 Aluminum sub conductors with radius equal to 0.0686 ft. The conductors
are transposed using a delta arrangement with the horizontal phase separation of 75 ft and the
vertical separation of 60 ft. The radii of the bundle conductors are the same and equal to 21 inch.
The operating frequency is 60 Hz. Only series inductance (in Ω per mile per phase) is
considered. Neglect the series resistance and shunt admittance (conductance and capacitive
susceptance).

Using these specifications, the voltages, power angle and complex power are to be calculated at
various conditions. After calculating these parameters, they are to be plotted for analysis
purpose.

Prepared by: Yubaraj Sharma ENEE 3522-Term Project Submitted to: Dr. Itti
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Approach
Initially the given system was re-drawn as a per-phase circuit in order to simply the analysis. It is
important to understand how the values of the parameters change accordingly when converting a
system to a per-phase. The figure below shows the per-phase circuit of the given system.

I1 ILine ILoad

Load

V1 E1 ejπ/6 E2 E3 ejπ/6 E4 VL

Figure 2: Per-Phase circuit of the given two bus power system

Finding per-phase excitation voltage of the generator:

In the per-phase circuit shown above, the excitation voltage is labeled as E f. In order to calculate
the excitation voltage, it is apparent that the calculations must begin from the load side
considering the fact that the current driven from the motor (I1) is unknown.

Given, Bus voltage at the load, 13.8Kv

Let us consider that all the parameters with subscript ‘load’ are in per-phase. And they
correspond to the parameters shown in the per-phase circuit above.

| |
√

Also, Power at the load,

or, | | | |

or, | |

Now, since we know the power factor is 0.9 lagging,

( )

Prepared by: Yubaraj Sharma ENEE 3522-Term Project Submitted to: Dr. Itti
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Also, it is given that

Now,

( )

Transmission Line:

Here first the line conductance of the transmission line (XLine) has to be calculated.

According to the specifications given for the transmission line, sub conductors could be placed in
a conductor as shown in the figure below.

60 ft.

75 ft.

Figure 3: Radial view of One conductor of Transmission line

Here it is also given that, radius of each sub-conductor (r) is 0.0686 ft. and the vertical distance
between the conductors is 60 ft.

We know that the distance between the top sub conductor the bottom two conductors,

√ ( )

Now, Geometric Mean Distance between the sub conductors

( )

Again, Geometric Mean radius of the conductor

( ) ( ( ) )

Prepared by: Yubaraj Sharma ENEE 3522-Term Project Submitted to: Dr. Itti
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Hence the line reactance is

( ) ( )

Now,

Now,

Also,

Now current at the generator:

Here,

Hence, the excitation voltage,

( )

Where, XS = 1.9Ω and X1 =0.07 Ω

Power Angle (δ)

We know that power angle is phase shift between Bus 1 Voltage and generator excitation
voltage.

Hence,

Three phase complex power (S)

( )

Prepared by: Yubaraj Sharma ENEE 3522-Term Project Submitted to: Dr. Itti
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Voltage at Bus 2 when Voltage at Bus 1 is fixed at 13.8 KV

When R=0, we know that

| || |
| |

| || | | |
| | | |

Here, V1 = The voltage at the bus 1

VLoad = Voltage at the load (Voltage at the Bus 2)

XT = Total Reactance between bus 1 and Bus 2

δ = Phase shift between Bus 1 and Bus 2

We also know that,

( ) ( | | | | )( ) | |

It could be observed that this equation is in the form of

Also we know that,

( )
Using these equations, we can solve for the total impedance which in this case is only the
reactance.

Hence,

( ( ) )

Now, referring V1 to the transmission line, we get,

Using this value of V1’, XT and the desired value of P2 and Q2, the value for VLoad can be
calculated.

Matlab code that performs the solution to the equations above was written and the results are
recorded in the results section.

Prepared by: Yubaraj Sharma ENEE 3522-Term Project Submitted to: Dr. Itti
 8

Results
After completing the design and calculating all the missing parameters/specifications, a Matlab
code to perform each of the calculations was written. This code was also written to plot some of
the relationships between parameters. All of the data and plot below are calculated using this
Matlab code.

First the Excitation Voltage and the power angle of the system was calculated while varying
power factor from 0.1 to 1 with an increment of 0.1. The values of the excitation voltage and the
power angle while varying the power factor are recorded in the tables shown below.

Table I: Power factor VS Power angle graph data Table II: Power factor VS Excitation Voltage (Ef)

Power factor Power Angle (δ) Power factor Excitation V (Ef) (x105V)
0.1 1.215 0.1 1.104
0.2 3.555 0.2 0.59
0.3 6.216 0.3 0.42
0.4 8.97 0.4 0.33
0.5 11.77 0.5 0.277
0.6 14.665 0.6 0.244
0.7 17.748 0.7 0.21
0.8 0.187
0.8 21.243
0.9 0.165
0.9 25.737
1 37.99 1 0.129

The plot for the data in the tables above was observed as seen below.
5
Power Factor VS Power angle and Excitation Voltage x 10
2

36

32
Excitation Voltage Magnitude |Ef|

28
PA
Power Angle (PA)

24
|Ef|
20 1

16

12

0 0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Power Factor(pf)

Figure 4: Plot for PF VS. Power Angle and Excitation Voltage

Prepared by: Yubaraj Sharma ENEE 3522-Term Project Submitted to: Dr. Itti
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Then the Power angle of the system was calculated when the Power at the load was varied from 50MW to
500 MW with an increment of 50MW. The recorded value of power angle for the varied power at the load
is shown in the table below.

Table III: Power at load VS Power Angle

Power at load (x107) W Power Angle (degrees)
1.667 19.35
3.333 25.74
5.000 27.2
6.6667 26.82
8.3333 25.73
10.000 24.4
11.6667 23.03
13.3333 21.75
15.0000 20.48
16.6667 19.34

The plot of the relationship shown in the table is as follows:

Power at Load VS. Power angle

28

27

26

25
Power angle

24

23

22

21

20

19
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Power at Load 7
x 10

Figure 5: Relationship between Power at the Load and Power Angle

Prepared by: Yubaraj Sharma ENEE 3522-Term Project Submitted to: Dr. Itti
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Again, by keeping the voltage at the Bus 1 constant at 13.8KV and assuming power factor of 0.9,
and varying the power at Bus 2 from 0 through 200 MW at an increment of 10 MW, the voltage
at the Bus 2 was calculated. The calculated values as observed in Matlab is shown in the table
below.
Table IV: Power VS Magnitude of Voltage at bus 2 graph data

Power at bus 2(MW) +ve |V| (x104) Bus 2 -ve |V| (x103) Bus 2
0 1.38 0
10 1.36 0.392
20 1.344 0.794
30 1.323 1.21
40 1.301 1.64
50 1.276 2.09
60 1.245 2.564
70 1.22 3.066
80 1.184 3.605
90 1.144 4.197
100 1.097 4.866
110 1.035 5.6717
120 0.938 6.824
130 (0.819+0.15i) (8.19-1.4i)
140 (0.828+0.245i) (8.29-2.454i)
150 (0.838+0.314) (8.378-3.14i)
160 (0.867+0.37i) (8.467-3.699i)
170 (0.855+0.418) (8.555-4.18i)
180 (0.864+0.462i) (8.643-4.62i)
190 (0.873+0.502i) (8.73-5.012i)
200 (0.882+0.54i) (8.815-5.4i)

The plot for the relationship as seen in the table is as follows.

Prepared by: Yubaraj Sharma ENEE 3522-Term Project Submitted to: Dr. Itti
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Power vs Voltage at Bus 2

14000

12000
Magnitude of Voltage at Bus 2

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Power at bus 2 8
x 10

Figure 6: Relationship between Voltage at Bus 2 and Power and Bus 2

Prepared by: Yubaraj Sharma ENEE 3522-Term Project Submitted to: Dr. Itti
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Conclusion
In this assignment a two bus power system was given with several parameters and specifications
missing. Using various power systems analysis techniques namely, per phase analysis,
transmission line, transformer and motor analysis, all the required specifications were calculated
successfully.

A Matlab program was also written to solve for each of these problems and also to plot the
relationships between several specifications.

After observing the plot obtained by using Matlab, various conclusions could be made:

1. The power factor of a system increases gradually if power angle is increased.

2. The excitation voltage generated by the motor decreases as the power factor increases.
3. If constant power factor is maintained power angle initially increases as the power at the
load increases but after a certain point the power angle reaches its maximum and
gradually decreases even though the power at the load is increased.
4. If the power at the load is increased gradually maintaining a constant power factor,
initially the positive half of the voltage signal decreases and the negative half of the
signal increases. After the increment and decrement reaches its peak, even though the
variable is a real power, the voltage is observed to create positive phase for positive
signal and negative phase for negative signal.

After calculating all the required parameters and observing relationships between some of the
specifications, the assignment was successfully completed.

Prepared by: Yubaraj Sharma ENEE 3522-Term Project Submitted to: Dr. Itti
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Appendix
The Matlab code written to perform all the required calculations and plot their relationships is
shown below.
%ENEE 3522 Final Project
%Yubaraj Sharma

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
%TO CALCULATE THE PER-PHASE EXCITATION VOLTAGE/POWER ANGLE
%CALCULATE THREE PHASE COMPLEX POWER (QUESTION- (a),(b),(c)
%PLOT THE GRAPHS- QUESTION # (d)
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------

%TRANSMISSION LINE SPECIFICATIONS

N = 8; %Number of subconductor
r = 0.0686; %subconductor radius
rPrime = 0.7788 * r ; % r prime
A = 21 / 12; % radius of bundle conductor

%CALCULATE TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETER

D1 = 75;
D2 = sqrt(60^2 + (D1/2)^2);
D3=D2;
GMD = (D1*D2*D3)^(1/3);
GMR = (N * rPrime * (A^(N-1)))^(1/N);
L =2*1e-7 * log(GMD/GMR); %L in H/m
Xline = 1i*200*1600*L*377;

%GIVEN SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE SYSTEMS

Vload=13800/sqrt(3);
pf=0.1:0.1:1;
%pf=0.9;
X1 = 1i*(0.21)/3;
Tgain = 230 / 13.8;
Power = 100e6;
%Power = 50e6:50e6:500e6;
Pload = Power./3;

%CALCULATE CURRENT
Iload = (pf.^-1).*(Pload./Vload).*exp(-1i*(acos(pf)));
Iline = (Iload * exp(1i * pi/6))/Tgain ;
I1 = Iload ;

%CALCULATE VOLTAGES AT DIFFERENT POINTS

E4 = Vload + (Iload.*(X1));
E3 = (Tgain).*E4*exp(1i.*pi/6);
E2 = E3+Iline.*(Xline);
E1 = (E2./Tgain)*exp(-1i.*pi/6);
V1 = (I1.*X1)+E1;
V1_angle=rad2deg(angle(V1));

%EXCITATION VOLTAGE

Prepared by: Yubaraj Sharma ENEE 3522-Term Project Submitted to: Dr. Itti
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Ef = (I1.*1i.*1.97)+V1;
Ef_Magnitude=abs(Ef);
Ef_angle=rad2deg(angle(Ef));

%POWER ANGLE
Power_Angle=(Ef_angle) - (V1_angle);

%POWER SUPPLIED BY THE GENERATOR PER PHASE

Power_Gen_1Phase =Ef.*I1.*exp(1i*pi);

%TOTAL POWER SUPPLIED BY THE GENERATOR 3-PHASE

Power_Gen_3Phase=3*Power_Gen_1Phase;

%PLOT POWER FACTOR AGAINST POWER ANGLE AND EXCITATION VOLTAGE

figure(1);grid
[AX,H1,H2] = plotyy(pf,Power_Angle,pf,Ef_Magnitude,'plot');grid
set(get(AX(1),'Ylabel'),'String','Power Angle (PA)')
set(get(AX(2),'Ylabel'),'String','Excitation Voltage Magnitude |Ef|')
xlabel('Power Factor(pf)');
title('Power Factor VS Power angle and Excitation Voltage');

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
%PLOT POWER AT LOAD AGAINST POWER ANGLE
%POWER AT LOAD VARYING FROM 50 TO 500 MW PF=0.9
%QUESTION # (e)
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
figure(2);
plot(Pload,Power_Angle);grid
xlabel('Power at Load');
ylabel('Power angle');
title('Power at Load VS. Power angle');

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
%CALCULATE THE VOLTAGE AT BUS 2 KEEPING VOLTAGE AT BUS 1 13.8 KV
%PLOT POWER AT LOAD AGAINST VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE OF BUS 2
%QUESTION (f)
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
pf2=0.9;
V1 = 13800;
P2 = (0:10*10^6:200*10^6);
Q2 = tan(acos(pf2)).*P2;
beta = tan(acos(pf2));
X = abs(Xline)./Tgain^2 + 2*abs(Xeq);
V2_p=sqrt((V1.^2)./2-Q2.*X+sqrt((V1^4)./4-(X.*P2).*(X.*P2+beta.*(V1.^2))));
V2_n=sqrt((V1.^2)./2-Q2.*X-sqrt((V1^4)./4-(X.*P2).*(X.*P2+beta.*(V1.^2))));
Q2 = tan(acos(pf2)).*P2;

%PLOT VOLTAGE MAG AT BUS 2 VS POWER AT LOAD

figure(3)
plot(P2,V2_p,P2,V2_n);grid
xlabel('Power at bus 2');
ylabel('Magnitude of Voltage at Bus 2');
title('Power vs Voltage at Bus 2');
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prepared by: Yubaraj Sharma ENEE 3522-Term Project Submitted to: Dr. Itti