ASSIGNMENT # 4

Name Ali Muneer

Sap ID 70070422
Subject Basic Electronics
Section G
MOSFET
MOSFET is a four-terminal semiconductor field effect transistor fabricated by the controlled
oxidation of silicon and where the applied voltage determines the electrical conductivity of a
device. MOSFET stands for Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor. The gate which
is located between the source and drain channels is electrically insulated from the channel by a
thin layer of metal oxide. The idea is to control the voltage and current flow between the source
and drain channels. MOSFETs play a vital role in integrated circuits because of their high input
impedance. They are mostly used in power amplifiers and switches, plus they play a critical role
in embedded system design as functional elements.
WORKING
The working of a MOSFET depends upon the MOS capacitor. The MOS capacitor is the main
part of MOSFET. The semiconductor surface at the below oxide layer which is located between
source and drain terminals. It can be inverted from p-type to n-type by applying positive or
negative gate voltages.
When we apply positive gate voltage the holes present under the oxide layer with a repulsive
force and holes are pushed downward with the substrate. The depletion region populated by the
bound negative charges which are associated with the acceptor atoms. The electrons reach
channel is formed. The positive voltage also attracts electrons from the n+ source and drain
regions into the channel. Now, if a voltage is applied between the drain and source, the current
flows freely between the source and drain and the gate voltage controls the electrons in the
channel. If we apply negative voltage, a hole channel will be formed under the oxide layer.

P-channel MOSFET:
The drain and source are heavily doped p+ region and the substrate is in n-type. The current
flows due to the flow of positively charged holes also known as p-channel MOSFET. When we
apply negative gate voltage, the electrons present beneath the oxide layer experience repulsive
force and they are pushed downward in to the substrate, the depletion region is populated by the
bound positive charges which are associated with the donor atoms. The negative gate voltage
also attracts holes from p+ source and drain region into the channel region.

N-channel MOSFET:
The drain and source are heavily doped n+ region and the substrate is p-type. The
current flows due to the flow of negatively charged electrons, also known as n-channel
MOSFET. When we apply the positive gate voltage the holes present beneath the oxide
layer experience repulsive force and the holes are pushed downwards in to the bound
negative charges which are associated with the acceptor atoms. The positive gate
voltage also attracts electrons from n+ source and drain region in to the channel thus an
Application

 MOSFET is used for switching and amplifying electronics signals in the electronic
devices.
 It is used as an inverter.
 It can be used in digital circuit.
 MOSFET can be used as a high frequency amplifier.
 It can be used as a passive element e.g. resistor, capacitor and inductor.
 It can be used in brushless DC motor drive.
 It can be used in electronic DC relay.

It is used in switch mode power supply (SMPS).

JFET

JFET is the simplest type of field-effect transistor in which the current can either pass
from source to drain or drain to source. Unlike bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), JFET
uses the voltage applied to the gate terminal to control the current flowing through the
channel between the drain and source terminals which results in output current being
proportional to the input voltage. The gate terminal is reverse-biased. It’s a three-
terminal unipolar semiconductor device used in electronic switches, resistors, and
 amplifiers. It anticipates a high degree of isolation between input and output which
makes it more stable than a bipolar junction transistor. Unlike BJTs, the amount of
current allowed is determined by a voltage signal in a JFET.

It’s generally classified into two basic configurations:

 N-Channel JFET: The current flowing through the channel between the drain
and source is negative in the form of electrons. It has lower resistance than P-Channel
types.
 P-Channel JFET: The current flowing though the channel is positive in the form
of Holes. It has higher resistance than its N-Channel counterparts.

WORKING

Operation of JFET can be studied separately for both N-channel and P-channel.

N-Channel Operation of JFET

The working of JFET can be explained by discussing about how to turn on N-channel JFET and
how to turn off N-channel JFET. For turning ON a N-channel JFET, positive voltage of VDD
has to be applied to the drain terminal of the transistor w.r.t (with respect to) source terminal
such that the drain terminal must be appropriately more positive than the source terminal. Thus,
current flow is allowed through the drain to source channel. If the voltage at the gate terminal,
VGG is 0V, then there will be maximum current at the drain terminal and N-channel JFET is
said to be in ON condition.

N-Channel Operation of JFET

For turning off the N-channel JFET, the positive bias voltage can be turned off or a negative
voltage can be applied to the gate terminal. Thus, by changing the polarity of the gate voltage the
drain current can be reduced and then N-channel JFET is said to be in OFF condition.

P-Channel Operation of JFET

For turning ON P-channel JFET, negative voltage can be applied across the drain terminal of the
transistor w.r.t source terminal such that the drain terminal must be appropriately more negative
than the source terminal. Thus, the current flow is allowed through the drain to source channel. If
the voltage at the gate terminal, VGG is 0V, then there will be maximum current at the drain
terminal and the P-channel JFET is said to be in ON condition.

P-Channel Operation of JFET

For turning OFF the P-channel JFET, the negative bias voltage can be turned off or positive
voltage can be applied to the gate terminal. If the gate terminal is given positive voltage, then the
drain currents starts reducing (until cutoff) and thus the P-channel JFET is said to be in OFF
condition.

APPLICATION

The junction field effect transistor (JFET) is used as a constant current source. The JFET is
used as a buffer amplifier. ... The JFET is used as high impedance wide band amplifier.
The JFET is used as a voltage variable resistor (VVR) or voltage development resistor (VDR).

Difference between JFET & MOSFET.

 JFETs can only be operated in depletion mode, whereas MOSFETs can operate in both
depletion mode and enhancement mode.
 JFET has less input impedance than a MOSFET.
  Manufacturing process is simple in JFET and complex in MOSFET.
 JFET is less susceptible to damage because of the high input capacitance than MOSFET.
 JFET is mainly used in low noise applications and MOSFET is mostly is used in high
noise application.

Power Amplifier
Definition
A power amplifier is an electronic amplifier designed to increase the magnitude of power of
a given input signal. The power of the input signal is increased to a level high enough to drive
loads of output devices like speakers, headphones, RF transmitters etc. Unlike voltage/current
amplifiers, a power amplifier is designed to drive loads directly and is used as a final block in an
amplifier chain.

Power amplifier classes

There are multiple ways of designing a power amplifier circuit. The operation and output
characteristics of each of the circuit configurations differs from each other.To differentiate the
characteristics and behaviour of different power amplifier circuits, Power Amplifier Classes are
used in which letter symbols are assigned to identify the method of operation. The most
commonly used power amplifiers are the ones that are used in audio amplifier circuits and they
come under classes A, B, AB or C. So let’s take a look at them in detail.

Class A Power Amplifier

Analog waveforms are made up of positive highs and negative lows. In this class of amplifiers,
the entire input waveform is used in the amplification process. A single transistor is used to
amplify both the positive and negative halves of the waveform. This makes their design simple
and makes class A amplifiers the most commonly used type of power amplifiers. In this class of
amplifiers, the active element (the electronic component used for amplifying, which is transistor
in this case) is in use all the time even if there is no input signal. This generates lot of heat and
reduces the efficiency of class A amplifiers to 25% in normal configuration and 50% in a
transformer coupled configuration.
Class B Power Amplifier
Class B power amplifiers are designed to reduce the efficiency and heating problems present in
the class A amplifiers. Instead of a single transistor to amplify the entire waveform, this class of
amplifiers use two complementary transistors. One transistor amplifies positive half of the
waveform and the other amplifies negative half of the waveform. So each active device conducts
for one half (180°) of the waveform and two of them when combined amplify the entire signal.
The efficiency of class B amplifiers is improved a lot over class A amplifiers because of two
transistor design. They can reach a theoretical efficiency of about 75%. Power amplifiers of this
class are used in battery operated devices like FM radios and transistor radios.

Class C Power Amplifier

The design of class C power amplifiers allows greater efficiencies but reduces the
linearity/conduction angle, which is under 90°. In other words, it sacrifices quality of
amplification for increase in efficiency. Lesser conduction angle implies greater distortion and so
this class of amplifiers are not suited for audio amplification. They are used in high frequency
oscillators and amplification of Radio Frequency signals. Class C amplifiers generally contain a
tuned load which filters and amplifies input signals of certain frequency, and the waveforms of
other frequencies are supressed. n this type of power amplifier, the active element conducts only
when the input voltage is above a certain threshold, which reduces power dissipation and
increases efficiency.

APPLICATIONS

Below are the applications of power amplifiers across different sectors:

 Consumer Electronics: Audio power amplifiers are used in almost all consumer

electronic devices ranging from microwave ovens, headphone drivers, televisions, mobile
phones and Home theatre systems to theatrical and concert reinforcement systems.

 Industrial: Switching type power amplifiers are used for controlling most of the
industrial actuator systems like servos and DC motors.

 Wireless Communication: High power amplifiers are important in transmission of

cellular or FM broadcasting signals to users. Higher power levels made possible because
of power amplifiers increases data transfer rates and usability. They are also used in
satellite communication equipment.