THE NEW PALI COURSE PARTS [&Il Prof. A. P. BUDDHADATTA, Maha Nayaka Thera ste BUDDHIST CULTURAL CENTRETHE NEW PALI COURSE _ PARTS I & Il Buddhist Cultural Centre 125, Anderson Road, Nadimala, Dehiwala. } Tel : 734256, 726234 Fax: 736737 Email :bcc @sri.lanka.netThis Print - 1997 ISBN 955-9219-74-X Printed by Systematic Print (Pvt) Limited 125/2, Anderson Road, Nedimala. Dehiwala. FOREWORD ay Dr. G. P. MALALASEKARA University College, Colombo T consider it a great honour that I should have been asked to write this foreword. The eminence of Rev. A. P. Buddhadatta Thera as a scholar is far too well- known in Ceylon and elsewhere for his work to need any commendation from others. His books, particularly the Palibhdshdvalarana, have for many years now been a grost boon to students of Pali. The fact that they are written in Sinhalese has, however, restricted their uso only to those eoquainted with the language. Rev. Buddhadatta has by this present publication removed that disability. As s teocher of Pali, chiefly through the medium of English, I weloome thia book with great oordiality for it would considerably lighten my labours. It fulfils a great need and I wish it muocess with all my heart. I would also congratulate ‘the publishers on their enterprise in new field. G. P. MALALASEKARA. Dniversity College, Colombo. 17th June, 1937.PREFACE Pali is the language in which the oldest Buddhist texts were composed. It originated in the ancient country of Magadha which was the kingdom of Emperor Asoka and the centre of Buddhistic Jearning during many centuries. Pali is older than classical Sanskrit, and a knowledge of it is very useful to students of philology and ancient history. It is still the olassical language of the Buddhists of Ceylon, Burma and Siam. ‘During the latter half of the last century some European scholars became interested in the study of Pali and wrote some-articles and books to encourage the study of it. At the same time the publication of Pali Texts in Europe was begun through the efforts of Professors V. Fausboll, H. Oldenberg and T. W. Rhys Davids. Thanks to the indefatigable labours of the last mentioned scholar and the Pali Text Society, which he established some fifty years ago, the whole of the Pali Canon (of the Theravida School) is now found in print. Pali is now taught in many universities both in the East and the West. There is also a desire all over the civilized world at the present day to read the original Pali ‘Texts in order to find out what the Buddha has preached to mankind 25 centuries ago and to see what historical and philological treasures are enshrined therein. There- fore, to facilitate the study of Pali, some modern scho- lars have compiled Pali courses, grammars and readersaccording to modern methods. Of these the Pali Grammar by Chas. Duroiselle, formerly Professor of Pali at Rangoon College, still stands unrivalled. Gray's alt Course has done much service for a long time to stadents in India and Burma ; and 8. Sumangala’s Pali ‘Course has done the same to students in Ceylon. Although such books were written in European languages hardly any sppeared in Sinhalese. Here they studied Pali through books which were written many ‘enturies ago. ‘Therefore, about 1920, when some schools in Ceylon began to teach Pali, the great difficulty before them was the lack of suitable books. ‘Thon, requested and encouraged by Mr. P. de S. Kuls- ratua, Principal, Ananda College, I compiled Pali- bhdshdvatarana (I, I, LI) in Sinhalese to teach Pali grammer and composition to beginners. It was a ‘sucoéss ; the demand for the first book necessitated the publisher to bring out three editions of it within eleven years from 1923 to 1934*. ‘Many complimented, the work. Recently there came ‘@ request from Burma for permission to translate the same into Burmese. Some suggested to me to -writo if in English as the books already mentioned dia not satisfy them; but I dared not to do it as my know- edge of English was insufficient for such a task. But finally Iwas prevailed upon by Dr. G. C. Mendis to produce this volume. This is not a literal translation of the Sinhalese edition, but @ different compilation on the same lines. To ‘understand the nature of the work it is enough to quote from the report, sent to me by the “Text Book Com- mittee” of the Education Department of Ceylon, on Now i xi ‘the Sinhalese one : “This is a book for teaching Pali beginners through the medium of Sinhalese ie The method adopted is the“ modern one of teaching the Janguages through composition. The lessons are well graded and practical. This supplies a long felt want - + - We should recommend it for use in schools ad an introduction to the study of Pali”, ‘My thanks are due, first of all, to Dr. G. C. Mendis who very kindly waisted me in’ many wapy te ei ‘out this volume ; secondly to Dr. G. P. Malalasckara, Lecturer in Oriental Languages, Ceylon University College, for his Foreword, and lastly to the Colombo Apothecaie’ Co., Ltd. for the publication of this A. P. BUDDHADATTA. Aggirima, ‘Am 16th Sune, 1997.TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Preface. The Alphabet Pronunciation Parts of Speech Gender, Number and Case Declension of Nouns .. > Conjugation of Verbs : Conjugation of the Root “Paca’ Different, Conjugations ‘The Seventh Conjugation Masculine Stems ending ini Past Tense .. Personal Pronouns Future Tense ‘Masculine Nouns ending in i .. Masculine Nouns ending in u .. Adjectival Nouns ending in u Masculine Nouns ending in & ‘Adverbs of timo. : Declension of Feminine Nouns ‘The Imperative o o ‘The Optative or Potential Feminine Stems ending in i Feminine Stems ending in f Indeclinable Past Participle Feminine Nouns ending in u .. xii PAGE wonwewnh es BERSSSESAdverbs of Place Neuter Gender The Infinitive : Neuter Nouns ending in i ‘Nouter Nouns ending in w Some more Particles .. Classification of Nouns Adjectives (Pronominal) ‘The Demonstrative Pronoun “Ta” ‘The Demonstrative Pronoun “Ima” The Verbal Adjectives or Participles ‘Tho Present Participlo Past Participles “To” in the Sense of Ablative Adjectives Numerals .. oe Declension of Numerals Ordinal Numerals Adverbs Syntax Order of a Sentence . Concord How to Enlarge and ‘ies « 's Sentence Passive Voice Passive Partioiples Cousal or Causative Verbs ‘The ‘Vocabulary — Pali-English ‘English-Pali THE NEW PALI COURSE PART I THE ALPHABET 1. The Pali alphabet consists of 41 letters, eight ‘vowels and thirty-three consonants. Vowsis a, 81, hu, a, 6, 0 Consonants k, kh, g, gh, och jy ih, t th, d. dh, t, th, d, dh, yp, ph, b. bh, yuh wa hho Beem 2. Of the vowels a, i, u are shot ; the rest are long. Although € and o are included in long vowels they ‘are often sounded short before a double consonant, eg. Metta, Setthi, Okkamati, Yottan.! 1. Wide Book Ii for Further treatment of letters. 7B2 THE NEW PALI COURSE 3. PRONUNCIATION @ is pronounced like a in what or ue in hut a . a in father i » iin mine i : , eo ineee a » ow in pu a : y 00 in pool e » = 8 imeage ° » oi k » yk im kind kh, » kh in Blackheath e ” » 8 ingame tho 2 gh in big house a : » Mg insinger © » » ch in chance ch teh in witch-hazet jh } dge h in sledge-kammer a » » gn in signore t : 2b imeat th th in ant-hild qd » » a inbad qh, dh im red-hot a : kn in bow t : > th im thumb th th — in pot-herb qs » th im then dh, » dh in adherent pho, ph in uphild bh, Bh in abhorrence y ” » y imyes s » 8 insight 5 : yong insing i,m, p, b, m, x, ], v and h are pronounced just as they ‘are pronounced in English. THE NEW PALI COURSE 3 PARTS OF SPEECH 4. In English there are 8 parts of speech. Thoy are all found in Pali, but the Pali Grammarians do not classify them in the same way. Their gencral classifi- cation is = 1. Nama noun Akhyita = verb Pronouns and adjectives are included in the first group. Adjectives are treated as nouns because they ‘are declitied like nouns. Conjunctions. prepositions, adverbs and" all other indeclinables are included in the fourth group. Gender, Number and Case 5. ‘There are in Pali as in English three genders and ‘vo numbers. Gender: (1) Pulliiga Masculine (2) Itthiliviga = Feminine ’ (3) Napurreakatiniga -- Neuter Numeer: (1) Ekavacana ~ Singular (2) Bakuvacana =: Plural 6. Nouns which denote males are masculine ; those which denote females are feminine; but nouns which denote inanimate things and qualities are not always neuter, eg, Rukkha (tree), Cand (moon) are masculine, Nadi (river), Lata (vine), Paiiia (wisdom) are feminine. Dhana (wealth), Citta (mind) are neuter.4 THE NEW PALI COURSE ‘Two words denoting the same thing may be, some- times, in different genders; Pésina and Silé are both synonyms for s stone, but the former is masculine, and the latter is feminine. Likewise one word, without changing its form, may possess two or more genders eg. geka (house) is masouline and neuter, kuocki (belly) is masculine and feminine. ‘Therefore it should be remembered that gender in: Pali is a grammatical distinction existing in words it is called grammatical gender. 7. There are eight cases, namely : 1. Pathamé = Nominative 2. Dutiys = Accusative 3. (a) Tatiyd = Ablative of agent and () Karana = Ablative of instrument 4. Catutthi Dative 5. Paticami Ablative of separation 8. Chayht = Possessive or Genitive 1. Sattams Locative 8, Alapana Vocative ‘The Ablative in English is here divided into Totiys, Karana and Paficami. But, as Tatiyé ond Karena always have similar forms both of them are shown under “Instrumental”. Where only the “Ablative” is given the reader must understand that all (3) forms of the Ablative are included. THE NEW PALI COURSE 5 DECLENSION OF NOUNS 8. Nouns in Pali are differently declined according to their gender and termination. ‘Nara is masculine stem, ending in—a. It is to be declined as follows :-— Smoviar Puvrat Nom, Naro = man Ace. Naray = man Nare = men Ins. Narena = by, with or Narebhi; narehi = through man _ by, with or through men, Dat, Naraya ;narassa = to Nardinay = to or for or for man men Atl. Nard; naramha;na- Narebhi; narehi — rasmi = from man from men ofman —_-Nardinay = of men iaramhi; na- Naresu = on or in rasmin = on or in men Voc. Nara; nari=0Q man Naré = Omen Some of the stems similarly declined are :—6 THE NEW PALI COURSE monastery island ; lamp 9. Inflections or case-endings of the above declen- sion are: Case Smroutar PucraL Nom. ° a Ace. e , Ins. ebhi ; chi Dat. anay bl. ‘5 mba ; smi ebhi ; ebi den. 80 nay Loe. e; mhi; smi est Voc. asa a ‘The last vowel of the stem should be elided before an inflection which begins with a vowel. Exercise 1 Transtats 1xTo Exouish 1, Manussinap. 2. Purise. 3. Hatthap. 4. Padamhi. 5, Kayena, 6, Buddhesu. 7. Dhammag. 8. Safighambs. 9. Suriye. 10. Rukkhasse. J1. Akdsena. 12. BhOpe- Iebhi. 13. Devé. 14. Canday. 15. Gamasmé. 16. Go- = _ a THE NEW PALI COURSE 7 inan. 18. Asso. 19. Sakuna 20. Mai paya, 17. 8 casmin. Transtae m0 Patt 1, The dogs.. 2. Of the hand. 3. On the men. 4. From the tree. 5. In the islands. 6. With the foot. 7. By the hands. 8. To the lion. 9. Of the oxen. 10. From the birds. 11. By the king. . 12. Odeity. 13. To the sun. 14. In the sky. 15. Through the body. 16. On the bed. 17. Of the moons. 18. In the world, 19, The monkey. 20, Through the light. Exercise 2 ‘Transtate mo Excuse 1. Purisassa gono. 2. Manussanap hatthd. 3. Aka- samhi sakund. 4. Buddhassa dhammo. 5. Majicesu manuss. 6, Assinay pid. 7. Rukkhe sakuno. 8. Pésinamhi gono, 9. Lokasmin mianussé. 10. Bhips- lassa dipa ‘TRANSLATE INTO PaLt 1. The body of the ox. 2. The bird on the tree. 3. The island of the world. 4. With the feet of the man. 5. By the hand of the monkey. 6. Of the birds in the sky. 7. In the doctrine of the Buddha. 8, The villages of the king. 9. The birds from the tree. 19. ‘The horse on the path Remark In translating these into Pali, the articles should be left out. There are no parallel equivalents to them in Pali. But it should be noted that the Pronominal adjective “ta” (that) may be used for the definite article, and “eka” (one) for the indefinite. Both of them take the gender, number. and case of the nouns they qualify. (See §§46 and 48)8 THE NEW PALI COURSE CONJUGATION OF VERBS 10. There are three Tenses, two Voices, two Num- bers, and three Persons in the conjugation of Pali verbs. Tense 1. Vattamanakila = Present Tense 2. Atitakdla Past Tense 3. Andgatakala = Future Tense Voice 1. Kattukaraka = Active Voice 2, Kammakiraka = Passive Voice Person 1. Pathamapurisa = 3rd Person 2. Majjhimapurisa = 2nd Person , 3. Uttamapurisa = Ist Person “ ‘The first person in English is 3rd in Pali. ‘Numbers are similar to those of nouns. 11. There is no attempt to conjugate the Continuous, Perfect, and Perfect Continuous Tenses in Pali; there- fore only the indefinite forms are given here. Conjugation of the Root ‘paca’ (to cook) 12, Invicanve, PResest Aorive Voice Swvqutar PLURAL 3rd (So) pacati = he cooks (Te) pacanti=they cook 2nd (vag) pacasi = thou (Tumhe) pacatha—y cookest cook Ast (Ahan) pacimi = I (Mayay) pacima = we cook cook a __ THE NEW PALI COURSE 9 13. The base bhava (to be) from the root bhi is similarly conjugated. ‘3rd (So) bhavati = he is (Te) bhavanti = they are 2nd (Tvay) bhavasi = thou (Tumhe) bhavatha=you art are Ist (Ahap) bhavimi = (Mayay) bhavama=we Tam are Titthati Exercise 3 ‘Transtar isto ENcuish 1, Nara suriyay passanti. 2. Gona pasane titthanti. 3. Manusso gime carati. 4. Sakuno rukkhe nisidati. 5. Budtho dhamman bhasati. 6. Ahan dipay aharémi. 7. Mayan gone harama. 8. Saiigho gimag gacchati 9. Tvan sthay passasi. 10. Bhipala asse aruhanti. 11. Devi akisena gacchanti. 12. Assi dipesu dhavanti 13. Tvay padehi carasi. 14. Tumbhe hatthehi haratha 15. Mayan loke ve 16. Sunakha vanarehi kilanti, 37. Puriso mafice sayati, 18. Vardhé sjehi vasanti. 19. Sih& sakune hananti. 20, Sunakhi- game caranti.Pe 10 THE NEW PALI COURSE ‘TRaNstare iro PAT 1. ‘The horse stands on the rock. 2. The goats walk in the village. 3. You see the sun. 5. The moon rises in the sky. 5. ‘The men sleep in beds. 6. The oxen run from the lion. 7. People live in the world, 8. Thou ringest a lamp. 9. We live in an-island. 10. Thou art a king. 11. You see the bird on the tree. 12. The monkey plays with the pig. 13. The king kills a lion. 14. The deity walks in the sky. 16, Trees are in the jsland. 16. He carries the lamp. 17. We see the body ‘of the man, 18. We eat with the hands. Different Conjugations 14, There are seven different conjugations in Pali ; they are called dhatuganas (= groups of roots). The Pali grammarians represent roots with a final vowel, but it is often dropped or changed before the conjugational sign. Each dAdtugaya has one or more different con- jugational signs, which come between the root and the ‘Verbal termination. ‘The seven conjugations and their signs are: Ist Conjugation = Bhuvadigana : « and, «= = Rudhadigana : rina ard Divadigana: ya 4th oy Svadigana: no, nu, und oth Oy Kiyadigana: na 6h Tanddigana: 0, yira 7th =, = Curddigana:, aya A great number of roots are included in the frat and ‘the seventh group. The roots paca and bad, given above, THE NEW PALI COURSE u Belong to the first conjugation. The last vowel of “‘paca”’ is dropped before the conjugational sign a. ‘The monosyllabic roots like baz do not drop their vowel. It is gunated or strengthened before the con- jugational sign : { or I strengthened becomes e vorh 1 0 eg. Ni+a becomes Ne +a. Bhi+a ,, Bho+a ‘Then e followed by a is changed into ay a. ao, 4 ao «Ne +a becomes naya; Bho+a ,, bhava It is not necessary for a beginner to learn how these ‘bases are formed, But the bases will be given very often for the convenience of the students. The base is the rook with its conjugational sign combined. ‘The Seventh Conjugation 15, The special feature of the first conjugation is that the last vowel of the base is lengthened before the ‘First Personal endings. ‘The same rule is spplied for the bases ending with a of the 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 7th conjugations, in addition to their special-features. ‘The bases of the seventh conjugation are of two kinds ‘8 it has two conjugational signs, e.g. from the root pala ‘two bases pale and pdlava are formed. eeeI, a 2 THE NEW PALI COURSE Conjugation of Pala (to protect or govern) Base Pane Inpreattvs, PRESENT. Active Voice StxcuLar Puoman 3rd PAleti Palenti 2nd Palest Paletha lst Palemi Pilema Base PAtaya 3rd Playati Palayanti 2nd Palayasi Pilayatha Ist Palayami Palayama Some ‘of the similarly conjugated are : Pijeti = offers; respects Uddeti = flies Pileti = oppresses Udeti = (the sun or moon) rises Pate = fells down Thapeti = keeps 16. The conjugational sign nd of the fifth group is shortetied in the Third Person plural: Base VinKINA = 10sEuL SmvavLaR Puveat ‘3rd Vikkinati Vikkipanti 2nd Vikkindal Vikkindtha let Vikkindimi Vikkindma ‘The following are similarly conjugated: — buys Minati = measures knows Gaphati = takes hears Ugganhass = learns wins Ocindti = gathers (together); collects THE NEW PALI COURSE 3 Exercise 4 ‘Transtare tro Encuisit 1. Puttd dhamman ugganhanti. 2. Siho migay mareti. ‘3. Vanijassa putto gone vikkinati. 4. Mayan v8nijamhé, mejice kinéma. 5.-Lekhako mittena magge gacchati 6. Dasé mitténan sunakhe haranti. 7. Kassako' gone kiniti, 8. Kaka akdse uddenti. 9: Vaniji Buddhassa dhammay sunanti, 10. Cora mayare'corenti. 11. Ahan Bnddhag piijemi. 12. Tvay dipag jilehi. 13. Daso gona pileti. 14. Tumhe magge kassakay oloketha. 15. Mayan dhammap janama. TRANSLATE INTO PaLt 1. The robber steals an ox. 2. The clerk’s son buys a hore, 3. Merchants sell lamps. 4. He knows the friend’s son, 5. Boys learn in the village. 6. Pea- ‘cocks are on the.road. 7. The slave lights a lamp. 8. Lions kill deer. 9. The king governs the island. 10. Birds fly in the sky. .11, We see the sons of the merthant, 12, Look at the hands of the man. 13. You hear the doctrine of the Buddha. 14. They respect (or make ‘offerings to) the community. 15. The monkey teases (or oppresses) the birds. 1. Mayiira. = pescock. 17. Masculine Stems Ending in i Drcusxsiox or “Acct” (Free) SivcunaR ‘PLURAL Torr beet Ageis aggayo Ace” Agel Agel aggayo Inst. Aegina Agetbhi ; aggihi Lo4 THE NEW PALI COURSE. SINGULAR Prorat, Dut }Asaino: aggissa Ageinan Abl. ” Aggina; aggimha; aggisma. Aggibhi; aggihk Toc. Aggimhi; aggismin ——Aggisu ‘i ‘The following are similarly declined: — Kapi = monkey Ahi = serpent Dipi == leopard Ravi = sun Girt = mountain Mani = gem Yatthi = stick householder Nidhi = hidden treasure lord; leader Asi = sword Atithi = guest Rasi = heap Vyadhi = sickness Pani = hand Kucchi = belly fist, hammer Mutthi Bodhi = Bo-tree “More Veres Consucarep Like “Pacatt” comes i Ahindati = wanders i Likhati = writes Vandati ~ bows down. Labhati = gets Paharati — beats [ Dasati = bites Exercise 5 ‘TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH J. Muni dhammay bhasati. 2. Gahapatayo vihig minanti. 3. Ahi adhipatino hattay dasati, 4, Isi THE NEW PALI COURSE 5 panind manip gaphati. 5. Dipayo girimhi vasanti. 6. Ari asina patiy paharati. 7. Kavayo dipamhi nidhip Khananti, 8, Tvay atithinay ahdray desi. 9. Tumhe udadhimhi kiletha. 10. Vyadhayo loke manusse pilenti. 11. Kapi ahino kuechiy paharati, 12. Kavino mm thimhi manayo bhavanti. 13. Ravi girimha udeti. 14. Ahan vihinay rasiy passimi, 15. Mayay géme ahindima, ‘TRaNstate INTo Patt 1, Leopards kill deer. 2. The sage comes from the ‘mountain, 3. There ist a sword in the enemy's hand. 4. There are: gems in the houscholder’s fist. 5. We tive food to the guest. 6. The farmer's sons measure @ heap of paddy. 7. The serpent gets food from the poet. 8, The monks kindle a fire. 9. The householder gets a gem from the leader. 10. The monkeys on the tree strike the leopard. 11. The leader strikes the enemy with @ sword. 12. The sages look at the sun. 13. We get paddy ftom the husband, 14, The sickness ‘uppresses the sons of the guest. 15. I see the sun upon the sea,16 THE NEW PALI COURSE PAST TENSE 18. Conjugation of Paca (to cook) Past Inpernirs. Active SmNautar rd (So) apaci; paci; apaci; paci = he cooked 2nd (Tvan) apaco; paco thou didst cook. Ist (Ahap) apacin; pacin cooked Prurat 3rd (Te) apacinsu; pacinsu; apa- cng; pacug 2nd (Tamhe) apacittha; pacittha Ist (Mayan) apacimha; pacimha; apacimha pacimha The following are similarly conjugated:— Gacchi = went Dhavi = ran ini = bought ini = sold they cooked you cooked we cooked. Aruki = ascended: climbed Acari = walked; travelled The prefix « is not to be added to the bases beginning with a vowel. 19. The verbs of the seventh group are differently conjugated: Pila (to protect) Past Ixperisire, Active Sincriar PurraL 3rl Palesi; palayi Palesun; palayun; Palayinsu 2nd Palayo Palayittha lst Palesin; palayin Palayimha; palayimhi THE NEW PALI COURSE a7 ‘The following are similarly conjugated: — Nesi = carried Exercise 6 TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH 1. Munayo majicesu nisidigsu. 2. Ahay dipamhi 3. Coré gahapatino nidhin coresup. 4. Mayan Dhiipatino asin olokayimha. 5. Tvan atithino odénay adado. 6. Adhipati vanijamha manayo kini. 7. Pati kassakay vihin yaci. “8. Isayo kavinay dhammay dese- sup. 9. Kapayo girimha rukkhay dhavinsu. 10. Vani- j& udadhimhi gacchipsu. 11. Mayay maggena gémap gacchimha. 12. Dipi kapip maresi. 13. Tumhe patino padipe ganhittha. 14. Ahan Buddhassa pide pijesin. 15. Kavayo kapinay odanay dadigsu. 16. Arayo ast Anesup. 17, Ahi kapino panin dasi. 18. Mayap girimha eanday passimha. 19. Tumbe muninay abfray ada. dittha. 20, Bhipati nidhayo pales. ‘TRaNstaTE 1N70 PALL 1. The slave struck the enemy with a sword. 2. We got food from the householder. 3. He carried a monkey to the mountain. 4. The merchants went to the village by the road. 5. Birds flew to the sky from the tree. 6. The thieves stole the gems of the king. 7. I gave food to the sages. 8. The sons of the poet heard18 THE NEW PALI COURSE ‘the doctrine from the monk. 9. I saw the leopard on the road. 10. The lion killed the deer on the rock. I. They saw the mountain on the island. 12. The boy went to the sea, 13. The dogs ran to the village. 14. ‘The merchant bought a horse from the leader. 15. The guest brought a gem in (his) fist. 16. Tho monkey ‘enught the serpent by (its) belly. 17. The houscholder slept on a bed. 18. We dwelt in an island. 19. The boy struck the monkey with (his) hands. 20, I saw the king's sword. .B.—The verbs implying motion govern the Accu- sative; therefore ‘‘to the mountain” in the 3rd, and “to the village” in the 13th must be translated with the Accusative as: girim, gamarn, But “to the sages” in the 7th must be in the Dative, ‘because the person to whom some thing is given is put in the Dative. Personal Pronouns 20. Two personal pronouns Amha and Tumha are declined here because of their frequent usage, ‘Thesé -are of the common gender and have no vocative forms. ‘Tue Fresr Persona “Ania” SuvcuLaR ‘PuoraL Nom. Ahay =I Mayan; amhe = we Acc. Mag; maman Amhe; amhakay; no Ambebhi; amhehi; no Dat.\Mama; mayhay Amhag;amhakan; no Gen. f me; mama Abl.” Maya Ambhebhi; amheht Loc. Mayi Amhesu pe / THE NEW PALI COURSE 19 ‘Tax Sxconp Pansonan “Tuma” Stvovtan PLURAL Nom. ‘Tvan; tuvay ‘Tumhe = you Acc, Tan; Tavan; tu- Tumbe; tumhakan; van = the vo = you Ins, Tvaya; tay; te Tumbebhi; tumhebi; vo Pu. } teva; tuyhan; te Tumhan; tumhakap; vo Abl.” Tvaya; taya Tumbebhi; tumhehi Loe. Tvay ayi Tumhesu N.B.—e, me and vo, no should not be used at the beginning of a sentence. Exercise 7 Note.—The word for “not” in Pali is na or no; the word for “is not” or “has uot” is nahi, ‘TranstaTE into ENGLISH 1, Ahag mayhap puttassa assay adadip. 2. Tvag ambikay gama agacchasi. 3. Mayan tava hatthe pas sama, 4. Mama puttd girin aruhineu. 5. Tumhakan sunakhé mage sayinsu. 6. Amhay mitts corag ssin& Poherinsu. 7. Tumbap dasd arinay asse harigsu. 8. Coro mama puttassa manayo coresi. 9. Isayo mayhay gehe na vasinsu. 10. Kavi tava puttinay dhammay desesi. 11. Amhesu kodho! natthi. 12. Tumhe vini- jassa mayire kinittha. 13. Mayay bhipatino mige vikkinimha. 14, Gahapatino putto man pahari. 15. Adhipatino dis’ mama gone paharieu. 16. Ahan ‘tamhékay viht na ganhip. 17. Dipi gimamhé na dhévi. Kodha = angar, m.2» THE NEW PALI COURSE 18. Tumhe shayo na marethe. 19, Mayan atithinay odanay pacimha, 20. Kapayo may ahéran yacinsu. ‘Teanstate rwro Patt 1. I sold my gems to @ merchant, 2. We gave our oxen to the slaves. 3. You bought a sword from me. 4. (You) don't beat monkeys with your hands. 5. The leader brought a lion from the mountain. 6. The monk preached the doctrine to you. 7. We gave food to the serpents. 8. The slaves of the householder carried our paddy. 9. You did not go to the sea. 10. There are no gems in my fist. 11. The poet's son struck the dog with @ stick. 12. Our sons learnt from the sage. 13. Your monkey fell down from a tree. 14. My dog went with me to the house. 15. A serpent bit my son's hand. 16, The leopard killed a bull on the road. 17. My friends looked at the lions. 18, We did not see the king's sword. 19. Idid not go to the decr. 20. Thou buyest a peacook from the poet. THE NEW PALI COURSE 21 FUTURE TENSE 21, Conjugation of “Paca’’ (to cook) Fortune Inpemmire. Active SivouLaR, PLURAL 3rd (So) pacissati = he (Te) pacissanti = They will cook will cook. 2nd (Tvan) pacissasi thou wilt cook Ist (Ahan) pacissimi = (Mayan) pacissama = we I shall cook shall cook The following are conjugated similarly:— Gamissati = he will go Dadissati = he will give he will eat 1s he will carry he will live Bhéyissati = he will fear All verbs given in the Present Tense may be changed into Future by inserting issa between the base and the termination, and dropping the last vowel of the base, eg. Bhufija+ti = Bhufj+isse+ti = BhuAjissati. (Tumhe) pacissatha = you will cook 22. Declension of Masculine Nouns Ending in i Paxxat (Brrp) Sincutar ‘ProraL Wom. S Patt Voo. T Pakkhi; pakkhino Acc. Pakkhinan; pakkhin Pakkhi; pakkhino dns, Pakdchind Pakkbibhi; pakkhthi Gin, {Pakkhino; pakkhissa PakkhinayTHE NEW PALi COURSE PLURAL Pakkhibhi; pakkhihé Srxoutar ‘Abl. Pakkhind; pakkhi- mhi; pakkhism oc. Pakkhini; pakkhim- Pakkhisu hi pakkhismin Some of the similarly declined are:— Manti = minister ephant, peacock ‘powerful person oon possessor of an wmbrella me who has a garland Sarathi = charioteer Gant = one who has Sukhi = receiver of following ‘comfort; happy . Exercise 8 TRANSLATE 1NT0 ENGLIsit 1. Manti hatthinag druhissati. 2. Maya sotthino gehap gamissima. 3. Tvay simino puttasea kapiy dadiseasi. 4. Ganino sukhino bhavissanti, 5. Amhakath sdmino dighajivino na bhavanti. 6. Pépakéri yatthin& Uhogin miresi. 7. Mama putté setthino game vasis- santi, 8, Kutthi sirathino’ piday yatthini pahari, 9. Sikht chattimh& bhdyissati. 10. Sérathi ase gim- ambi harissati. 11. Tumhe malthi sasinap olokessatha. 12. Bali dathino kaya chindissati. 13. Ambakay mantino balino abhavinsu. 14. Setthino milino pessis- santi. 15. Mayan gehe odanap bhufjisems. Be ae THE NEW PALI COURSE B ‘TRANSLATE mvT0 Patt 1. Our lord went to the minister. 2. The millionaire will be the possessor of a long lif. 3. Evil-doers will not become! receivers of comfort. 4. The tusker will strike the leper. 5. The minister will get a peacook frem the lord. 6. The charioteer will buy horses for the minister.* 7. My peacocks will-live on the moun- tain. 8. The serpents will bite the powerful. 9. The Jord’s sons'will see the lions of the millionaire. 10. We ‘will buy a deer from the guest. 11. The elephant killed 4 man with (its) feet. 12. You will not be a millionaire. 13. The king's sons will eat with the ministers, 14. The monkeys will not fall from the tree. 15. I will not carry the elephant of the charioteer. 23. Declension of Masculine Nouns Ending in u Garv (teacher) Sixcviar Poona Tor Gara Gari; garavo Ace. Garuy Gard; garavo Abl. Garund Gardbhi; garahi oe} Garuno; garussa Garinan Zoe. Garumhi; garusmin —Garisu ‘Some of the similarly declined are:— Bhikkhu’ = monk Baku = arm Bandhu = relation Sindhu = sea, Taru = tree Pharasu = axe "Will not become 2. Dative must bo used here. 3, Bhilka hasan additional form “Bhikkhave” in the ‘Vocative plural BhavanTHE NEW PALI COURSE Pasu ~ beast Katacchu = spoon rat ‘Satin = enemy Setu = bridge Ketu = banner 24 Susu = young one Nome nouns of the same ending are differently declined: 24. Buarv (brother) SNeUEAR Pura Nom. Bhata Bhataro ee. BhStarag Bhatare; bhataro js. Bhatara Bhitarebhi; bhAtarehi: bhatabhi; bhatihi Bhatardnag; bhatdnag; bhatdnay Bhitaresu; bhatusu Voc. Bhata; bhata © Bhataro Pity (= father) is similarly declined 25. Nartu (Grandson) Nom. Nat Nattdro Ace. ‘Nattdiray Nattare; nattéro Abl. Nattara Nattarebhi; nattarehi Dat. Yates nattuno; Nattdranan; nattanay Gen. f nattussa Loc. Nattari Nattaresu Voc. Natta; nated Nattéro Some of the similarly declined are: Satthu = adviser; teacher Netu = leader Kattu = doer; maker Vattu = sayer husband Jetu = vietor Gantu = goer Vinetu = instructor hearer Viaaidtu = knower THE NEW PALI COURSE Remarks 26. The prepositions saha (with) and aaddhivs (with) -govern the Instrumental Case and are usually placed after the word governed by them. The Instrumental ‘alone sometimes gives the meaning “with”. ‘The equivalent to the conjunction “and” is ca in Pali. Api or pi also is sometimes uscd in the same sense. The equivalent to “or” is wa. Exercise 9 ‘TraNsLate into Eworisn 1. Bhandhavo susthi saddhip amhakay gehap aga missanti. 2. Sattu pharasund tava taravo chindiseati ‘3. Garu mayhag susinay ucchavo aciwli, 4. Bhikkhavo nattérénay dhammay desessanti. 5. Tvay bondhu saha sindhup gamissasi. 6. Asad ca gon ca game ahin- dissanti, 7. Tumhe pasavo va pakkhi vi na mAressatha 8. Mayay net&rehi saha satthdrny pijessima, 9. Bhatt volund pakkhip maresi. 10. AmhAkay pitaro sattiinay Ketavo Sharigsu. 11. Jetd ditiray bahund pahari 12, Satthé amhakag net bhavissati, 13. Mayag pitark saddhin velavo dharissima. 14. Ahino akhavo bhufi- janti. 15. Mama sattavo setumhi nisidinsu. 16. Am- hap bhataro ca pitaro ca sindhuy’ gacchipsu. -17. Ahay mama bhatara saha sikhino vikkinissimi, 18, Susavo Katacchund odaney dharinsu. 19. Gémap ganté tarisu ketavo passissati. 20. Setup katté gémamhé velavo ahari.26 THE NEW PALI COURSE ‘TRANSLATE INTO Patt 1. [shall cut bamboos with my axo. 2. The teachers. will look at the winner. 3. They carried. sugar-canes for the elephants. 4. Hearers will come to the monks. 5. Leopards and lions do not live in villages. 6. I went to see the adviser with my brother. 7. Our fathers and brothers were merchants. 8. My brother's son killed a bird with a stick. 9. Our relations will buy peacocks and birds. 10. Monkeys and deor live on the mountain. 11, He struck my grandson's arm. 12. Enemies will carry (away) our leader's banner. 13. Builders of the bridges! bought bamboos from the lord. 14. Rats will fear from the serpents. 15. I gave rice to my relation. 16. The giver brought (some) rice with @ spoon. 17. My father's beasts were on the rock. 18. Our brothers and grandsons will not buy elephants. 19, The teacher's son will buy a horse or an ox. 20. My brother or his son will bring @ monkey for the young ones. 27% Adjectival nouns ending in -vandu and -mantw are differently declined from the above masculine nouns ending in -w. (1) They are often used as adjectives; but they become substantives when they stand alone in the: place of the person or the thing they qualify. (2) These are declined in all genders. In the feminine they change their final vowel, e.g. gunavati, silavati; gunavanii, silavanti. 1. Builders of the bridges THE NEW PALI COURSE a 28. Declension of Gunavantu (virtuous). Masoutrse Enpine is -v ‘PLURAL Gunavanto; gunavanté Gunavante Gunavantebhi; gunavan- tehi Dat. \,Gugavato; guna- Gupavatan; gunavanti- Gen. f vantassa nay ( Gunavata; guna- Abl. 2 vantamha; Gunavantebhi; gunavan- gugavantasma —tehi (Gunavati; guna- 4 ante; ‘guna- vantambl;, Gugavantesu (. gunavantasmin Voc. Gunavan; guna- Gunavanto; gunavanta va; gunava ‘The following are declined similarly:— Himavantu = the Himala- ‘y; possessor of ice Cakkumantu = possessor of eyes Yasavantu = famous ‘Silavantu = virtuous ; Satimantu = mindful observant of precepts Buddhimantu = intelligent Bandhumantu = with Pwilavantu = fortunate many relations ‘Those ending in -mantu should be deolined as: Cakkhu- ma, cakkhumanto, cakkhumaté and so on.THE NEW PALI COURSE » Exercise 10 ‘Transtate isto Enorrsi 28 THE NEW PALI COURSE 29. Declension of the Masculine nouns ending in a i Vipi (WISE MAN OR KNOWER) ! am Pu | SinotLaR URAL 2. Bhikkhavo .bhagavantay vandineu. 3. Cakkhu- tom }¥ian Vida; viduno manto sad& bhinumentay possanti. 4. Tadé bale- or vanto velithi ari psharinsu. 5. Kadé tumhe dhans- H Ace. viduy ‘vido; viduno vantay passissatha? 6. Suve mayap silavante .van- | Ins, Vidund Vidabhi; bidthi, dissima. 7, Bhagavanto sabbaiiiuno bhavanti. 8. Dat. }vtauno; vidussa Vidinay Viduno kulavato gehay gacchipsu. 9. Himavati Gen. kapayo ea pakkhino om isayo ca vasigsu. 10. Pufifia- vato natta buddhima bhavi. 11. Kalavatay bhataro dhanavento na bhavipsu. 12. Ahay Himavantemhi phalevante rukkhe passip. 13. Puré mayay Hima- vantag gacchimha. 14. Hiyo sdyay bandhumanto yasavatey gémay gacchipsu. 15. Vififiuno pecchs ‘The rest are similar to those of garu. I | Pabhuno gehe vasissanti. } t ' | ‘The following are declined similarly:— ver-lord the omniscient Althafiit: = knower of the ‘Transtare aro Patt | meaning 1. Sons of the wealthy are not always wise. 2. One who has relations does not fear enemies. 3. The bro- } i thers of the virtuous will bow down to the Exalted One. ' . —_—— 4. Your grandsons are not intelligent. 6. To-morrow i the wise men will preach to the men of high caste. 6. 30. Adverbs of Time ‘To-day the rich will go to a mountain in the Himalayas, Kadi = when? hada = one day; once 7. There are fruitful trees, lions and leopards in the Tada — then Pacché = afterwards i garden of the rich man. 8. When will the famous men —_ i come to our village? 9. The eons of the powerful will il Seda. ever; always Pr we formerly; in former ' always be famous. 10. Once, the wise man’s -brother i im = mOW eye . i struck the virtuous man. 11. Formerly I lived in the Aja = to-day ‘Sayar = in the evening I house of the overlord. 12. Yesterday there were ele- ‘Suve = to-morrow Péto = in the morning I phants and horses in the garden. 13. Now the man of Yada = when; whenever morrow | ‘were mindful. 15. Once we saw the sun-from the rich Parahiyo = day before yesterday man’s garderi. ! | Hiyo = yesterday Parasuve = day after to- high caste will buy a lion and a deer. 14, Our fathers30 THE NEW PALI COURSE DECLENSION OF FEMININE NOUNS ‘There are no nouns ending in -a in feminine. 31. Vanita = woman Srvauiar ‘PLurau Nom. Vanita Vanitaé; vanitayo Acc, Vanitan Vanit&; vanitayo Abl, Vanitaya Vanitabhi; vanitahi Dat. a a bu. ranitaya Vanitinay Toc, © Vanitdyan; vanitaya Vanitaisu Voc. Vanite Vaniti; vanitayo ‘The following are declined similarly:— Katia = girl Paris lowing: Send = army; multitude ‘Sala = hall Bhariys = wife Vagudhd = earth Chaya = shadow; shade Vaca = word seale; balance Sabha = society = stone Dariké = git] Valuka = sand Maiijisa = box ‘Mala = garland ‘Sur = liquor; intoxioant Visikha = street ‘Sakha = branch Sakkharé = gravel Devatd = deity THE NEW PALI COURSE 3h 32. The Imperative ‘The Imperative Mood is used to express command, prayer, advice or wish. This is called Patcamt in Pali and includes the Benedictive. Paca = to cook IMPERATIVE SnouLaR, Puvrar 3rd. (So) pacatu = lethim (Te) pacantu = let ‘cook them cook 2nd (Tvan) paca; pacihi= — (Tumbe) pacatha = cookest thou cook you Ist (Ahay) pacimi=let (Mayan) pacima = me 000k let us cook. ‘The following are conjugated similarly:— Hotu = let it be Thapetu = let him keep Pivatu = let him drink Bhavatu = let it be Jayatu = let him conquer Gacchatu = Iet him go Rakkialu = let him pro. Pakthipatu = let him put tect in Bhésatu = lot him soy 33. The Optative or Potential The Potential Mood —called “Sattam!” in Pali — expresses probability, command, wish, prayer, hope, advice and capability. It is used in conditional or hypothetical sentences in which one statement depends- upon another. Verbs containing auxiliary parts may, might, oan, could, should and would are included in this mood.THE NEW PALI COURSE Paca = to cook SueuLar Pura Sed (So) paceyya = ifhe (Te) paceyyun = if (would) cook they (would) cook 2nd (Tvan) paceyyasi = if (Tumhe) paceyyatha = thou (wouldst) cook if you (would) cook Ist (Aha) paceyyami = (Mayan) paceyyama = if I (would) cook if we (would) cook The following are conjugated similarly:— Bhuajeyya (if he eats) Ahareyye (if he brings) Nahdyeyya (if he bathes) Thapeyya (if he keeps) Katheyya (if he says) Bhaveyya (if it becomes; if he would be) ‘Note—Equivalents to “if” are sace, yadi and ce ; but ce should not be used at the beginning of a sentence. Exercise 11 ‘Transtare nto Exousi 1, Vanitéyo navahi gaigiyap gacchantu. 2. Tray sélayap kefifiénay odanay pacahi. 3. Sace tumhe nabiiyissathe, aham pi nahayissimi. 4. Yadi so sabha- yan katheyya, sham pi ketheyydmi. 5. Lafkiya Dhiipatino sendyo jayantu. 6. Devaté vasudhay manusfe rakkhantu. 7. Sace te ahay (tag) kinissami, 8. Twmhe dari {hapetha. 9. Sélaye chaya vasudhaya patati. mafijisiyo guhay haripsa. sakkhardhi paharipsu. 12. sikhap chindi, 13. Sace mayan guhiyay sayeyyéma pasavo no haneyyuy. 14. Tumhe mittehi saha suray ms Pitas 15. Mayap paristya saddhiy odanap 1 Ma pi do not drink. Particle ma whould be used in rach w plete ited of na. THE NEW PALI COURSE 33 bhufjissima, 16. Bhénumeto pabha sindhumi bha- vatu. 17. Darika kafifidya niséyan sakkharay pak- khipi. 18. Tumhe poristhi saddhiy mama kathay sunitha, 19. Amhikan ammé dolaya giman agacchi. 20. Sace thay valavan kineyydsi, shan assay kinis- simi, ‘TRanstate mvto Parr 1, The robber carried the box to the cave. 2. Go to your village with your mothers. 3. Let the women go ‘long the river ina ship. 4. If he buys a deer I will sell my mare. 5. We heard the speech of the girl at the meeting. 6. We utter words with our tongues, 7. Do riot strike the iguana with pebbles. 8. May my follow. jing be victorious in the island of Lanké. 9. May our offerings be to the wise. 10. Adorn! the maiden’s neck withagerland. 11. The shadow of the creeper falls on the earth, 12. The woman brought a scale from the hall. 13. Do not drink liquor with girls and boys. 14. If you ‘will cook rice I will give food to the woman. 15. May the deities protect our sons and grandsons. 16. The girls brought sand from the street. 17. My following cut the branches of the tree. 18. Let the elephant bring @ stone to the street. 19. The beasts will kill him if he Tilait in the cave, 20, There are gems in the maiden's x. 34. Declension of Feminine Stems ending in -i Buta = earth, ground or floor Smreuar Puorat Ne Yoo, ¥ Bhim! BhOmi; bhimiyo ‘Adorn — alonborohi. TaeTHE NEW PALI COURSE ‘PLURAL Bhimi; bhumiyo Bhimibhi; bhOmfhi Bhiminay 34 SINGULAR cc. Bhimin Abi. Bhimiya; bhimya Dat. Det. }Bnomiya Loe. Bhiimiyan: bhOmiy8 Bhimisu ‘The following are declined similarly:— Khanti = patience 35. Feminine Stems ending in -i Kuwini = girl; damsel SrroutaR: ‘PLURAL Yom \wumast Kumirf; kumAriyo Ace, Kumirig Kumirl; kumiriyo Abl. Kuméariya Kuméribhi ; kumérihi Be }cumariya Kumérinay ton,” Kumasiyan; Kumiarisa ‘kumiriyé THE NEW PALI COURSE 35 ‘The following are declined similarly:— Nari = woman young woman Dasi = slave woman Devi = queen; goddess Sakunt = bird (female) Hatthini Mahi = earth; the river of that name sho-clephant 36. Absolutives or so-called Indeclinable Past Participles ‘The words ending in ted, tedna, tina and ya, like bated, {having done), gantoina (having gone), and ddéya (having taken), are called Absolutives, which cannot be declined. All other participles, being verbal adjectives, -are declined. Some European Pali scholars have called them “gerunds”; but, as the P.Ps. may be used in their Place without affecting-the sense, they resemble more ‘the Active Past Participle, e.g., In the sentence: So gamare gantod bhattamn bhuflji (having gone to the village, he ate rice). “gantva” may be replaced by P.P. gato. Tn analysing a sentence these go to the extension of the ‘Predicate, which fact shows that they are neither ‘Gerunds nor participles.36 THE NEW PALI COURSE Examrres Pacitua = having cooked Adaya = having taken Bhuijited = having eaten Vidhdya = having comman- Pivityé = having drunk ded or done Pahdya = having left hated = having stood Nahdtwi = having bathed Pacitiina = having cooked Kilitea = having played ‘Okkamma = having gone aside REMARK ‘A. Ted, tedna and tina may be optionally used, and they are added to the base by means of a connect ing vowel 1, when the base is not ending in a long a. B. “Ya” is mostly added to the roots compounded with prefixes,e.g.,8 + di + ya = ddaya,vi + dhé + ya= vidhaya. In other cases it is sometimes assimilatsd with the last consonant of the base or sometimes. interchanged with it, eg., (1) Assimilated : . &4 gam +ya = dgamma (having come). ni+kham+ya = nikkhamma (having come out). (2) Interchanged: &+ruh+ya = druyha (having ascended). pa+gah+ya = poggayha (having raised up). o-+ruh+ya = oruyha (having descended). Exercise 12 Transtar orro Exousu 1, Bréhmani kumériyé saddhin nadiyay nahitvs gehay agami. 2. Nériyo odanay paoitvs bhufjitvs THE NEW PALi COURSE 37 kukkutinam pi adapsu, 3. Kumariyo sakhihi saha in gantva nahayissanti. 4. Rajini dipé nikkhamma navaya gamissati. 5. Vanari itthiyo passitva tarug Aruyha nisidi, 6. Taruni hatthehi sikhay adiya ékad- hit 7. Twmhe vapip taritva? atavin pavisatha.? 8, Dipayo atavisu thatva migi maretvé khadanti. 9. Yuvatinan pitaro ataviyd agamma bhudjitva sayigeu. 10. Hotthini pokkharaniy oruyha nahatva kadaliyo khadi, 11. Shi migin maretvé susinan dadissati. 12. Gaviyo bhiimiyan sayitva utthahitva* atavin pavi- sipsu. 13. Mama matuléni puttassa dundubhiy nes- sati, 14, Sakuni mahiyay ahinditva ahdray labhati. 15, Kakt taruno sikhdsu nisiditva ravitvaS akdsap uddessanti. TRANSLATE INTO PALE 1. Having killed a deer in the forest the lioness ate it. 2, Having gone to the village the brahman woman bought hen yesterday. 3. The damsels went to the ‘tank, and having bathed and played there, came home. 4. The she-monkey, having climbed the tree, sat on a branch. 5. The brothers of the girl, having played and bathed, ate rice. 6. Sisters of the boys, having bought garlands, adorned the neck of the queen. 7. Having ‘crossed the river, the she-elephant ate plantain (trees) in the garden of a woman. 8. Having brought a boat, our sisters will cross the tank and enter the forest. 9. Having cooked rice for the father, the maiden went to the pond with her (female) friends. 10. Having come 1. Pulled; dragged. 3. (you) enter. 2. Having cromed. 4. Having risen. 5. Having crowed or having made « noise.38 THE NEW PALI COURSE THE NEW PALI COURSE 39 from the wood, the damsel’s father fell on the ground. 38. Métu is differently declined from the above. 11. The cows and oxen of the millionaire, having drunk . Mizu = mother from the tank, entered the forest. 12. Having bought Snvautar Puoran ‘a drum, the woman’s sister gave (it) to her friend. 13. Nom. Mata Mataro ‘Having gone to the forest along the river, our brothers Ac. Mataran Matare; mitaro Killed a lioness. 14. The queen, having come to the bl. MAtar&; (mituyd) Matarebhi; mitarehi; kking’s tank, bathed there! with her retinue and walked méatibhi; matihi in the garden. 15. The she-crow, having sat on the Dat }aatuya Mataranay; mitanag; ‘branch slept there! after crowing.* " ‘matinan Loc. Matari Mataresu; matusu, Voc, Mata; mata; 37, Feminine Nouns ending in -u mate Mataro Dhitu (daughter) and duhitu (daughter) declined Duenv = cow (of any kind) like nin ughter) (daughter) are deci SINGULAR Porat 39. Adverbs of Place Wom Dhenw Dhend; dhenuyo Kuhiri, = where? Acc.” Dhenuy Dhend; dhenuyo Ato = ins tard = between Abl, Dhenuya Dhendbbi; dhendhi es ieee Dat. Bkattha = in one place Kuto = from where? Tato = from there phe Pet. }onenwya Dhenfinan Toc. Dhenuyay; dhenuyi —Dheniisu mil ‘ined are:— Some of the similarly declined are:- Exercise 13 Yagu = rive gruel Daddu = ecrems Kasu = pit Kacchu TRaNsLare isto ENGLISH = pi it t 1. Dasiyé mata dhenup rajjuya bandhitva anesi. lightning. Kone hecphan 2. Mayhan matuldni yagug pacitva dhitarinan dadis. I lement sati. 3. Kaneruyo ataviya ahinditva tattha kastisu ‘Saseu = mother-in-law patinsu. 4. Dhanavatiyé sassu idha agamma bhikkhi vandissati. 5. Rajiniy dhitaro drdmay gantva satthé- Fase a ame ray maléhi pijesup. 6. Kafiiénan pitaro dhitarinay Rovitva” may be used for “after crowing”. | vuddhin icchanti. 7. Kuto tvan dhenuyo kinissasi?40 THE NEW PALI COURSE 8. Katha tava bhaginiyo nahdyitvé pacitva bhufijinsu? 9. To gchassa ca rukkhassa oa antaré kiligsu. 10. Na- riyé duhitaro gehassa anto maficesu sayissanti. 11. Dhituys jaighéyan daddu atthi. 12. Yuvati mala pilandbitvé sassuy& gehan gamissati, 13. AmhAkan métardnaygé viyo sabbattha caritvé bhufijitva séyay ekattha sannipatantit 14, Dhanavatiya nattéro mage tiriyay dhavitva atavig pavisitvé nillyipsu.? 16. Asani rukkhassa upari patitvé sikha chinditva taruy maresi. ‘TRaNsLate 1NTO Paur 1. The girl’s mother gave a garland to the damsel. 2. Having tied the cows with ropes the woman dragged (them) to the forest. 3. Having wandered everywhere in the island, the damsel’s sister came home and ate (some) food. 4. Where does your mother’s sister live? 5. My sister’s daughters livejin one place. 6. When will they. come to the river? 7. The queen’s mother-in-law ‘came’ here yesterday and went back! to-day. 8. Having bathed in the tank, the daughters of the rich woman ‘walked across the garden. 9. Our aunts will cook* rice- gruel and drink it with women friends. 10. The cows ‘of the mother-in-law walk between the rock and the trees. 11. When will your mothers and daughters go to the garden and hear the words of the Buddha? 12. From where did you bring the elephant? 13. Sons ‘of the queen went? along the river‘ to a forest and there fell in a pit. 14. There is itch on the hand of the sister. 15. The thunder-bolt fell on a rock and broke it into two.? ‘Sannipatati— assembles ; comes together. ‘Niliyats = hides oneself. Use Absolutives Ike gana. Went back = pofinévatié or paccagami. Along the river = nadith anu or nadipaseena. Breaks into two = doidha bhindat. T 2 3 “ 5B 6 THE NEW PALI COURSE an NEUTER GENDER 40. Declension of Nouns ending in -a Navana = eye Stncutar Puveat Nom. Nayanan Nayand; nayangnt Acc, Nayanay Nayane; nayandni Ins. Nayanena Nayanebhi; nayanehi Dot. Nayaniya; naya- — Nayandnag nassa Abl. Nayana; nayanam- Nayanebhi; nayanehi ha; nayanasma Gen. Nayanassa ‘Nayandnay Zoc. Nayane; nayanam- ‘Nayanesu Nayanani ‘The following are declined similarly: recept; virtue Puiia = merit; good action Papa = sin Rapa = form; image ‘Sota = car42 THE NEW PALI COURSE Sukha = comfort Puppha = flower ‘Dukkha = trouble; pain Citta = mind Miila = root; money Chatta = umbrella Kula = family; caste Anda = eg “Kala = bank (of a river, eto.) Kdrana = reason ‘Bala = power; strength Raga = wisdom Vana = forest Kira = milk Nogara = city 41, The Infinitive ‘The sign of the indnitive is -fwi, Tt is used as in ‘English: ‘Turn is simply added to the roots of one syllable to foim the infinitive, An extra i is added before uri jn the case of the bases consisting of more than one syllable. Exercise 14 ‘TRanstaT® mvT0 ENGLISH 1. Dbanavanto bhatarinay dhanap dituy na io- chanti, 2, Danag datv& silag rakkhitvi sagge! nib- ‘pattitug? sakkonti® 3. Kumérl alétay dnetvé bhatesp oe 1. Sagge = heaven. 2, To be born. 3. Are able. pecituy aggin jalessati. 4. Khamma udakey pétup vapiy& kilay gacchipsu. 5, Nattéro arafifié phaléni aharitva khadituy arabhipsu.t THE NEW PALI COURSE B iyo nager& nik- 6. Silava isi dhamman desetuy pithe nisidi. 7. Coro ayudhena psharitvé mama pituno afgulin chindi. 8. Yuvatiyo padumAni ocinituy® nadip gantvi kile nisidineu. 9. Mayan chattdni ddiya susinay gantva pupphini ooinissima, 10. Kafifié vatthay anetuy Spanen gamissati. 11. Tumhe vanay gantva gavinag Stuy pannani aharathe. 12. Mayan locanehi ripéni psssitva sukhay dukkhay ca labhima, 13. Tvay sotena sunituy ghdnena ghéyitug? ca sakkosi. 14. Kukkutiy& andéni rukkhassa mile santi. 15. Viduno amatay labhitv’ maranap ne bhayanti. 16. Manusei cittena cintetva* puiifidni karissanti. 17. Tumhe dham- may sotug dréman gantvé puline nisidatha. 18- Dhanavanto suvannay datvé fidnay laddhuy na sakkonti. 19. Darako chattan ganhitug> sopénan @ruhi. 20. Mama bhagini pufiian Jabhitun silap rakkhissati, ‘Transtars mto Patt 1. The boys went to the foot of the tree to eat fruits. 2. The maiden climbed the tree to gather flowers. 3. I went into the house to bring an umbrella and a cloth. 4. The girl asked for a fire-brand to make a fire. 5. We are able to see objects (= forms) with our eyes. 6. You emell with your nose and hear with your ears. 7. Having gone to hear the doctrine, they sat onthe sand. 8. People 1. Began, 3. To smell. 2 To gathor; to collect. 4. Having thought. 5. To take.| 4 THE NEW PALI COURSE are not able to purchase wisdom with (their) gold, 9. Having divided! Jh.is wealth tho rich man gave (them) to his sons and daughters. 10. The maidens went out of the city (in order) to bathe in the river. “11. There ‘were umbrellas in tae hands of the women on the road. 12, Having struck Jaer with a weapon, the enemy woun- ded? the hand of my mother-in-law. 13. Having gone to the garden they brought flowers and fruits for the boys. 14, He will go to the forest in order to bring leaves and grass for the cows. 15. The girls and boys brought Jotuses from the pond (in order) to offer to the shrine, 16. Having bathed in the tank, our sisters and brothers came home to eat and sleep. 17. Having seen a leopard the boy ran across the garden and crossed? the river. 18. You get merit through charity and virtue. 19. Hav- ing grazed (eaten grass) in the cemetery, my aunt's cows went to the tazik in order to drink water. 20. The maidens bought flowers in order to maket garlands for {their) sisters. 42, Neuter Nouns ending in -i . Aru (bone; seed) SexeviAR Ne vom \ Agthi Acc. Atthin Atthi; atthini Ins. Atthind Atthibhi; agthihi Dat. Pasenino; atthissa Atthinan ‘bl. Atthind agthimhi; AtthIbhi; attbihi atthisma: NS Loc. Atthini; atthimhi; Atthisu atthiou atthismin 1 Bhaja, 3 Ten 2 Vonitem skasi. 4. Katum; potiyadetum. 9 THE NEW PALI COURSE 45 ‘The following are similarly declined: water Dadhi = card eye Acei = fiame Satthi = thigh Vari Akai Sappi = ghoo 43, Neuter Nouns ending in -u CaKEHU (eye) SmvavLaR PLURAL Cakkhu Cakkhd; calkhini Acc, Cakkhun Cakikhti; cakkhiint Ins. Cakkhuna Cakkhibhi; cakkhihi ‘Tho rest are similar to those of garu. ‘The following are declined similarly: Nom. Voe. Ayu = age Ambu = water bow Tigu = leod Madhu = honey Vasu = wealth Vapu = body = knee Vaithu = ground; base Jatu = sealing wax 44. Some More Particles Particles, named avyaya in Pali, consist of adverbs, ‘conjunctions, prepositions, indeotinable past participles ending in tod, tedina, tina and ya, and infinitives. V4; athavd = or Puna = again Tatha = in that way46 Sakira = once Yava; tdva = till then; Sanikar = slowly 80 long Sighatn = quickly; soon Nana = separately Purato = in the front of; Vind = without before Katharn = how? | Kasma = why? THE NEW PALI COURSE Exercise 15 TRANSLATE INTO Ewoiis 1. Mayan gaviya khirap, khiramha dadhip, dadhimha sappifi ca labhima, 2. Maté dhituyé akkhisu sssini disvé (tassi)! vadanan varina dhovi. 3. Kasma tvan ajje vapip gantvé puna nadin gantuy icchasi? 4. Kathay tava bhitaro nadiys padumini ocinitva sharie santit .5. Addha te dhaniini adiya vanan pavisitva ‘migan maretva anessanti. 6. Amhikan pitaro tada vanamhé- madhuy aheritvé dadhiné soho bhuijipew. 7. Mayan save tumhehi bhafjissima.s 8. Kumérd sighan dhavitva vapiyen Kilitea sanikey gehini agaminsu. 9. Tumhe khiray piviguy icchatha, athavé dadhin bhufijitun? 10. Yava, mayhap pité nahiyissati tiva ahay idha titthami, 11. Yatha bhipati apapeti tathd tvay katup icchasi? | 12. Ama, ahey bhipatino vacanay atikkemituy’ na sakkomi. TranstaTe m70 Pant 1. Do you like to drink milk or to eat curd? 2. First I will drink gruel and then eat curd with honey. 3. Go 1 Ofher. 3. Bhaijeti— breaks. 2, Ablative must be used 4. To sun with “ving”. pass 8. Pathamam, ade. THE NEW PALI COURSE 47 quickly to the market to bring some ghee. 4. Having ‘dathed in the sea why do you like to go again there now? 5, Do yot know how our fathers gathered honey from the forests! 6. I will stay on the river bank till you cross the river and come back. 7. My mother-in-law went to the city without her retinue and returned with a sister. 8. The millionaire fell on (his) kneest before the king and ‘bowed down at his feet. 9. Is your horse able to run fast? 10. Yes, certainly it will run fast. 11. Having gone to the forest,.with bows in hands, our brothers illed on elephant and out its tusks. 12. Why does your father walk slowly on the sand? Janahi patitva (don’t use the looative).THE NEW PALI COURSE CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS ‘Nouns are divided into 6 classes, viz.:— Namanama = substantives and proper nouns Sabbandma = pronouns ‘Samdsandma = compound nouns Taddhitandma = derivatives from nouns or sub- stantives 5. Kitakanama = vérbsl derivatives 3. Compound nouns are formed by the combination of two or more words, .g., Naluppala = blue water-ily sep hands, feet and the head 4. Verbal derivatives, otherwise called Primary Derivatives, are formed from the verbal root itself by adding suffixes, ¢.g., * Paca (to ook) + na = paka (cooking) Dai (to give) + aka = dayaka (giver) Yi (to lead) + tu = netu (leader) 5. Taddhita nouns or Secondary Derivatives are formed from o substantive or primary derivative by adding another suffix to it, eg., Nava (ship) + ike (in the meaning of engaged) = névika (sailor). 1. The first group of this classification includes eonerete, common, proper, and abstract nouns other than that of Primary and Secondary Derivatives. THE NEW PALI COURSE 9 PRONOUNS 46, Pronouns admit of all genders as they stand for every person or thing which are in different genders. ‘They beoome adjectives when they qualify other nouns. ‘They have no vocative forms. Dectension of Relative Pronoun Ya = whieh; who Masculine SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. Yo Ye Ac. Yan Ye In. Yena Yebhi; yehi a, Jase Yesan; yesfinay Yamha; yasma Yebhi; yehi ie Yamhi; yasmin Yesu Feminine Nom. Ya Yas yayo Acc. Yan Ya; yayo Ab. Yaya Yabhi; yahi Det. Gen, }¥asets yiya Yasan; yasindy i Yassan; yéyan Yasu Newer Nom. Yan Ye; yani Acc. Yan Ye; yani ‘The rest is similar to that of masculine, Similarly declined are: Itara = the other Affiatara = certain “Saba = all “Pubba = former; eastern50 THE NEW PALI COURSE other; another Apara = other; western Katara = which (of the two) Ubhaya = both Katama = which (of the Para = other; the latter many) Ka (kin) = who; which Aiiia 47. Adjectives (Pronominal) Adjectives in Pali are not treated separately from nouns, as they take all the inflections of the nouns. ‘Almost all pronouns become adjectives when they aré ‘used before @ substantive of the same gender, number and case. They are pronouns when they stan alone in a sentence. ‘This difference will become clear from ‘the following exereise. Exercise 16 ‘TraxstaTe 1sTO Enctist bbesay) nattdro pi anto na bhavanti. 2. ‘Sabbs itthiyo vapiyay nahitvé padumani pilandhitvs ‘Agacchipsu. 3. Ajifio vanijo sabbay dhanay yéea- kdnay datvi gehap pahdys pabbeji.! 4. Mata ubha- ‘yéeam pi dhitarénay vatthdni kinitvé dadissati. 5. Ko nadiy& vapiyé ca antaré dhenuy harati? 6. Kasse putto dakihinay disap gantva vihin aharissati? 7. Ye pépani keronti te niraye® nibbattitvé dukkhay labhis- santi, 8. Kasay dhitero vansmh& dérini aharitvs odanap pacissanti? 9. Katarena maggena so puriso THE NEW PALI COURSE st nagaray gantvi bhandanit Kini? 10. Itaré dariké vanitdya hatthd pupphani gahetva cetiyay pijesi. 11. Paresay dhanay dhafifian vi ganhituy mé cintetha, 12. Aparo afifissan vapiyay nahitva pubbiya diséya nagaray pavisi.* TRANSLATE INTO Patt 1, All entered the city (in order) to see ‘gardens, houses and streets. 2. The daughters of all the women in the village walked along the path to the shrine. 3. Another maiden took a lotus and gave (it) to the former. 4. Which man will bring some milk for met 5. Who stands on the bank of the river and looks in the southern direction? 6. Sons of all rich men do not always become wealthy. 7. Whose grandsons brought the cows here and gave (them) grass to eat? 8. To-morrow, all women in the city will come out from there and wander in the forest. 9. The other woman, ‘having seen a leopard on the street, ran across the garden. 10. Whosoever? acquires merit through charity will be born in heaven. 11. A certain man brought lotuses from the pond, another man carried (them) to the mar- ‘ket to sell. 12. My brother's son broke the branches of the other tree (in order) to gather flowers, leaves and fruits. 48. Deciension of the Demonstrative Pronoun 1. Left the houmhold life; 2. Niray = hell, m. ‘became a monk. Ta (that) Masculine SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. So (he) Te (they) Acc. Tan; nay (him) ‘Te; ne (them) 1. Bhanda = goods, n. 2 Entered. 3 "Yo koei.52 THE NEW PALI COURSE Smovias PLURAL Ina. Tena (by, with or ‘Teh; tehi (ty, through him) ‘with or through them) at. prams {to him; his) Tesan; tesfinay Abl.~ ‘Tama; tasmi ‘Tebhi; tehi Joe. Tambi; tasmin ‘Tesu Feminine Nom. 8 (she) ‘TA; tdyo (those women) Acc. Tay; nay (her) ‘Ta; tayo (them) a ‘Taya , ‘Tabhi; taht be Gem, } Tasos: tayo ‘Tasan; tisinag Toc. ~ Tasean; téyan Tasu Neuter Nom. Tay (it) Acc, Tay (it) The rest is similar to that of the masculine. Eta (that or this) is declined like ta, One has only to prefix an “e” to the forms of ta, eg., Reo, ete, eatin, enarin, and 60 on. 49. Declension of Demonstrative Pronoun ‘Tata = (this) Masculine Sorovian Puveat Nom. Ayag = this (man) —_Ime = these (men) Acc, Iman Ime THE NEW PALI COURSE ~ 53 Smv@vLaR PLURAL, ns, Anena; imin& Ebhi; ehi; imebhi; imehi Esan; esinan; im- Dat. Ge. ase imassa esan; imesanay Asm; imamha; Ebhi; ehi; imebhi; imasms imehi ec, Asmiy; imamhi; Esu; imesu imasmin Feminine Nom. Ayan = this (woman) imayo = these men) imayo Imabhi; imahi Koay; Asinan; imSsag; imasinay Lec, ‘Aseag? imissan; Imasu imayan Newer Nom. Idan; imay = this Ime; iméni = these (things) Ime; Imani ‘The rest is similar to that of the masculine. Exercise 17 Teanstate mero Exouse 1. Ayap siho tamhé vanamhé nikkhamma imasmiy Tagge thetva ekay itthin miresi. 2. So tdeay yuva- = tani vatthini vikkinitvs tésay santiké! milan? dhitaro tambhé vanamh imani Garis “oar bw ia mci = Foro Beg 5 oom Gap tow a mt = Gn ny54 THE NEW PALI COURSE phalani aharigsu, aiid nariyo tani khadituy ganhinsu. 4. Tm sabbé yuvatiyo tan dréman gantvé dhamman sutvé Buddhay padumehi pijessanti. 5. Ime manussa | yani puitfani va papani va karonti t€ni te anugacchanti.! 6. Tassa kafinaya mata dakkhindya disiya imag géman Agantva idha ciran? vasissati, 7. Tassa natta imassa Dhitard saddhin Kolambanagaray? gantva tini bhan. dani vikkinissati, 8. TA nariyo etdsan sabbasay kuma- rinag hatthesu paduméni thapesug,* td tini haritva cetiyag pOjesug. 9. Tassd rajiniya etd dasiyo imehi rukkhehi pupphani ocinitvé im méliyo karips 10. Kesay so iman dhanap datva sukhay labhissati? 11. Yo magge gacchati, tassa puto suran pivitva ettha sayati. 12. Ke tan khettay® gantva tinay aharitva imasan gavinen datva khiran labhitug icchanti? TRANSLATE INTO PALt }. A certain man baving gone to that cemetery gathered those flowers and brought them here. 2. This Jioness having come out from that forest killed a cow in this place.” 3. The husband of that woman bought these clothes from that market and gave them to his grandsons. 4. Whose servants will go to Colombo to buy goods for you and met 5. To-morrow his brothers will go to that forest and collect honey and fruits. 6. Her sisters went to that field (in order) to bring grass for these cows. 7. [ got these lotuses and flowers from 2 certain woman of that village. 8. To-day all maidens Anugaochati 1 follows 4. 3rd poryott plural of the 2. Ciram <= for @ long time, m. Pagt Tense. 3. Kolembanagarn » Colombo. 5. Khetta = field, n. 6. Place = thane, n. THE NEW PALI COURSE 55 cof this city will go to that river and will bathe in it. 9, They brought those goods to a merchant in that market. 10, Having sold those cows to the merchants, ‘they bought olothes, garlands and umbrellas with that money. 11. Who are those men that! killed a lion yesterday in this forest? 12. Which woman stole her garland and ran through this street? The Verbal Adjectives or Participles 50. Participles are a kind of adjectives formed from. the verbal bases. Like verbs they are divided into Present, Past and Future; and each group is again divided into Active and Passive. Being adjectives they are declined in all the genders. _, The Present Active Participles are formed by adding ‘nta” or “mana” to the verbal base, .g., Gaocha + nta = gacchanta = going Gaccha + mina = gacchaména = going Paca + nta = pacanta = cooking ‘Paca + mina = pacaména = cooking 51. Declension of the Present Participle ‘ Gaccuanta (= going) Masculine SorevnaR Puveat Nom. Gacchay; gacchanto Gacchanto; gacch- anta dec, Gacchantag Gacchante Ins, Gacchatd; gacchan- Gacchantebhi; gac- tena. chantebi ‘Use the relative pronoun “ya’2, ae f t { | 56 THE NEW PALI COURSE PLURAL Gacchatay; chantanan Gacchantebhi; gac- chantehi gac- Gacchantesu gacchantamhi; gacchantasmin Vee. Gacchay; gaccha; © Gacchanto; gacchan- gaccha, ta Feminine Gacchanti; gacchantiyo Gacchanti; gacchantiyo Nom. Hom. \ Gacchantt Acc, ~ Gacchantin Abl, Gacchantiya Gacchantibhi; gacch- antihi and 80 on like kumari. Neuter Nom. Gacchan Gacchanta; gacchantini Ace, Gacchantay © Gacchante; gacchantini ‘The rest is similar to that of the masouline. Remark Here one should note that these participles change their endings in the ferainine. THE NEW PALI COURSE 57 ‘Titthanta = standing Aharanta = bringing Viharanta = living; residing 52. A. All of these have another form ending in -mana, like gacchaména, In that form they are declined like nara in the masculine, vanitd in the feminine, and ‘nayana in the neuter. B. These participles take the gender, number and ‘case of the substantive in forming sentences, og. Titfharn gono tina Hhddati = "The bull which is standing eats grass or Gono titfhanto tinari Ehddati = Tho bull cata grass standing. ©. Active Participles formed from the transitive ‘Daves often take an object, eg., Bhattam dhuiijanto = eating rice. Exercise 18 ‘Teanstare mvro ENoLisH 1. Gamay gacchanto darako ekay gonan disvé bhayi. 2, Diriki rodanti amméya santikay gantvé pithe nial- dati, 3. Vépij& bhapdini vikkinanté nadiyay nahi- ante manusso passinsu. 4. KAfifigyo hasamind nahiyantiyo gacchantin vanitey akkosinsu. 5. Puriso hhasanto rukkhan 4ruhitva phalini khddentq! sikhé- ‘yay nisidi. 6, Bhagava Sévatthiyap® vibaranto devinay TT. Wide — to eat hard food. 2. In the city of Svat, “Bhuiija” is used in oat- ing soft S008.58 THE NEW PALI COURSE manussinan ca dhamman desesi. 7. Si sayantiy itthip utthépetva! hasamand tamhé thénd apagacchi?. 8, Tumhe bhimiyen kilamanay imay darakay ukkhi- pitva? mafice thapetha, 9. Sihay disvé bhayitvé dhavamané te mig& asmig vane Avatesu patinsu. 10. Imasmin géme vasantanan purisinay eko pharasup Jaya vanan gacchanto ekaya kasuyag pati. 11. Ni dantiy& nariy putto rodaméno tassé santikay gamis- sati, 12 Yacakd bhattag pacantin itthin disva tap aharay yacanté* tattha nisidigsu. 13. Vanamhi darami dharanti kaiiié ekasmig pasine udakay piva- mans® nisidi. 14. Vanijé bhandani kinanta vikkinanta 8 gamesu nagaresu ca @hindanti. 15. Danay dadanto s0 dhanava silavante gavesati ® ‘TRANSLATE INTO PAUL 1. Going to the river the slave sat at the foot of a tree, eating (some) fruits. 2. The mother, having raised the crying girl. gave her (some) milk. 3. Walking on the,river-bank we saw (some) people bathing in the river. 4. Seeing us there, a deer began to run and fell in a pit. 5. Coming out of the forest the lion saw a cow eating grass on that field. 6. Bringing firewood from this forest the maiden drank water from that tank. 7. A certain man living in this village saw a leopard running to that mountain, §, Our fathers and brothers will wander through villages and towns, (while) selling and buying goods. 9. Standing on the mountain that 1. Having awakened or raised. 4. Begging. 2) Went away; moved aside. 3. Drinking. 3. Having raised up. 6. Seeks, THE NEW PALI COURSE 9 day, Law a Hone sleeping in a cave. 10. The boy veame to me, laughing and running. 11. Carrying drum for his sunt, the farmer sat om this rock, looking at these trees and fields. 12. The Buddha, living in Savatthi for a long time, preached His doctrine to the ‘People of that city. 13. While cooking (some) rice, his sister sat singing! on a chair. 14. Giving alms to the Deggars the millionaire spent? all his wealth. 15. Play- ing on the road the boys saw a man running from there, 53. Part Participles ‘The Past Participles are formed in many ways. Their formation will be shown in the second book; only a few examples are given here, N.B.—These Participles are often used as complements ‘of verbs, e., So kilaketo (hoti) = he is dead. Some. ‘times the verb is understood. (Gttarp) gayants0 THE NEW PALI COURSE 54, “To’' in the Sense of Ablative of Separation Suffix fo is sometimes added to the nominal bases to denote the ablative of separation. There is no distine- tion between the singular and the plural in that form. ‘These are included in the indeclinables: Rukkhato = from the tree or trees. Giamato = from the village or villages Purisato = from the man or men ‘Tal = from there; (therefore) Kuto = from where? Sabbato = from everywhere. Exercise 19 ‘Transtats iro Exousit 1. Hiyo arafifing gato so purito ahind dattho mari. 2. Rukkhato otinn& pakkhi dirakens sakkharshi batd honti, 3. Purisena pharasund chinno so rukkho tessa gehassa upari pati. 4. Gémato nikkhanté? t& giviyo Khetto tinan khaditva vapito jalay pivissanti. 5. Vanijehi nagarato dhaténi bhandini imes gémesu manussehi Kiténi (honti). 6. Taya kafiidya pakkay odanay atavito Sgatd tassi bhitaro bhafjitva sayis- sonti, 7. Pitaré vuttey anussaranti? si yuvati taya laddhan dhanay ganhituy na icchi. 8. Ekena hatthing chinnag sikhay afi hatthiniyo gahetv’ KhAdinsu.. 9. Kuto tumhehi imani vatthdni téni padumani ea Kita- nit 10, Kuddho so bhipati tasmin nagare vutthe sabbe: 1. That have come out. 2 Remembering. THE NEW PALI COURSE 61 manusse tato nihari.t 11. Sappena dattho vénijasse Putto tessa dischi eknsca: vejjassa? santikap nito? hoti, 12, Tdha imasiniy pithe nisinnay kumiriy gehato ‘gata afifa diriké pahari. 13. Taya pahatd 35 kafifis tassé matuyd sentikan gat rodanti atthasi. 14. Magge gacchanté te purisd téya dhenuyd bhinnag ghatan* Passipeu. 15. Bhipati tehi manussohi katdni gehani Passitvé tesay milan adasi, ‘TRANSLATE INTO PALI 1. The peacock, having descended from the tree, has gone now to the rock. 2. Having been bitten by ser- Pent the boy was carried to a physician. 3. This woman does not like to take the money received from her sister. 4. The man who has come’ from that village bought (some) goods from this market. 5. Remembering his mother’s words the boy did not go to the deed man. 6. My aunt's cows will come out of the forest and will eat the grass mowed and brought by the slave woman. 7. Having seen a man sleeping on the bed the house- holder told his boys not to go near him. 8, A deer was seen by the maiden who was cooking rive for her mother. 9. The rice that was cooked by her ia given to beggare and crows. 10. The house made by them was broken by an elephant. 11, The enraged king killed all men who came to the city. 12. The branch broken by the elephant fell on the ground, and afterwards your cows ate its leaves. 13. The garland received from the queen, by that girl is given to another girl. 14. The rice given to them was eaton by the slaves and the beggars. 15. The horse bought by the millionaire is carried by charioteer.62 THE NEW PALI COURSE 55. Adjectives Pronominal (§47) and verbal adjectives (§50) are shown above. Ordinary adjectives are Sela (= white), Rasea (= short), Mahanta (= big), and so on. As the adjectives qualify nouns, which are of different genders and numbers, they must agree with their substantives in gender, number and qase. Examples Adj. Noun Adj. Noun 1, Raltlo ono rasséni——_ttinini khaidatit (= The red ox eats some short grasses). 2. Sea kafi’ —nilara ©—-vatthay paridahati (= The fair girl wears o blue cloth). Here is a list of adjectives which are frequently used: Khuddaka = small Bila = foolish; young Pangita = wise Balavantu = powerful Dubbala = feeble Suripe ; \ beautiful, Dassaniya f handsome THE NEW PALI COURSE 63 56. The declension of adjectives will present no difficulties to the student who has mastered the declen- sion of nouns, ‘The declension of verbal and pronominal adjectives ‘and those of ending in -vantu and -mantw is given above. ‘The others are declined like nouns (in various genders) according to their endings. For instance: digha, rassa and others ending in -» of the above list are declined in the masculine like nara, and in the neuter like nayana, In the feminine they lengthen their last vowel, and are declined like vanité. ‘Those ending in -u, such as bahu and mudu are de- lined like garu, dhenu and cakkhu. Sometimes these, ending in -u, add ka to their feminine stem, and then they are declined like vanité, eg., mudu = mudukd, babu = bahuka. ‘The words ending in f, like mali (one who has a gar- land), take -int instead of 4 in forming feminine stems, eg., Mas. : MAL. Fem. : Milini. Malini and such others are declined like kumari. Exercise 20 ‘Transtare nero Exorisi 1. Ratt gaviyo khette ahindantiyo bahuy tinay khidinsu. 2. Uocd kuméri nilay vatthay paridahitva! ‘mahantap nageray gamissti. 3. Bahavo manussh dighthi rajjthi seta dhenuyo bandhitvé gambhiray 1. Paridahati—weare,rf a, ot THE NEW PALI COURSE nadip harigeu. 4. Amhakap bahinay bandhavénay patti dubbala honti.' 5. Panditasea purisasss 0& b&ls Dhagini pakkini phelani ocinitvé appaknay dare kinay adisi, 6, Tassi mahallikiya itthiyS daharo natté uttine jale nahdysti. 7. Tasmip uoce rukkhe thito vanaro imasmin nice tarumhi nisinne pakkhino oloketi. 8. Malini néri rassena maggena khuddakan gimay gacohi. 9. Dahari kaiif’a muduna hatthens rattini padumini genbiti. 10. Balavanto appakam pi dhanag Iabbitva dubbale manusse pllenti. 11. Bala- vantd kaJA gona uoceeu girisu ahipditva babini tinani khddanti, 12, Babunnay* balinag puttd tassi nadiya gambbhire jole petitva marinu. 13. Mama bhitarinag majjhimo nice pithe nisiditva aman phalan khadati. 14. Mayan suve majjhimay vapiy gantvd setani padumani nilini uppalani' oa aharissima, 15. Tamhe ‘mahallake dubbsle ea purise disva ma hasatha, ‘Transtate into Parr 1. A white cow drank much water from that big tank. 2. Wearing red olothes many girls are going to the big market in that large city. 3. The sons of that elderly woman are neither powerful nor rich 4. Our young cones always like to eat many unripe fruits, 5, That foolish woman went to that long river and fell in ite deep water. 6. Water in this pond is not deop but shal- low. 7, My old (elderly) sunt brought @ long rope to 1. Hott 2. ‘There are two forms: “babar” and “babunnam”, THE NEW PALI COURSE 65 bind that red cow. 8. The powerful man cut many tall and dwarf treee in that small garden. 9. Sitting on a low chair the young girl eats a ripe mango! got from her mother. 10, Much grass is brought by the slaves from that small field on the bank of that wide river. 11. White lotuses and blue lilies are bought by that feeble maiden from the elderly man. 12. The black oxen are sleeping on the rough ground near that high mountain. 13. The young boy's soft hand is burnt by the flame of that small lamp. 14. Many people will cross the great ocean and come to see this beautiful little island. 15. In this beautiful city there are big houses, wide-streste, long paths, and many gardens.6 THE NEW PALI COURSE THE NEW PALI COURSE Ci] NUMERALS 99 = Ekinasatan \ 100 = Satay 57. Cardinals ‘1000 = Sahassay 10000 = Dssasahassay 1. Eka (= ekan) 28. Atthavisati 100000 = Satasahassay : lakkhay 2, Dwi (= dve) 29. Ektnatinsati 1000000 = Dasalakkhan 3. Ti (= tayo) 30. Tinsati; tines 10000000 = Koti 4, Catu (= cattaro) 31. Ekatineati 10000000 Dasakoti i 5. Pafica 32. Dvattinsati; —_battin- 1000000000 = Satakoti 6. Cha sati | 7. Satta 33. Tettipsati 58. Some of these numerals take all the genders. 8. Atha 30. Ekinacattaliss and some have their own. | 9. Nava 40. Cattalisati; oattalisd A. The stems eka, ti, calu are of all genders and 10. Dasa 49, Ekunapafifidss doclined differently in each gender. 11. Eicidese 50, Pafifiési; —pannisi; B. The stem dvi and those from pafica to attharasa 12, Dvadass; birasa pafifidsati; panndast do not show different inflections in different genders 13. Tejasa ; terasa 59. saath though they take all the genders. 14, Cuddase; ontuddase 60. Satthi seats . . 16. Panparase; paficadasa 62. Dvesatthi; dvasatthi ; a Ein Visa to Nort the marbers ao feminine. 18. Solasa visatthi 3 17. Séttarasa; sattedasa 69, Ekinasattati D. Stems sala, sahassa and the compounds ending 18. Attharasa; atthddasa 70. Sattati with them are neuter. 19, Ekiinavisati 79, Ekindsiti E. Eka (one) has only singular forms. The plural 20. Wisati 80. Asiti forms of it are used to express the meaning “some” 21. Ekavisati 82. Dveasiti; dvasiti; eg., Eke manussa = some people. 22. Dvavisati; bivisati dviyisit F. The stems from dvi to afthdrasa have only the 23, Tevisati 83, Teaaiti; tiydstti, plural forms, From visati upwards to navuti and from 24, Catavisati 84, Coturdsiti saia upwards to Kofi are in singular. But they take 26, Paficavisati 89, Ekdnanavuti the plural form when it is required to show separate 26, Chabbisati 90, Navuti quantities. e.g., caitdri saténi = four (quantities) of 27. Sattavisati 92. Dvenavuti; dvana- hundred. ‘vati; dvinavuti G. Numerals are more often used as adjectives. eea, ee 68 THE NEW PALI COURSE DECLENSION OF NUMERALS 59. “Eka” is declined like the relative pronoun “ya!” given above (§ 46). Declension of Dvi (= two) ‘PLURAL (Common to all genders) Nom.\. nye: yom pore duve ‘BL . ae own: avin Ba. }oninnas; duvinnay Toe.” Dviau Declension of ‘Ti ( = three) Puvmat Masculine Feminine Neuter Ne Yom \ tayo Tisso Tint a8 fron; thi = Tibhi; thi Tbh; tih Dat. Tianag: ‘Tissannay —Tinnag; Gen. f dnnannany tinnannan Toc. Tisu Tieu Tisu Declension of Catu (= four) Nom.)\ Cattairo; Catasso = Cattlirt Ace. Caturo bl. )\ Cattbhi; Catthi; Cat hts; fee } “cata ~bhi ~bhi Det. Catessannag Catunnag Dat cotannay Toc, Catusu Catuso Catusn -THE NEW PALI COURSE 6 Declension of Pafica (= five) (Similar in all genders) ‘Prora yom. }Patica HE }pateabhis pattcahi Dat. Bet }Paticanannay Loc. Paficisu Cha, sata, attha and all up to afthadasa are declined like pafica, eg., Nom. Ace. Ab, Dat. Gen. Loe. Cha Cha = Chshi_ = Channay = Chasu 60. Visati and other numerals ending in -i are declined like bhdmi (§34). ‘Tirnsé and others ending in -6 are declined like vanitd. Visali itself has another form ending in -&, i, vied. “Sata” .(100) and “sahassa” (1000) are deotined ike nayana (§40), Exercise 21 Transtar into EXoLish 1. Catsiiro punsé catihi pharasthi oattéti rulekhani chinditvé aharissanti. 2. TS tisso itthiyo imehi tthi maggehi tay atavin gantva tissannay kefifignag tini phaléni adansu. 3. Ekiseay sildyan satay purisé, paiifiésd itthiyo ca nisidissanti. 4. Mayan ito navahi divasehi! paficahi kumarehi saddhiy Kolambanagaray 1. After nine days, —————————SN n THE NEW PALI COURSE gomissama. 5. Pafica disi dasannay assnay bahuy tinap, appakay udakai ca aharige. 6, Visati puriai dasshi gonchi cattari khottani kasanti. 7. Vanijo kehépandnay! dvihi satehi# attha asse kinitva te catun- nap dhensvanténay vikkini, 8, Tésay channap itthi- nay cha bhétaro mahentap pabbatay aruhitea cha kapayo Gnesup. 9, Tésay mété dase ambe kinitva eatassannay dhitardnay dadissati. 10. Idini Lanké- yoy pafica-cattélisa-satasshassay manusei vasanti 11. Pubbo Savatthinagare manussinay sata kotiyo? vasigeu. 12, Tumhe ito dvihi vassehi Anurédhapuray' gantva tattha nave divas vasanté mahante oetiye sssissatha. 13, Diiso ken hatthena dve nilikere® itarena ekay panesafi? oa harati. 14, Ahay cattiri vassini? nagare vasitva tato pacohé tayo miso* gime vasissimi. ‘Transtare nto Pat 1, Four women bought eight mangoes and gave them to the two daughters. 2. To-morrow five’men will go to the forest and cut ten trees with their five axes. 3. ‘Three girls went separately” to three tanks and eachi® brought thirty flowers. 4. In this hall there are five hundred men and three hundred women. 5. There are ‘Kahapana” is o equare coin extensively used in former days, the purchssing power of which is said to have been’ about that of a florin (23) With two hundreds (of kahapanas). ‘Soven crores of people, ‘The sacred city of tho Buddhists in Ceylon, Coconut, mn 8. Masa=month, . Take-fruit, mn. 9, Visud. Vama= year, mn. 10. Ek’ekd. rr THE NEW PALI COURSE 1 five thousand people, one thousand hundred houses in this town. 6, The seven ‘mothe of the fivegirls went to that forest and killed eight deer 7. We lived in Colombo for eight years and nine months. 8. They will go to live there again three years and two months hence. 9. Having bought three clothes the father gave them to his three daughters, 10. Ten men with twenty oxen are ploughing these five fields. 11. Sixty clephants came out of the city and thirty of them entered the forest, 12. Of the twolve horses bought by me ono is sold to another man. 13. The alave having brought 25 coconuts sold 20 of them to a woman ry vo naeehanis ought two horses for three hundred ieoes (of kahipanas), ive milli ive i Boley tabirec ). 15. Five million people live in 61. Ordinal Numerals Pathama = first Doddasama Dutiya = socond Teraaama ~ thinoesth Tatiya = third Cuddasama = fourteenth All these are treated as adjectives. ae 1. Gavo. 2. Use the instrumental.I 2 THE NEW PALI COURSE In the masculine they are declined like nara. In the feminine their Inst vowel is changed into & or i and are declined like vanita and kumdri respectively. Their declension in the neuter is like that of nayana Remark “The first among the eight men” and such other phrases should be translated with the locative or genitive forms, as: (1) Atthasu purisesu pathamo or (2) Atthannay purisinay pathamo. Exercise 22 TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH 1, Gacchantesu dasasu purisesu sattamo vinijo hoti 2 ‘Tome sattamé dhita atthamiya ekap vatthay adisi. 3. Catassannay yuvatinan tatiySya bhatd pafica asse Snesi. 4. Mayhap pit sattatime vase paficame mice kilam akasi.) 5. Mayan ito chatthe divase catihi purisehi saddhip dutiyay nagersy gamissima. 6. Idani atthamo Edwardnémo bhiipati rajjan keroti 7. Pubbe chattho Parakkamabshu-bhipati Jayavad- napure rajjay kari, 8, Pathasiléya? asitiyé sissesu m= visatimo hivo gembhire udake pati 9. Amhikan pitaro ito paficame vasse bahiihi manusschi Anuridh pray gamissanti, 10, Dvisu pithasilisy pathamiys tisntay sissi* uggaphanti. 11. Dvinnag dhanavan. ténay dutiyo tinsatiyS yicakiinag danan adie 12, Nahayantisu paiicas narisu tatiydya bhatté dha- 1, Kalam karoti= dics a. Rahool. 8 Rajiam karoti = reigns 4. Student, in Ne “ae THE NEW PALI COURSE B navi hoti. 13. Bhattay paeantinay tissannag ittht. nap dutiya nahayituy gamissati, 14. Bhagavé patha. may vassay Bérdnasiyan Isipatandréme vihari. 15, Tada 90 paficannay bhikkhiinay bahunnay manus. sanaii ca dhammay desesi. ‘TranstaTe uTo Patt 1. The fifth of the ten merchants will buy the gem. 2. On the third day the four rich men will give alms to a hundred beggars. 3. There are eight hundred students in the first of the three schools. 4. My fourth brother lives in the sixth house of the fifth street in Colombo. 5. We will go to the city in the third month of the second year. 6. His tenth son will come here on the 25th day of this month. 7. The sixth of the seven women wears a red cloth, and the fifth a blue one. 8, King Edward VII died 26 years ogo. 9. His son, ‘King George V reigned for 25 years and 10 months 10. I will buy the second of these ten horses with one hundred florins. 11. Out of the eighty students in this School the 20th died yesterday. 12. His dead body was carried to the cemetery by 15 stndents, 13. My sixth brother will come here with the fourth one. 14. His third brother's second daughter learns at this school. 15. The first sister of the queen will visit Anurédhapura after three months Use the genitive with thi4 THE NEW PALI COURSE ADVERBS 62. The adverb proper in Pali is stated to be in the accusative singular of the neuter, e.g., ““Subhami sayati” = sleeps comfortably. “‘Sadiukaris karti” = does (it) well. But many other indeclinables like tada (then) may be taken under this heeding. Of the numerical adverbs ordinals take the form of the neuter singular, og., Pathamarn = at first; for the first time ‘Dutiyar = for the second time. Cardinals form their adverbs by adding suffixes -Athattwis ond dhd. Catukkhattuy = four times. Catudhé = in four ways. A List of Adverbs Visur, = severally; separ- Ekadhd — in one way ately Dvikhatturis = twice Dukkharh = with diffioulty Sakira = once ‘Samam = evenly Paficadha = in five ways Sanikars = slowly Sighar = quickly ‘Bvath = thus; 20 Sahasé = suddenly : tightly; strictly Zkamantazh = aside Exercise 23 Transtare nro Ewouist 1. Tmesay desennay dhanevant&nay paficamo eukhay jivati, 2. Ayan dipi sanikan agantvd eahsss giviys upari pati, 3. Afthannan kafifgnay chatth’ givin a a a, , ie THE NEW PALI COURSE 5 dalhay bandhitvi vapip nesi. 4. Ime paiica diraki abhinhay magge dhdvanti kilanti. 5. Tmest_navasu sissesu sattamo sidhukey ugganhati. 6. Bhikkhit Bhagavato santikay Agantva tay vanditva ckamantay nisidinsu. 7. So settht (attanot) dhanap pavicadhi vibhajitva paficannay dhitartnay adadi. 8. Tassa chatthaya dbituyé putto dvikkhattug imay nageran gacohi. 9. Pathamag teassé rathap samay akaddhipsu, dutiysy sighay dhavipsu. 10. Mama atthannay bha- tarinan catuttho dukkhay jivati, 11. Kathay te cattiro vanija tattha vasanti? 12. So dhitaray evay viftvis sohash tato afifiag thinay gacchi. ‘Trawstare wro Patt 1. Those ten boys are constantly playing at this place. 2. The fifth of these saven merchants lives happily (or comfortably). 3. ‘The king twice came out of the city and once bathed in this tank. 4. The horses will run quickly drawing evenly the carriages after them. 5. The fourth of the seven monks does not observe? the precepts? well. 6. These twelve merchants went to the Buddha and. sat aside to hear His preaching. 7. Suddenly thief came to me and tried® to take my umbrella, 8. Slowly they went together’ to the bank of the river and came back separately. 9. The third of the five sons of my friend learns with difficulty. 10. How did he enter the city and come out of it so quickly? 11, The second daughter of his sixth brother lives (with ‘iffculty or) miserably. 12. ‘Thus he spoke tw his thint sister and wont acid 1. His own, Dessnam, 2. Na nikkhati Ussahi 3. Silani or sikhnysadini Bkato.I % THE NEW PALI COURSE SYNTAX 63. A sentence may contain any number of words; but one cannot make a sentence without a verb, Even the shortest sentence must have two portions: the subject (kaii@) and the predicate (kiya). (One may eo “Go”! without any subject, but there the subject is understood). (1) “Puriso sayati (the man sleeps)", is » complete sentence. Here “‘puriso” is the subject and “sleeps” is the predicate. (2) The above sentence has no object as intransi- tive verbs do not take an object. But transitive verbs always take an object; therefore a sentence formed with a transitive verb consists of three portions, viz.:— kattd (subject), kammarh (object), and kriyd (predicate), es Subject Object Predicate Puriso rukkhan chindati = the man cuts a tree. Order of Sentences 64. In the sentence, “Puriso rukkhay chindati”, the subject comes first, the object second, and the Prediote last. (In an English eenteie the object must come after the predicate). This is the general way of forming sentences which © beginner must follow. But there are no definite rules THE NEW PALI COURSE n about the order of the words in o Pali sentenoo. The above sentence may be written in four waye:— (1) Puriso rukkhap chindati. (2) Rukkhay puriso chindati, (3) Chindati puriso rukkhay or (4) Furiso chindati rukkhag. In any way the meaning is the same; and one has no difficulty in finding the subject and the object as they are always in different cases. Concord 65. (1) The predicate must agree with the subjeot in number and person, 2) An adjective (participle included), must agree with the noun it qualifies in gender, number and case, e.g, Balavd puriso sayantarh gonara bandhati. (3) A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender, nutwber and person, eg., A. Ye pufifiay karonti te sage nibbattanti. B. Yo mage gacchati tassa pit’ hiyo mari. Exercise 24 Point out subjects, objects and predicates in the following sentences: 1, Bhaté vapin gacchanto ekassa rukkhassa mile nisidi. 2, Tessa pit gamissati. ito geh’ nikkhamitvé vanane NeTHE NEW PALI COURSE ‘Te pakkhino tesan rukkhanay sikchasu nisiditva ravanti, 4. Catasso kumériyo pupphani ovinituy eka ruk- khay Sruhigsu. Dasa hatthino imassa taruno atthe sikha bhai- jit khadinen. 6. Si yuvati dve mila piJandhitva hasanti tisthati, 7. Suve mayan tap nagaray gantva bahini bhan- Gani kinissima, 8. Magge dhavanté pafica daraka ekasmin avate patinsu. 9. Pannarasa’ vanij& dasa asse abaritva setthino vilkkininew, 10, Dve kassaké cattdro kile gone haritva tassay Insert suitable subjects, objects and predicates where -rukkhay Sruhitvé phelani ocindti 2, Magge gacchanto -dhavante “passi. 3. Tuyhay bhagint darakay adaya hasanti.. . -.Fajjuy& bandhitwa nahapeti 4. Diiso.. @panamhd vatthéni kinitva anetha. 6. Mayan nahatva Agantva bhattay. Ahap suve tayé saddhip gdmay.. x. Yuvatiyo. ocinitug... ~camise santi. FI THE NEW PALI COURSE n 9, Ambakay . - .tasmin nagare bhandéni vik. kinanti. 10. Cattaro..........padumani adaya vihéray ga- missanti. Vi. .....ee++.suve Spanag- gantvé, 2 hae rissa. 12, Tvay sakkbarahi godhay ma. . 13. Vénard. . Grubitva..........bhadjanti. 14, Dérekd rodanta gantva tesay pittinay, 15, Taitthiyo... -pacitva bhufijit How to Enlarge and Analyse a Sentence 66, It is stated that » sentence consists of two parts, the subject and the predicate, or sometimes three parts: the subject, the object and the predicate. (Note that the object belongs to the predicate). In enlargmg sentence one must enlarge the subject or the object, or both of them. ‘They may be enlarged with one or more adjectives, adjectival phrases, or clauses, or with a noun in the genitive, which is in the nature of an adjective, as it separates the thing possessed, from others. ‘The enlargement of a predioato is called its extension. It may be done by adding one or more adverbs or adverbial phrases, or words in the Instrumental Ablative (of separation) or Locative Cases.chindati ion | chindati hatthehi phara- sup adaya rukkhay puriso | utoap, muduy dalava (2) 80 acto, THE NEW PALI COURSE 2|2,2, 2 2 ; s 3 eglgiaz, =* |§ 5 #3 }33) #2 |e 6. i a Sai | 1 i——2 | 8. | i 5 \ oe ee w [F) 7 3 7 “ | 12, 3 2 13. at i Huy “ i a\gea3 a3 gesk | 16. Ba] a iv, bali (3) Pantava, (2) Balava Q) Ratio gono (8) Catuppado,t seto sidgi’, bélo, 1 * T. Quadraped or that which hae four feet THE NEW PALI COURSE 8 Exercise 25 Enlaige the following sentences: — Kuméri bhattay pacati Darako magge kilati, ‘Vanara rukkhe nisidanti. Kassaki khettan kasinsu Siho vanamhi vasati. Bhirpati nagare carati, Pith gehe sayati. Dhitaro nadiyay nahayanti. Bhétuno putto ugganhati. Vanitéyo padumani aharanti ‘Tumbe pakkhino ma méretha. ‘Trap cetiyay vandahi. Ahap silap rakkhissémi. Bhikkhavo dhammap desenti. Maysy Anurédhapuray gamissima. Analyse, the following sentences:— Cattaro purisd belavante attha gone ton mahan- tan khettan harinsu. Imasmip gime atthasu gehem paficatinesti manussi dukkhay vasanti, Te dhanavanté mahantesu maficesu sukhay seyissanti. Paficannay désinay dasa puttd visatiyé bale vantehi gonehi khettay kasanti.a 10. THE NEW PALI COURSE Eké itthi dvinnay putténap ratténi vatthini Sharitvé adasi Dhanavanto vinijé sakatehi bhandani adiya gime gantv& tini sighan vikkinissanti. Bhitpatino pathemo putto bahihi manussehi saddhin suve uyyénap gamissati. Mayhay méAtulini rattan givin dighiya rajjuyk dajhag rukkhe bandhi. Setthino balavanto attha puttd kaldkhalan corap ‘asthi paharitvé tatth’ eva! m&resup. Gamag geochanti vanitA afifiisss balay dhitarap disva tess tayo ambe adisi, ‘Tatth'eva= on the spot. THE NEW ‘PALI COURSE 83 PASSIVE VOICE 67. The verbs given so far in this book are of the Active Voice. ‘To form the passive one must add “ya”, sometimes preceded by i or i, to the root before, the verbal termination, e.g., Paca+ti = Paca+iya+ti — paciyali (is cooked). Kara + ti= Kara + iya + ti = kariyati (is done). Often the “ya” is assimilated by the last consonant of the base, e.g., Pac + ya + ti = Paccati (is cooked). Vue + ya + ti = Vuccati (is told). 68. In forming s sentence with a verb in the passive voice the subject stands in the Ablative of Agent and ‘the object in the Nominative. The verb takes the number and the person of the Nominative (object). This is the way Pali Grammarians state it. But in English the subject always takes the Nominative form; therefore the object becomes the subject when a sentence is turned from active to passive. Vanita odanars pacati turned into passive, becomes:— Vanitéya odano paciyalé or paccati. is named anuttakalta (the agent, subject) and “odano” utlakamma (the object. in the Nominative) in Pali. >a | 84 THE NEW PALI COURSE 69. Conjugation of pahara to beat Present Tense PASSIVE Srvoutan Paerat rd (So) pahariyati=he (Te) pahariyandi -- is beaten, they are beat on 2nd (Tvan) pahariyasi = (Tumhe) pahariyatha thou art beaten you are beaten, let (Ahan) pahariyami = (Mayan) pahariyama Tam beaten = we are beaten Conjugation of paca -- to cook Passive Vorce SixcuLaR Sn (So odano) paccati = that (rice) is cooked. 2nd (Tvap) odano) paccasi = thou (rice) art cooked. Ist (Ahan odano) paccdmi = T (rice) am cooked. PuuRaL 3rd (Te odand) paccanti = those (rice) are cooked. 2nd (Tumhe odana) paccatha = thou (rice) art cooked. Ist (Mayan odand) paccAma = we (rice) are cooked, ‘The following are conjugated like ~Pahariyati”:— Kasiyati Desiyati = is preached THE NEW PALI COURSE 85 Exercise 26 Trasiare 170 ENGuisit 1, Kafitigya odano pactyati, 2. Te Gon& disehi paheriyanti. 3. Tvay balind purisena akaddhiyasi, 4. Mayay amhékan arihi mariyéma, 5. Te migi taya dasiya bandhiyanti. 6. Iminé vaddhakina' imasmin gimo bahiini gehini keriyanti. 7. Tumhe tasmin géme manussehi bandhiyatha. 8. Ambakay bhandani tesay dasehi giman hariyanti. 9. -Atthahi vinijehi oattaro sai nagarsg Shariyanti, 10. Mayan amhakan dhitarehi. nattirehi oa vandiyama. 11. Tay mahentay khottay paficahi kassakehi kesiyati. 12. Vanitdya behini vatthdni tassay pokkharaniyay dhoviyanti. 13. Set- thind bahunnan ydcakénan dinap diyati. 14. Tasmin rime vasantehi bhikkhihi siléni rakkhiyanti. -18. Cha- hi bhikkhihi paficasatinay manussinay dhammo desiyati. 16. Pafifidsdya manussehi’ tasmin pane bahini bhand&ni kiniyanti. 17. Dasahi vanitahi dvisa- tap ombinay vikkinjyati. 18. Dasiya pakko odano gabapatind bhudjiyati. 19. Magge thito darako tassa mitay& hatthehi ganhiyati. 20. Buddhena devinay manussinaii ca dhammo bhasiyati. TRANSLATE ExTO PAU 1. The cows are tied with long ropes by the slaves. 2, Two black horses are bought by the two rich men. 3. You are beaten by four men. 4. This house is built (made) by eight carpenters. 5. Nine cows are killed by two tigers in that forest. 6. Thou art dragged to the field by those powerfal men. 7. Many goods are sold ‘Vadidhakt = carpenter, m.8 THE NEW PALI COURSE in this village by those two merchants. 8. You are tied fast by the people of the city. 9. The baby is carried to a physician by his mother. 10. The rice is well cooked by the second daughter of the merchant. 11. The doctrine is preached to the people of this village by the monks residing in that monastery.1 12. The rice cooked by the slave woman is eaten by her son and brothers. 13, Many red clothes are washed in the tank by those women, 14. Three hundred mangoes are sold by six tall women. 15, Much wealth is given to his relations by that rich man. 16. All grass in this field is eaten by eight oxen and four cows. 17. The Buddha is wor- shipped everywhere in this island. 18. Two fields are ploughed by 12 farmers and six oxen. 19. Those who went by that path are killed by alion. 20. The son of the ‘man who walks on the road is beaten by that powerful man. : _ 70. The past and the future forms of the Passive Voice are formed by adding "i+ ya" to the root before the verbal termination. eg. Past 3rd singular— Pahara +i = pehara +iya beaten. pahariyi = he was Future 3rd singular— Pace +issati paca +iya +issati= paciyissals = (it) will be cooked. 4. Vihéra=: monestery. m. PASSIVE PARTICIPLES 71. The participles, like verbs, are divided into two classes, that of Active and Passive. The Active Present Participles are shown above (§50). The Passive Present Partioiple is formed by adding “i + ya” to the root hefore the active terminations, eg., (1) Paca + mina = Pace + i-ya + mina = Pactya- ‘ména (being cooked). (2) Pahara +nta = Pahara +i-ya +nte = Pahart vanta (being beaten), Forms like paccamina (being cooked) and vuccamana (being told) also are formed by assimilating “ya” with ‘the last consonant of the root. (The rules of assimil. ation will be given in the Second Book). 72. The Declinable Active Past Participles are very few. The Passive P.Ps. are formed in various ways; the commonest way to form them is to add “ta” or “ita” to the root or the verbal base, e.g., aca +ite = pacita—oooked ‘Hara + ita — harita—oarried Nahi +ta — nahdta—bathed Ni+te = nita—carried Na +ta = fidta—known Bhi + ta = bhata—become; been Su+ta = sula—heard ‘Here one notices that ite is added to. the roots ending in a, and ta is added to the roots ending in vowels other than a, But this rule is not without exceptions. ee I THE NEW PALI COURSE a7eer 88 THE NEW PALI COURSE ‘A list of some P.P.Ps. is given above (§53). The words therein are formed in various ways; but the student should not bother at present about their formation, ‘Another form of P.P.Ps. much common in uso is formed by adding inna to the root and by dropping the last syllable or the vowel of the root, e., Chide + inna = chinna—out Bhida + inna = bhinna—broken Da + inna = dinna—given ‘Tara + inna = tinna—crossed; gone ashore ‘Ni + sida + inna = nisinna—sat 73. The Potential (or Future) Passive Participles are formed by adding “tabba”” and “aniya” to the verbal base, ©, Katabbe =} mustbe tobe orshould be done Keraniya Haritabba = must be, fit to be, or should be Haraniya carried Pacitabba must be, fit to be, or should be Pacaniya } cooked Bhufijitabba ~ fit to be or should be eaten fit to be or should be washed fit to be or should become or happen fit to be or should be sat Vattabba == fit to be or should be told Vanditabba = fit to be or should be worshipped Databba = fit to be or should be given Chinditabba = fit to be or should be cut Rakkhitabba = fit to be or should be observed or protected Ugganhitabba -= fit to be or should be learnt. THE NEW PALI COURSE 39 Exercise 27 TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH 1. Kafifidye bhudijiyamanay bhattay sunakhasss data- bbay (hoti). 2. Purisena chindiyaméno rukkho gehassa upari patissati, 3. Purisehi khettani kasitabbani, vanitahi tesay bhattay pacitabbay. 4. Puttehi dhita- rehi ca pitaro mitaro ca vanditabba honti. 5. Dasena hariyamano asso vapijEnay vikkinitabbo hoti. 6. Corehi pahariyaménd purisé efifiey kattabbag adisvé' afavip dhavinsu. 7. Sarathina pahariyam&no asso rathap Akaddhanto sighay dhdvati. 8. Tumhehi déndni date- " bani, silani rakkhitabbani, pufifiéni katabb&ni (honiti). 4. Sissehi dhammo sotabbo? satthéni? ugganhitabbani. 10. May& diyaménay‘ bhufjitabbay bhufjituy behi yicak& Agacchanti, 11. Vanité dhovitabbini vatthani Adaya vitthatay nadip gamissati. 12. Yuvatiyo vanda- niyani cetiyani disvé ekiya kailidya ociniyamanani padumani yacinsu. 13. Mama bhaté tesmiy vane @hindanto chindaniye bahd rukkhe passi. 14. Maya ovadiyaméno bilo vattabban apassanto khinnoS nisidi. | TRANSLATS INTO Patt 1. The fruit that is being eaten by the boy should not begiven to another one, 2. The field should be ploughed by the farmers with their oxen. 3. Being beaten by an \ enemy and not knowing what should be done,* the man | ran across the field. 4. Many beggars came to receive the alms given by the rich merchant. 1. Not seeing. 4. Given by. 2, Should be hoarl. _—«5.-Dejeeted. 3. Sciences. 6. Kim kétabban ti ajinanto, es9% THE NEW PALI COURSE 5, Your parents! are to be worshipped and protected by you. 6, Being admonished? by the teacher the student ‘began to learn what should bo learnt, 7. The horses that are being carried by the merchants are to be sold to-morrow. 8. The horse being beaten by the slave ran quickly to the field. 9. Precepts should be observed ‘and alms should be given by you. 10. Many clothes ‘are to be washed by our friends. 11. Ten, men out ‘many trees that should be cut in that garden. 12. The trees which are being cut by them will'fall on other trees. 18. The merchants did not get any food that should be eaten by them. 14. What should happen will happen® to us and the others. 15. The rice is to be cooked and eerried to the field by us. Causal-or Causative Verbs 74, Causative verbs are formed by adding to the root the suffixes. (1) ¢, (2) aya, (8) dpe, or (4) 4paya before the verbal termination, The radical vowel of the root is lengthened or changed before these suffixes, when it is followed by one consonent, and remains unchanged if it is followed by a double consonant, eg., Pao +e + ti Pac + aya +t Pac + Spe + ti + pdedpeti = causes to cook Pao + dpaya + ti= gicdpayali = causes to cook ro twa compound 2. Ovedi fees (He cempeuns 5 Will happen Bhaiseat. a THE NEW PALI COURSE 1 N.B—There is a similarity between “péceti”, “péeayati” and “coreti”, “corayati”; but the former ‘ate causal and the latter are simple verbs. 75. The group of verbs “coreti”, ete., called “Cu- radi Group” (see §15), always take “e” and “aya” in their simple forms and their causa! bases are formed with “ape” and “apaya’” eg,, Simple: Coreti, Corayati = steals Causal: Cordpeti, Cord payati = causes to steal 76. 4. Intransitive verbs become transitive when they take causal furms. e.g., " Darako sayati (the baby sleeps). Mata darakarn sayipeti (the mother makes her baby sleep). B. Transitive verbs take one or two more objects in their causal forms, e.g., Simple: Gono tinam khadati. Causal: Dis gonari tinam khéddpeti (the slave causes the ox to eat grass). 77. A List of Causatives causes to (or makes one) do Aanhipeti = causes to (or makes one) take Nahdpeti = causes to (or makes one) bathe Bhojfipeti = causes to (or makes one) eat i = causes to (or makes one) sit Hardpeti = causes to (or makes one) carry Aharapeti = causes to (or makes one) bring Gacchapeti = causes to (or makes one) go Chindd:peti = causes to (or makes one) cut Marapeti = causes to (or makes one) kill.NEES 92 THE NEW PALI COURSE Exercise 28 ‘Transtare iro ENGLisi 1. Setthi vaddhakip gehay kardpeti. 2. Mit dara. kay pokkharaniyay nahdpessati. 3. Amhikap pitaro Dhikkhi bhojépesuy. 4. Vanitayo dasiy bhattay picd- pemy, 5, Papakdrino dasehit bahii mig mérdpenti. 5. Gahapatayo purisehit darini ganhapenti. 7. Garu sisse dhammay ugganhipesi. 8. Adhipati purisehi rukkhe chindapessati. 9. Ahay kafifiahi bhandani aharépessimi, 10. Tumhe bhatarchi kapayo gimap harépetha. 11. Maya dasahi gonehi khettay kasi- pessima, 12, Mata puttay pithe nisidépetva bhatte pacituy tandule? aharapesi. ‘Transiate into Pant 1, The sinner causes his brothers to kill birds. 2. The rich men make their sons give alms. 3. The king makes the carpenters build five houses. 4, ‘The: charioteer makes the slave bring two horses near the chariot. 5. The women get their daughters cook rice for the guests. 6. The carpenter gets the work? done by the servants, 7. ‘The leader gets his men out many trees in his garden. 8. They will get the field ploughed by 20 oxen. . I will make my son eat some food. 10. We will cause our slaves to go to the town. 11. They make the cows eat grass. 12. Do not allow him do that work “1. Tnatrumental is also used with tho casual forme. 2 Tandula = rice (uncooked), mn. 3. Worle komma, 1: VOCABULARY PALI-ENGLISH ABBREVIATIONS m. Masculine in. Infinitive f. Feminine PF. p. Present Participle n. Neuter P.p. Past Participle ind. Indeclinable Pt. p. Potential Participle ad. Adver’ abs. Absolutive v. Verb ger. Gerund adj. Adjective 3. Of the three genders alah» eye. Atthasi v stood chi v went. Atthiaiti f ei, eight: Aggi m fire Athi n toma Anguli f finger Anda n egg Acari v walked; travelled , Atikkamituy in to surpass. Aooi n flame Atithi m guest Aja m gost Atthi ois; has Aj ind to-day Atha ind then; after that Aiifia adj another; other Atthadifid' m kmower of the Atevi f forest Adisi v gave Atths 3, eight ‘Addhi ind cortainly Atthama adj eighth Adhipati m lord; leader Atthavinati f twenty-cight Anugecchati v follows Atthnaata » 800 Anusserati v remembers Atthédasa 3, eighteen Anussaranta pr. p remembering Attharasa 3, eighteen Antari ind betwee, %I 94 THE NEW PALI COURSE Anto id in ; inside Apagacchati » gdes away Apaci v cooked Apara adj another ; western Apassanta pr. p not seeing Api ind and ; also Appaka adj few ; a little Abhavi v was Abhinhay ad constantly ; often Amata 1 ambrosia ; the supreme Bliss Ambe m mango Ambu n water Ammé f mother Amhe=we Ambhikay = to us; our Ayan m.f this (man); this (wo- many Arafifia n forest Ari m enemy Alatkaroti v decorates ; adorns Asani f thupderbolt Asi m sword Asiti f eighty ‘Assam horse ‘Asse = his ; to him ‘Ass&i = of her ; to her ‘Assu n tear Ahi m serpent ‘Ahay = I Akaddhati v drags ; pulls Akaddhiyativ is dragged ; is Agacchati v comes Agacchi v came Egata p.p come Agantva abs having come Agantun in to come Agamma abs having come Adaya abs having taken Aneti v brings Knesi v brought Anetvé abs having brought Apana-m shop ; market: Ama adj unripe Ama ind yes Ayu nage Ayadha n weapon Krabhati v bogins Arabhi v began ‘Arima m grove ; monastery Kruyha abs having ascended Aruhati v ascends Arahi v ascended Kruhitwa abs having ascended Koka m light Avate m pit Bhata p.p brought Kharati v brings Kharanta pr.p bringing Kharépeti v causes to bring hari » brought Khsritup in to bring Ahariyati o is brought Aare m food Ahindati o wanders ~ THE NEW PALI COURSE % Teohati v wishes Ekakkhattuy ad once Ttara adj the other EkacattAlisati f forty-one Ito ind hence Exkatinsati thirty-one Tethif woman Ekato ind together dap n this thing Ekadé ad one day; once ‘dani ind now Ekadha ad in one way Tha ind here Ekattha ad in one place Ima adj this Ekamantay ad aside Imi = these (women) Ekavisati f twenty-one Ekasatthi f sixty-one Ii m sage Ekadasa 3 eleven Isipstandrdima m the grove of Ekidasama adj eleventh Isipatana (at Samath) Eksiti f eighty-one Ukichipitva abe having raised Ekinacattalizati f 39 up Ekiinatigsoti f 29 Ugganhati v leams Bkinapaiiissati / 49 Uggahitabba pt.p that should Ekinansvuti f 89 be learnt . Ekinevisati /19 ova. adj high; tall Bkunasatthi f 59 Ucohu m sugar-cane Ekiinasattati f 69 | Utthahati v rises up Ekinasata n 99 { Utthahitvé abs having risen up Ekindslti f 79 ‘Utthapetva abs having awakened Eta 3, that; this Uddeti flies Bttha ad here Uttara adj northern Evay ind thus ; Uttdne adj shallow Esé f that women, (Stem, eta) | Udaka n water ‘Eso m that man. (Stem. efa) Uadadhi m ocean ~ Okkamma abs having moved Udeti » rises up aside Upari ind above Ocinati v gathers; colleots Uppale water-lily Ocinitva abe having gathered ‘Ubhaya 3, both Ocinituy in to gather; to ool- Ussahati v tries lect Eke adj one; certain Otarati descends% THE NEW PALI COURSE Otaritva abs having descended Kavi m poet Odans mn. (boiled) rice ‘Kasativ ploughs Otinna p.p. descended Kaslyati v is ploughed Oruyha abs having descended Kassake m farmer Oruhati » descends Kaka m crow i 9 looks at Kaki f she-crow Olokente rp. looking at Kitabba pt.p thet should be Kacohu f itch done asa, 4, ‘girl ‘Katuy in to do ‘Katacchu m spoon ‘Karana n reason Kanera f she elephant Kate p.p. made; done Katama 3, which of the many Katara 3, which of the two Kattu m doer; compiler Kattha ad where Katvl abs having done ‘Kathy ind how Katha f speech; talk Katheti » says Kathesi » said; told Kodali f plantain Kadi ad when? Kapi m monkey ‘Kamma n work ‘Kammanta m work Kammakéra m worker Karanlya pp. that should be done Kariv did Koarissati v will do Kari m elephant Karlyati v is done Karoti v does Karonte pr.p. doing Karapeti v causes to do Kaya m body Kala mtime Kilay karoti » dies Kieu f pit Kala adj black ‘Kinanta pr.p. buying Kinati » buys ini v bought Kiiwe abs having bought Kinlyati v is bought Kitti f fame Kip 3, what? Kilati » plays Kilitva ni having played Kakkuti fen Kuochi m.f. belly Kutthi m leper ‘Kato iad from where! ‘Kuddhe p.p. enraged; angry Kamira m boy Kumistf girl Kula m family; caste Kulavantu adj of the high caste Kabin adv where? EEE EE EET SOI OOO EE eee THE NEW PALI COURSE 7 Kala n (river) bank Ketu m banner ‘Ko m who? (Nom.) Kodha m anger Kolambanagera n city of Col- ombo Khanati » digs Khanti f patience Khara adj rough; coarse Khédati v eats Khadanta pr.p. eating Khadi v ate Khaditva ads having.caten Khira » milk Khuddaka adj small Khuda f hunger Khinna, p. p, dejected Khetta n field Gacchativ goss Gacchanta pr.p. going Gacchapeti v causes to go Gacchi » went Gacchissati v will go Gaiigi f river Gani m one who has a following Ganthi m knot Ganhati v takes Ganhapeti v causes to take Ganhi v took Ganbituy in to take Ganhiyati v is taken Gata p.p. gone Gantu m goer Gantup in to go Gantva abs having gone Gamissati » will go TUE Cambhira adj deep Garu m teacher Gavesati » socks Gahapati m houscholder Gshita pp. taken Gahetva abs having taken Gama m village vyati v sings tyanta pr.p. singing Gavi f cow Giri m mountain Giva f neck Gunavantu adj virtuous Guha f cave Geha m,n. house Gona m ox Godhé f iguana Ghata m water-pot Ghana n nose Ghayivuy in to smell | Ca ind and Cakku n eye Cakkhumantu adj possessor of i eyes | Canda m moon | Cattalisati f forty Catu 3, four Catuttipsati f thirty-four Catuttha adj fourth Catatthi f Dative Catuddasa 3 fourteen Catuppada m quadruped Caturdsiti f eighty-four Catuvisati f twenty-four Carati v walks aON 8 THE NEW Caranta prp. walking Caritva abs having walked Citta n mind Ginteti » thinks Cintetva. abs having thought Cintesi v thought: Civay ad (for a) long time Cuddasa 3, fourteen Gaddasama adj fourteenth Cotiya n shrine; pagoda Cora m thief Coreti v steals Coresi v stole Cha 3, six Chattha adj sixth Chatthi f Genitive | Chattha » umbrella Chattinsati f thirty-six Chatti m one who has an um. brella. Channavati f ninety-six Chabbisatif twenty-six shade; shadow Chasiti f eighty-six Chindati v cuts Chindanta pr.p. eutting Chindapeti » causes to cut Chinditabba 3, that should be cut, Chinna 3, cut Jaagha f shank; calf of the eg Jannu m knoe atu n sealing wax Jayatu v let him conquer PALI COURSE Jalan water Janu m knee Janati v knows Jaleti v kindles Jalesi v kindled sFinativ wins divha f tongue Jetu m victor Nana n wisdom Nata p.p. known Natu m knower ‘Thatvi abs having stood ‘Thapita 3, kept ‘Thapeti v keeps ‘Thapetu v Tet him keep ‘Thapesi o kept Thana m place Thita p.p. stood Dasati v bites; stings Desitva abs having bitten or stung Ta 3, that ‘Tandula n rice (uncooked) ‘Tatiya adj third ‘Tato ind thence; from there ‘Tattha ad there Tatra ad there ‘Tatha ind so; likewise; in that way ‘Tada ad then ‘Tarunl f young woman ‘Tava=thine; your THE NEW PALI COURSE ” = of her; to her ‘Tahin ad there Ta f those women ‘Tani = those things Ti3, three . ati v stands Titthanta pr.p. standing Tina n grass ‘inna p.p. crossed; gone ashore Tinavuti f ninety-three ‘Tipu n lead Tiriyay ad across Tipoati f thirty Tinsatima adj thirtieth ‘Tips’ f thirty Tumbe = you Tuyhay = to you; your Tulé f scale; balance Tem they Te-asiti f eighty-three Tettinsati f thirty-three Tenavuti f ninety-three ‘Topafifiasd f fifty-three ‘Terasa 3, thirteen ‘Terasams adj thirteenth Tevisati f twenty-threo ‘Tesatthi f sixty-three ‘Teanttati f seventy-three Telasa 3, thirteen Dadamana pr.p. giving Dadati v gives Dadiv gave Daddu f eczema Dadhi x curd Danti m tusker; elephant, Dasa 3, ten Dasakoti f hundred million Dasama adj tenth Dasalakkha » million Dasasata n thousand Dasasahassa n ten thousand Dassaniya adj handsome; beau- tif Dalhay ad tightly Datht m tusker; serpent Ditabbe pp. that should be given Datu m giver Datuy in to give Dana n alms; charity Dayaka m giver ‘Daraka m young one; boy Darika f girl Dara n firewood Disa m slave Dasi f slave woman Dinns p.p. given Divasa m day Diva ind day-time Disé f direotion Disva abs having seen Dighs adj long Digha svi m possessor af long eeI IIEIIEEIIEEION LO THE NEW PALI COURSE tor 100 THE NEW Dips m island; lamp Dipi m leopard Diyati v is given Diyamana pr.p. being given Dukkha n pain; misery; trouble Dukkhan ad with difficulty; miserably Dutiya adj second Dandubhi f dram Dubbale adj feeble Deti » gives Deva m rain; deity Devata f deity Devi f queen: goddess Desana f preaching Desita p.p. preached Deseti v preaches Desesi w preached Desiyati v is preached Doni f canoe; boat Doli f palanguin Dvattinsati thirty-two Dvadasa 3 twelve Dvadasama adj twelfth Dvanavuti f ninety-two Dvavisaty f twenty-two Dvasatthi f sixty-two Dvasattati f seventy-two Dvasiti f eighty-two Dvi 3, two Dvikkhattuy ad twice Dvicattalisati f forty-two Dvidha ind in two ways; into two Dvinavuti f ninety-two PALI COURSE Dvicattati f seveury-two Dvisata w two hundred Dveasiti feighty-two Dvepanniisi f fifty-two Dvesattati f seventy-two Dhana » wealth Dhanavantut adj rich Dhanu x bow Dhamnia m doctrine Dhiitu f element; relic Dhavati » runs Dhavanta 3, ranning Dhavi v ran Dhavitva abs having run Dhitu f daughter Dhilif dust * Dhenu f cow (of any kind) Dhovati v washes Dhovitabba pt.p. that should be washed Dhoviyati v is washed Na ind not; no Nogara n city Nattu m grandson Natthi v is not Nadi f river Nayana n eye ‘Nara m man ‘Nava 3, nine ‘Navame adj ninth Navasata n nine hundred Navuti f ninety Na santi = are not Nahate p, Nahatva abs having bathed Nahapeti » causes to bathe Nahayati v bathes Nahéyanta pr.p. bathing Nama » name ‘Nari f woman ‘Nava f ship Nas& f nose Nali f corn measure; tube Nalikera m coconut Nikkhanta p.p. got out Niklchamati v goes out Nikkhamma abs having come out Niddé f sleep Nidhi m hidden treasure Nibbattitup in to be born Nibbattitva abs having born Niraya m hell Niliyati v hides Nisinna p.p. sat Nisidati v sats Nisidanta pr.p. sitting Nisidapeti v causes to sit isldi » sat Nisiditabba pep. should be sat Nisiditva abs having sat Nica adj low; vulgar Nita pp. ted: carried Nila adj bine Niharati v ejects Neti » leads: carries Netu m leader Nesi v Jed: carried Palka pp. cooked: ripe Pakkkhipati v puts in i Pakkbt m bird Paggayha abs having raised up Pacati v cooks Pacatu v let him eook Pacanta pr.p. cooking Pacaména pr.p. cooking Pacaniya pl.p. that should be cooked Paci v eouked Pacita p.p. cooked Pacitabba pr.p. that-stiould be cooked Pacituy in to cook Pacitva abs having cooked Pacohi ind afterwards Pafica 3, five lasa 3, fifteen Paiicama adj fifth Paficatinsati f thirty-five Paftcadha ind in five ways | | | | Paftcavisati f twenty-five Paiicasata n five hundred Paniavantn adj wise Panta f wisdom Pafifidsati fifty Paiifiasa / fifty | Patinivatti v went back Patiyadetug in to make; to f prepare Pathama adj frst Panna n leaf Pannarasa 3. fifteen Panndsati f fifty Pandita m wise man Patati v falls102 THE NEW PALI COURSE THE NEW PALI COURSE 103 Pati m husband; master Patesi v felled Paja f offering Bhavatu v let it be Pati v fell down Patug in to drink Pajeti v offers; honours Bhavitabba pi.p, that should Patti f infantry Pato ind in the morning Pajesi v respected; offered happen Paduma 1 lotus Paula m foots leg Pijetwa abs having offered ——-Bhigi m sharer Panasa m jack.fruit P&pa x sin Pokkharani f pond Bhajetva abs having divided Pabbata m mountain Papakari m sinner; evil-docr Pharasu m axe; hatchet Bhatu m brother Pabbajativ becomes a monk; —_Paleti » protects; governs Phala n fruit; nut Bhanu m sun renounces Palesi r protected Phalavantu adj fruitful Bhanumantu m sun Pabha m overlord Pavisi v entered Battipsati f thirty-two Bhayati v fears Para adj other; latter Pisdna m stone; rock Bandhati v binds; ties Bhayitva abs having feared Parasuve ind day after to-mor- Pitu m father Bandhiyati v is bound Bhasati v says row Pipasd f thirst Bandhu m relation Bhasiyati v is told; is said Parahiyo ind day before yester- Pivati » drinks Bandhumantat adj one who has Bhikkhu m Buddhist monk , day Pivatu o let him drink relations Bhindati » breaks Paridahati v wears Pivamana pr.p. drinking Bala n power Bhinna p.p. broken Parisi f retinue: following Pivitug in to drink Balavantwadj powerful;strong Bhufjati v eats Pavisati » enters Pivitva’ abs having drunk Bali m powerful Bhuijanta pr-p. eating Pavisitva abs having entered —Pilandhitva abs having donned Bahu adj many Bhuajitabba pl.p. that should Pasu m beast Pitha n chair Babuka adj many be eaten, Passati v sees Pita p.p. drunk Baranasi f Benares (city) Bhuajituy in to eat Passanta pr.p. secing: looking at Pita adj yellow Bala adj young; foolish Bhudjiyati o is eaten Passitug ig to see Pilita p.p. oppressed Bahu m arm Bhutta pp. eaten Pahata p.p. beaten Pileti v oppresses Buddha m the Enlightened One Bhapati m king Paharati v beats Pilesi » oppressed Buddhi f wisdom Bhipala m king Paharitva aby having beaten Pufifia b merit; fortune Buddhimantu adj wise Bhomi f earth; ground Pahariyati v is beaten Pafifiavantu adj - fortunate; Bodhi m.f. Bo-tree Bhogi m serpent Pahaya abs having left meritorious Brahmani f Brahman woman, Bhojapeti v feeds Paka m cooking; boiling Putta m son Bhagavantu m the Buddha: the Bhottug in to eat ayati » causes to cook Puna ind again Exalted One; adj the fortunate Magya m path PacSpayati v causes to cook — Puppha n flower Bhagint f sister Majjhima adj medium: central Pacdpeti v causes to cook Pubba adj former; eastern. Bhafjati v breaks Paceti v causes to cook Purato ind in front Bhanda n goods Pathasalé f school Pura ind before; formerly Bhattu m husband; supporter Mani m gem Pani m hand Purisa. m man Bhariya f wife Mata p.p. dead Pateti v fells; makes to fall ---Pulina m sand Bhavati v is; becomes Mati f wisdom eeI ____—<_—i 104 THE NEW Mattaiina adj temperate: one who knows the measure Madhu n honey Manussa m man; human being Mayay = we Mayhay = to me; my Mayiira m peacock Marana n death Marati » dies Mahanta pr.p. big: large; grent Mahallaka adj elderly; old Mahi f earth; the river of that name ‘Ma ind (do) not ‘Mata f mother ‘Marapeti v causes to kill Marita p.p. killed Mariyati v is killed Mareti » kills Maresi v killed MAMA f garland Malt m possessor of garland Masa m month Miga m deer; beast Migi f she-deer Mindti v measures Mitta m friend ‘Mutthi m fist; hammer Mudu adj soft ‘Muni m monk Mila n root; money ‘Ya 3, which (relative) PALI COURSE Yasavantu adj famous Yagu f rice; gruel Yacaka m beggar Yacati v begs _ ‘Yieanta pr.p. begging Yaei » begged ‘Yava ind as far as Yava .... tava ind until Yuvati f maiden Yojeti v harnesses; joins; com- poses Rakkhati » protects Rakkhatu » let him protect Rakkhitabba pip. that should be observed or protected Rakkhiyati v is protested n kingdom Rajju f rope Ratta adj red Ratti f night Rath m chariot Ravi m sun i ‘Ravitv abs having crowed ‘Rassa adj short Risi m heap Rukkha m tree Raps 2 form; image Rodati v cries, Rodanta pr.p. orying Lakkha n hundred thousand Lanks f (island of) Ceylon Laté f creeper ‘Yattihi mJ. stick; walking stick Laddha p.p. got ‘Yattha ad where; (relative) ‘Yad ad whenever Laddhé abs having got Laddhuy in to get THE NEW Labhati v gets ; receives Labhitup in to get Likhsti v writes Lekhaka m clerk Loka m world Locana n eye Vanite p.p. wounded Vanitamakasi v wounded Vaddhaki m carpenter Vattabba pt.p. that should be told , Vattu m sayer Vatthe n cloth Vatthu 7 base; site ; ground Vadaaiia adj charitable Vadati v says Vadana n face; mouth Vana n forest Vanité f woman Vandati v bows down; wor. ships Vandita p.p. worshipped Vanditabbe pt.p. that should be worshipped Vandiyati v is worshipped Vapu n body Varaha m pig Vasati v dwells Vasanta pr.p. living Vasu n wealth Vasudhé f earth assam.n. year; rain Vaseati v rains Valavi f mare Va ind or ; either—or Vaca f word TEs ee” ae PALI COURSE 105 Vénija m merchant Vénara m ‘Vapi f tank Vari n water Valuké f sand Vilkinanta pr.p. selling Vikdkindti v sells Vikkini » sold Vikkiniyati v is sold Vijju f lightning Vififiétu m knower Vififiu m wise man Vitthate p.p. broad ; wide Vidi m wiee man Vidhaya abs having done or commanded | Vind ind except; without | Vinetu m instructor | Viaikhs'7 | ‘Visuy ind severally ; separately Viharanta pr.p. residing; living | Vibdra m mor Visati f twenty Visatima adj twentieth Vihi m paddy | Vutthi f rain Vutta p.p. said Vuttha p.p. dwelt ; lived Vuddhi f increase; progress Ve ind certainly Vejja m doctor ; physician Venu m bamboo Veju m bamboo Vyadhi m sickness Sakig ad anceGGL EO 106 THE NEW PALI COURSE Sskuna m bird Sakuni f she-bird Sakkoti v is able Saickhara f sugar ; gravel Sakhi f woman-friend Sogga m heaven Saiigha m community Sace ind if Satthi f sixty Sata n hundred Satakoti f thousand million Satama adj hundredth Satalakkhe n ten million Santika adj near Sannipatati » assembles Sappi n ghee Sabba adj all ; every Sabbattha ad everywhere Sabbaiiaa m the Ommiscient One Sabbada ad ever; always Sabha f committee; society Samay ad equally; evenly Sayati v sleeps Sayanta pr.p. sleeping Sayita p.p. slept Satasahassa n hundred thou. Sayiv slept sand Sati f memory Satimantu adj mindful Satta 3, seven Sattadasa 8, seventeen Sattati f seventy Sottatineati f thirty-seven Sattama adj seventh Sattami f Locative Sattarasa 3, seventecn Sattavisati f twenty-seven Sattdlti f cighty-seven Sattu m enemy Sattha n science ; m caravan Satthi m.n. thigh Satthu m teacher ; adviser Sad ind ever ; always Saddhin.ind with Sanikap ad slowly Santi v are Santi f peace ; relief Sayitva abs having slept Sasi m moon Sassu f mother-in-lew Ssha ind with Sahasé ad suddenly Sahassa n thousand Si = she Sakha f branch Sidhukay ad well Sami m master; lord Siyay ind in the evening Sarathi m charioteer Sil8 f hall Sivatthi f city of that name Sikkhdpada » precept Sikhi m peaoook Sindhu m sea Sila f stone Sissa m student Sighay ad quickly Sila n virtue; precept THE NEW PALI COURSE 107 Silavantu adj observant of pre- cepts ; virtuous Siha m lion Sibi f lioness Sukha n comfort Sukhay ad comfortably Sukhi m receiver of comfort; happy Sundti v hears Suta p.p. heard Sutta p.p. slept Sutva abs having heard Sunakha m dog Suri f liquor; intoxicant’ Suriya m sun Suripa adj handsome; beauti- ful Suvanna n gold Suve ind to-morrow Susiina x cometery Susu m young one Setthi m millionaire Seta adj white Setu m bridge Send f army ; multitude So= he. (Stem : ta) Sota n ear; stream a Sotabba pty. that should be heard Sotu m hearer Sopiina 2 stair Solasa 3 sixteen Hata p.p. carried Hata p.p. killed Hoattha m hand Hatthini she-elephant, Hatthi m elephant Hadaya n heart Harati v carries Haraniya pt.p. that should be carried Haranta pr.p. carrying Hardpeti v causes to cary ‘Hari v carried | Harita p.p. carried Haritug in to carry Hariyati v is carried Hasati » laughs Hasanta pr.p. laughing Himavantu m the Himalayas Hiyo ind yesterday Hoti v is; becomes Hotu v let it beENGLISH—PALI Across tiriyay. ad. Beaten pahata. p.p. Adorns Alatikaroti. 0. Beats paharati. v. Adviser satthu. m. Beaautiful dassantya; surtipa. adj. Afterwards pacehs. ad. Becomes hoti; bhavati. v. Again puna. ind. Becomes a monk pabbajati. v. Age ayu. n. Bed mafica, m. sayana. n. All sabba. adj. Been bhiita. p.p. Alms dina. n. Before pura; purato. ind. Always sad; sabbada. ad. Begging yacanta, pr.p. And 0a. ; api. ind. ‘Begs yicati Anger kodha, m. Begins érabhati. v. Began arabhi. v. Belly kucchi. mf. Army send. f. Benares (city) Bardnas. f. Ascended aruhi. », Between antaza. ind. Ascends aruhati. v. Aside ekamantay. ad. Assembles sannipatati. v ‘Ate khidi. v, Aze pharagu. m, Balance tula. f. Bamboo venu; velu. m. Bank (of a river) kiila. n. Banner ketu. m. Base vatthu. a., bhin Bathed nahata. p.p. Bathing nabayanta. pr.p. Beast pasu; miga. m. of. Big mahanta. adj. Bird sakuna ; pakkhi. m. Bitten dattha. p.p. Black kan. adj. Blue nila. adj Boat doui.f. Body vapu. n., kaya m. Boiled rice odana. m. bhatta. 2. Bone atthi. n Bo-tree bodhi. m.f- Bow dhanu. n. Box maiijisa. f. 108 Breaks bhaiijati. v. Bridge setu.m. Bringing aharanta. pr.p. Broad vitthata. p.p. Broken bhinna. p.p. Brother bhatu. m. ta; harita; nita, p.p, Carries harati; neti. v Carrying haranta. pr.p. Cash mils, n. Caste ula. m. Cave subi. f. Causes to bathe nahipeti. v Causes to bring aharapeti. v, Canses to carry harapeti. v Causes to cook —_pacdipeti; Piceti; pacayati. v. paelpeti Causes to cut chindépeti. », Causes to do karapeti. v, Causes to go gacchape Causes to kill maripe Causes to sit nisidapet Causes to take ganhipeti. v. Cemetery suséna. n. ae ET EDI nn ee THE NEW Boy diraka; kumira, m. PALI COURSE 109 Certainty addhi; ve; eantan, Ceylon Lai f. Charitable vad = adj. Charioteer sirathi. m, Charity dana. nm, City nagara; pura. n, Clerk lekhaka, m. Climbed ‘rahi. v. Climbs Srubati, Colombo (city of) Kolamba- negara. 1, Come agata. p.p. Comes igaochati. Comfort sukha. n. + Comfortably sukan. ad. Community sangha. m. Constantly abhinhay. ad. Cook sida. m, : Cooked pakka; pacita. p.p. Cooked apaci; paci. v. Cooking pacanta. rp. ooking pika. (gerund). m. Cooks pacati. v. Corn dhafifia. n. Corn measure nai. f. Cow gavi. f. Cow (of any kind) dhenu. f. Creeper lata. f. Cries rodati. v. Crossed tinna. p.p. Crow kéla, m,I EE SIE 10 THE NEW PALI COURSE Crysng rodanta. pr.p. Dropped patesi. v. Curd dadhi. n. Drum dundubhi. f. Cut china. p.p. Dust aii. f. Outter chettu. m. Dwarf rassa. adj. Cutting chindanta. pr.p. Duells vasati. v. Outs chindati.’v Duelt vutthe. p.p. Daughter dhitu. g. Ear sota; ghana. n. Day divasa. m. Earth vasudhi; bhimi; mahi. Day after to-morrow patasuve, ind. Day fore yesterday parahiyo. Day time diva. ind. Dead mata. p.p. Death marana. n. Decorates alankaroti, v. Deep gambhira. adj. Deer miga. m. Deity deva. m., devata. f. Descended otinna. p-p. Descends oruhati ; otarati, v. Did kavi; akari. v. Dies marati; kilay karoti. v. Digs khanati. v Direction disk. f. Dactor vejja. m. Doctrine dharma, m. Doer atta. m. Does karoti. ‘Dog sunakcha. m. Done kata. p.p- Doing karonta. pr.p. (Do) not ma. ind. Drags Bkaddhati. v. Drinking pivamana. pr.p. f Eastern pubbs. adj. Eaten. bhutta, ; khadita. p.p. Eating khadanta ; bhuijante. Prp. East khadati ; bhufijati. v. Eczema daddu. f Egg ands. . Bight attha. 3. Bighteen attharosa ; atthédasa. 3. Eighth atthama. adj Bighty asiti. f. Eighty-cight atthasiti. f. Bighty.four eaturasiti. f. Eighty-nine ekinanavuti. f Eighty-one ekasiti. f Eighty-six chisiti. J. Bighty-three teasiti. Bighty-two dvasiti; Aveaiti. f. Kjects niharati. v Elderly mahallaka. adj, Etephaant denti ; hatthi ; keri m, Eleven ekdasa. 3. Eleventh ekidasame. adj. Enemy ari ; satta, m. THF NEW PALI COURSE mM Enlightened One Br ddha ; ‘irs j. Bhogevantu m0 nee “a Enraged kudha. p.p, Enters pavisati. v. Entered pivisi. v. Evening (in the) siya. ind. Ever sada ; sabada. ad, Foenly samag, ad. Every sabba. adj. Everywhere sabbattha. ind. Evil-doer papakiri. m. Exalted One Bhagavantu. m. ye akkhi; nayana; locan Plame acei. n. Plies wadeti, v. Flower puppha. n. Follows anugacchati. v. Food ahéra.m., bhojana. n. Foolish bala, adj. Foot pads. m. Por a long time ciran. ad. Forest vana ; arafia.n., atavi.f, a, Formripa, n. } Formerly puré. ind. cakkhu. n, Face vadana ; muha, n Fortunate pubfavanty ; bhaga- Fame kitti. f. vantu. adj. Family kala. n. Forty cattalisati; eattAsientf | Famous yasavantu. adj Forty-nine ekimapafifiéss. f. | Farmer kasaka, m. Forty-one ckacattaiisati. 7. | Father pitt. m. Four catu. 3. : | Feable dubbala. adj. Fourteen cuddass; catuédasa. | Feeds bhojeti ; bhojapeti. v, 3. : . | fart ates. v. Friend mitta. m. Fells tei w From there tato. ind, Puente: SPB. adj. From where kato, ind Pane Pen | nr j phalayantu. adj. ‘fen Pannarasa ; paficadass. Garland mala, f ot Fifty panniea, ; . Gathers ovinati. y, pattigsati 7.’ P®P85% | Gave dedi ; adisi v Fifty-nine ekinasatthi. f Gem mani. m. Fifty-one ckapafitasd. f. Ghee vappi. n, Pinger abguli, Girl dbrika ; hafta ; kumasi ; ‘Fire aggi..m. kamirika, : ‘ Firewood dru. n. Given dinna. pp.