UNIT A: Food All living beings need food. Food gives us energy for doing activities such as studying, playing, walking, and talking. Some of the energy is also used to help us grow. List all the things that have been used to make the cake. Then write P for foodstuffs we get from plants, and A for the ones we get from animals. Food: Our Basic Need I You will learn about © Food groups Roughage and water Balanced diet Preservation of food Rest, posture, and exercise SS Ingredients Carrots, Eggs, Milk, Coconut oil, Apples, Ginger, Walnuts, Honey w-AauoH ‘¢-sinujem 4198p 4-Salddy ‘4-110 1nva209 ‘d-yNW 4-589 ‘g-40M4eD LAMsuY Food: Our Basic Need Scanned with CamScannerFooD GROUPS fe The food that we eat has many substances that help our body to grow and stay healthy and strong. The substances that are needed by our body for energy, good healt, and proper growth are called nutrients, : Nutrients give us energy to do our work, They help to repair our body, and also prevent us from falling ill too often. The main nutrients found in food items are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and vitaming and minerals. Carbohydrates Food items such as cereals (rice, wheat, and corn) and vegetables such as potatoes give us a lot of energy. They contain carbohydrates. Food items rich in carbohydrates are called energy-giving foods. People who do a lot of physical work, such as labourers, farmers, and sports persons, need a lot of carbohydrates to give them more energy. Some food items that contain carbohydrates Proteins Food items such as milk, egg, cheese, : @ ) fish, meat, beans, and pulses are rich a Ce) ¢ : in proteins. Food items rich in proteins “are called body-building foods. They are needed for the growth and repair of our body and also for building muscles. Yound children need more protein-rich food than Some food items that contain proteins adults because they are still growing. Food: Our Basic Need Scanned with CamScannerFats Food items such as nuts, oil, ghee, and butter are rich in fats. They provide more energy than food items rich in carbohydrates. They also help to keep the body warm. Our body needs very little fat. Extra fat Is stored in the body for later use. ( Se. |) pct Fils ‘Aryans people (of anceint India) ies \ believed that food gave strength to | the body and was. gift of God. \ The Vedas (ancient Hindu texts) | give descriptions of various grains | and their uses in our daily life. | Some food items that contain fats Vitamins and Minerals Food items such as fresh fruits and vegetables, milk, eggs, and peanuts are rich in vitamins and minerals. They protect us from diseases and keep us. fit and healthy. They are also called % protective foods. , Vitamins A, B-complex, C, D, E, and K are some important vitamins required by our body. Vitamin A improves Some food items that contain vitamins eyesight and keeps our skin healthy; and minerals vitamin B-complex is needed for various functions of the body; vitamin c helps to fight infections and keeps our gums and teeth healthy; Calcium, iron, potassium, iodine, and sodium are examples of minerals. Calcium helps in the formation of bones and teeth. Examples of calcium-rich food items are milk, curd, almond, and cheese. Iron helps in the formation of blood. Examples of iron-rich foot ms are green leafy vegetables, dry fruits, and legumes. Food: Our Basic Need Scanned with CamScannerSort the following foodstuffs. Write C for Carbohydrates, P for proteins, F for Fats and V for Vitamins and Minerals for the main nutrient In each. n Let’s Remember ROUGHAGE AND WATER Food items such as cereals, corn, green leafy vegetables, and fruits contain fibre that cannot be digested by our body. The part of the plant food that cannot be digested is called dietary fibre or roughage. It helps to remove waste materials from our body. Hence, dietary fibre is very important. Water is also a very important part of ourdiét. Our body needs water for all its functions. We should drink plenty of water every day. Most food items contain water. Word help The kind of Three-fourth of our body weight is water. BALANCED DIET A diet that has all the nutrients in the right amount, dietary fibre, and water is called a balanced diet. The picture shows some Vitamins and Minerals se (Fruits and vegetables) food items that make a balanced diet. In order to Carbohydrates (Cereals and potato) stay healthy, we should eat food items from each pase of these food groups Fats (Fish, meat, daily. and eggs) Food items of a balanced diet “Food: Our Basic Need Scanned with CamScanner—PRESERVATION OF FOOD &s \ffood items are kept for a long period of time and not stored properly, they get spoilt. Such food items are bad for our health. Preservation of food prevents it from getting spoilt. We can preserve food in a number of ways. Drying Removing the water content of the food: for example, drying grapes to get raisins Pickling Mixing fruits and vegetables with salt and oil: for example, mixing mango, lime, and other vegetables with oil and salt Refrigerating Keeping food in the fridge to preserve it for a short time: for example, keeping cooked food and fresh vegetables in the fridge Deep freezing Keeping food in the freezer to preserve it fora longer time: for example, keeping meat and fish in the freezer Canning and Storing food in cans and bottles: for example, bottling of sauces bottling and jams REST, POSTURE, AND EXERCISE Our body needs rest for proper functioning. School children need 9-11 hours of sleep ina day. Lack of sleep may result in improper functioning of body organs. It can make us fall ill. Therefore, staying up late is not a good idea. Posture refers to body position. It is important for us to keep our backs upright while standing or sitting. Incorrect posture, over a long period of time, can lead to pain in joints and muscles. Correct body posture Food: Our Basic Need Scanned with CamScannerExercise is important to stay healthy. Regular exercise and playing outdoor games such as hockey, football, and cricket help us to stay fit. Yoga, an ancient method of exercise practised in India, also helps in keeping our body fit. \y hoot tle \) 2)" June is celebrated as the \\ International Yoga Day. | Let’s Discuss Do you exercise every day2 What kind of exercise oe do? We must exercise daily ey Key Words Nutrients Substances that are needed by our body for energy, good health, and j proper growth are called nutrients. Dietary fibre The part of the plant food that cannot be digested is called dietary fibre. Balanced diet A diet that has all the nutrients in the right amount, dietary fibre, and water is called a balanced diet. All living things need food to get energy, do work, and repair their body. Carbohydrates and fats provide us energy. Proteins are needed for the growth and repair of our body and also for building muscles. Vitamins and minerals help to protect our body from diseases. Water is also a very important part of our diet. A balanced diet consists of all the nutrients in the right amount, dietary fibre, and water. We can preserve food by drying, pickling, refrigerating, deep freezing, and canning and bottling. Proper rest, correct posture, and regular exercise are important for a healthy body. Food; Our Basic Need Scanned with CamScannerExercises ai oe LET'S UNDERSTAND o ‘a ££ 1. Objective type questions A Fill in the blanks with the correct words. 1, We need food to {grow/grow and stay healthy and strong). 2 ___(Nutrients/Vitamins) give us energy to do work. 3. Young children need more (carbohydrate-rich/protein-rich) food than adults because they are still growing. 4. (Vitamin C / Vitamin A) improves eyesight and keeps our skin healthy. 5. (Iron/Calcium) helps in the formation of blood. 6, Our body needs (fats/water) for all its functions. 7 (Posture/Yoga) refers to body position. Choose the correct option. 1. Nutrients help us in a. giving energy to do work 'b. repairing our body. cc. Preventing us from falling ill. d. All of these 2. Which of these do young children need more than adults? a. Carbohydrates _b. Proteins c. Fats d. Roughage 3. Which of these contain more energy than carbohydrates? a. Fats b. Proteins cc. Vitamins and minerals d. Roughage 4, Which of these vitamins help in improving the eye sight? a. Vitamin A b, Vitamin B cc. Vitamin C d, Vitamin D 5. Which of these would help in the formation of blood? a. Calcium rich foods b, Iron rich foods cc. Foods rich in Vitamin C d, None of these 6. Which of these would be needed for stronger teeth and bones? a. Sodium b. Magnesium cc. Calcium d, Iron 7. Which of these would you use to preserve grapes as raisins? a. Drying b. Refrigerating ¢. Canning d. Pickling 8. Which of these can be preserved by pickling? a. Mango b. Lime c. Vegetables d. All of these Food: Our Basic Need Scanned with CamScannerMl, Very short answer type questions A. Give one word for the following. 1. Substances needed by our body for good health and growth: 2. Food items rich in carbohydrates: _—_ 3. Food items rich in proteins: —_—— 4, Food items that protect us from diseases: ——_ 5. The part of the plant food that cannot be digested: ——__. 6, A mineral that helps in the formation of bones and teeth: eae 7. Adiet that has all the nutrients in the right amount: ee B. Give two examples for each of the following. 1. Foods rich in calcium ———___ 2. Foods rich in iron —__———__— 3. Foods rich in dietary fibre See eee 4, Foods preserved by pickling pote 5. Foods preserved by canning and pickling Ill. Answer the following questions. 1. What are nutrients? Name the five main nutrients needed by our body. What are body-building foods? Why does our body need them? What is a balanced diet? . Why do we need to preserve food? Name any five ways of preserving food. . Why is it important to maintain correct posture? . Why should we exercise our body? 2 3. 4. &. 6. LET'S RECALL: oS Recall and complete the concept map given below. Scanned with CamScanner ~LET'S OBSERVE 1, Look at the picture and draw the same in the empty grid, Name it and complete the sentence, Itisarich sourceofe_. _. - he. (ee Nv . Name the three foodstuffs shown alongside. Name the main nutrient in each. 1 . 3 < Bo al el tele ; ae Colour the energy-giving food in yellow. - 3 LETS CONNECT QD mms) we Weights and Measures We use grams (g) and kilograms (kg) to measure mass. We use litres (L) and kilolitres (kL) to measure liquids. Write kg or L to show what you would use to measure the following: Rice, (i) Milk: (i) Apples; —____ (iv) Spinach: Oi: eee (vi) Orange juice: (vii) Oranges: yey, LET'S APPLY F 1. Sameena is an editor of a magazine and Puneet Is a swimmer in the Indian team. Which of them should eat more paneer, legumes, eggs, and meat? Why? Samarth’s doctor has told his mother that Samarth is underweight. Which of the two foods should he eat? More rice and sugar or more eggs? Why? Food: Our Basic Need Scanned with CamScannerLET'S ANALYSE AND EVALUATE 8, 1. Analyse which of the two will help in removing wastes from our body. & 2. Evaluate whether canning or deep freezing is a better option to store mil Give one reason to support your choice, es ig fox sree LET'S CREATE S &» 1, Makea list of different foodstuffs you eat during a particular day and then analyse each of them for their nutrients. See if you are eating a balanced diet or not. Make a report. fora long time, 2. In groups of five, make a chart on the different ways in which we preserve food. Collect Pictures of different foods that are preserved, Food: Our Basic Need Scanned with CamScannerLLC Food, shelter, and clothing are our basic needs, You will learn about Clothes are made of materials that suit the weather of a place. sityoe or ee © Fibros and fabrics People wear different types of clothes. Name the * Caro of clothes following clothes. Colour those that you would wear in winter. =) (pe ih 2 SS : KYM clothes We Wear Scanned with CamScannerNEED FOR CLOTHES Let's Discuss \ i i yo ‘Disuss the diferent types We wear different clothes at different times of aa ete wren the day. We wear our uniform to school; loose, . ce } —— comfortable clothes at home; and a night sult when we go to bed at night, At home At bedtime To school Different clothes one wears at different times of the day We wear different clothes during different seasons. + We wear light-coloured clothes made from cotton or linn in summer. + We wear dark-coloured clothes made from wool in winter. + We wear raincoats made from waterproof materials such as plastic or rubber during rains. eects Jam wearing my summer school uniform, Raincoats protect us from rain (Clothes We Wear Scanned with CamScannerWe wear clothes for the following reasons. Cotton clothes protect us from the heat of the sun and help to keep us cool. Raincoats protect us from rain and help to keep us dry. Woollens protect us from cold and help to keep us warm. Wearing full sleeved clothes can protect us from insect (such as mosquito) bites, Woollens protect us from cold wht, Let’s Remember B 4 Write S for summer, W for winter, and R for rainy season to sort when you will wear each of the following clothes. |. Light coloured clothes: . Raincoats: . Clothes made of linen: . Clothes made of wi . Dark coloured clothes: . Clothes made of rubber: Clothes made of cotton: NoOpoOVe FIBRES AND FABRICS All clothes are made from fabrics. If we look closely at any fabric, we can see that it is made up of many thin threads. These thin threads are called yarns. orlknitting yarns together forms a fabric. Each yarn is further made up of many long and very thin strands called fibres. Fibres may be natural or man-made. Scanned with CamScannerNatural Fibres latural fibres are obtained from either plants or animals. We get cotton om plants, and wool and silk from animals. and linen Trousers Cotton clothes ynthetic Fibres Fibres that are not found naturally and are made by man are called synthetic or man- made fibres. Examples are nylon and polyester. Most fabrics made from synthetic fibres are strong and can last long. They are stretchable, lightweight, wrinkle-free, and can be waterproof. Raincoat Swimming trunks Clothes made from synthetic fibres CARE OF CLOTHES We need to look after our clothes. * Clothes should be washed well with a good soap or detergent to remove all the sweat, dirt, and stains. Scanned with CamScanner+ Woollen and silk clothes need a lot of care ae because they are easily attacked by small insects such as moth and silverfish. So, when Get it Right you store woollen and silk clothes, you should Sierfshis nota fish but a keep mothballs or dried neem leaves along small, wingless insect, | with them. These keep the insects away. ' Woollen coats and trousers should be dry-cleaned. They may get damaged by plain washing. Let's Remember A. Sort the following into natural or synthetic fibres. 1. Cotton: 2. Linen: 3. Nylon: 4. Silk: 5, 6. . Polyester: . Wool: B. Circle those that are good for taking care of clothes. Moths Mothballs Dried neem leaves Silverfish Small insects Natural fibres Fibres that are obtained from either natural fibres. Synthetic fibres Fibres that are not found naturall synthetic fibres. plants or animals are called ly and are made by man are called * Clothes protect us from sun, rain, * The kind of clothes we wear deper * Clothes are made from natural as * We should store silk and woollen Cold, and insect bites, nd on the weather of th le place, Well as synthetic fibres, Clothes with mothballs or dried neem leaves. Scanned with CamScanneroe ah LETS UNDERSTAND “3 Exercises ott Objective type questions A. Fillin the blanks with the correct words. 1, We wear (same/different) types of clothes in different seasons. 2, We wear (light/dark) coloured clothes in winter. 3. _________ (Raincoats/Woollen clothes) help us to stay dry during rains. 4. 5, . A fabric is made of many thin threads called (yarns/fibres). (Natural/Synthetic) fibres are stretchable and can be water proof. Write T for the True and F for the False statements. + Allclothes are made from the same materials. .. We wear dark coloured cotton clothes in winter. 1 2. 3. Wearing full sleeved clothes can protect us from insect bites. 4. Yarns are made of fabrics. 5. . Woollen and silk clothes need a tot of care. Choose the correct options 1. Which of these clothes would you wear at home? a. Uniform b. Costumes c. Comfortable clothes d. None of these 2. Which of these would you wear to stay dry during rains? a. Cotton clothes b, Dark coloured warm clothes c. Waterproof clothes d. Clothes made of linen 3. Which of these fibres are used to make clothes worn in summer? a. Silk and cotton b, Silk and wool c. Nylon and Polyester d. Cotton and linen 4. Which of these processes is used to make a fabric? a. Weaving and knitting b, Fabrics and fibres cc. Yarns and fibres d, All of these Clothes We Wear Scanned with CamScanner5, Which of these are natural fibres? ~ a. Cotton and jute b. Linen c. Woolandsilk ——d. All of these 6. Which of these would be the best way to clean woollen coats? a. Wash with a good detergent in cold water b. Dry-cleaning cc. Wash with hot water with neem leaves d. None of these 7, Which of these is NOT true about synthetic fibres? a. They are man-made fibres b. They are more long lasting than natural fibres c. They can be made stretchable and wrinkle free d. None of these 8. Which of these attack woollen clothes if they are not stored properly? a. Neem and mothballs b, Virus and bacteria c. Moth and silverfish d. Virus and protozoa Il. Very short answer type questions A. Give two examples for each of the following. 1. Natural fibres worn in the summer nn . Materials used to make raincoats . Plant fibres 2, 3. 4, Animal fibres 5. 6. . Synthetic fibres . Insects that attack clothes Ill. Answer the following questions. 1. aur wn Why do we need clothes? . What kind of clothes do we wear in summer? . What kind of clothes keep us warm in winter? . What are fibres? Name the two main types of fibres. . What are synthetic fibres? Name any three special features of synthetic fibres. Give any three ways in which we can take care of clothes, Clothes We Wear } Scanned with CamScanner3 $ LET'S RECALL Recall and complete the concept map given below, Clothes protect : us from: > LET'S OBSERVE 1. Lookat the picture given below and draw a similar one in the grid. When would you wear this cotton T-shirt? (Summer/Winter) Clothes We Wear Scanned with CamScannerF Gircle the yarn being used in the picture, How many yams are being used? (One/Two) y \ Unjumble the letters to get the name of the ? {\ || process being used to make the fabric: (\ ¥ __(TINKTING) . \\ ncennerneae wdyf \\ \ 3 LET'S CONNECT QD ms Ascending/descending order Take five bowls with equal amounts of water. Take si below: () 100% Cotton (ii) 100% Silk (iii) 100% Make sure the pieces are equal in size. Keep the fabrics in water for 10 minutes. Then take out the fabrics without squeezing them. Mecesure how much water is left in each bow! after removing the fabrics. Arrange the fabrics in ascending order and descending order, according to the water absorbed, Ascending Order: Descending Order. Note: You can request a tailor to get pieces of fabric, Ifall the above fabrics are not available, you can do this activity with the fabrics that are available, Please ensure that the fabrics 3re only made of one type of fibre and are not a mix. LET'S APPLY x w ho Jacob needs a shirt that is stretchable and wrinkle free. Which of these should he choose? Why! OS Za® 50% Cotton and 50% Wool 80% Linen and 20% Nylon 90% Polyester 10% Cot" mall square pleces of the fabrics given Polyester (iv) 100% Nylon (v) 100% Wool 100% Cotton Clothes We Wear Scanned with CamScanner —LET'S ANALYSE AND EVALUATE Cotton fibre Wool fibre Synthetic fibre 1, Compare the three and rate them in ascending order on how long lasting they can be. Ss 2, Assess which of the three will be best suited to make a raincoat. Give one reason to support your choice, eS a LET'S CREATE @% &> 1, Collect pictures of the different kinds of clothes people wear. Then paste them under the correct categories: summer, winter or rainy and make a chart. 10 2} 2. Ingroups of five make a fabric album. Go to a tailor shop and get small pieces of any fifteen fabrics and then cut small pieces (10 cm x 10 cm) of each and then paste them in a scrapbook with the following information about each fabric (i) The feel of the fabric (ii) Isit stretchable? (iii) Is it woven or knitted? (iv) Is it man-made or natural? (v) Does it seem water proof? w fio is Clothes We Wear Scanned with CamScannerLI, All things take up space and have mass, Any You will learn about substance that has mass and occuples space Is * States of mater Hh © Chango of states | Called matter, Solids, liquids, and gases are the © Soluie, solvent, and solution | _ three states of matter. * Soparation of substances Identify the solid, liquid or gas In each example and then write them in the correct column to complete the table. - 8 + Teacup + Ball + Glass and the lid + Tea inside the cup + Alrfilled inside the ball + Straw + Steam + Juice Solids ao Liquids () Gases eq ay) apisut pajly ae “wears se f93jn ‘dn> ayy op|sty var :spINb/T! MeN ‘Pl] PUL ssKI6 ‘yWeq ‘dnd vay sspijos SIBMSUY Solids, Liquids, and Gases Scanned with CamScannerSTATES OF MATTER All matter (or substances) is made up of small particles. These particles are arranged in different ways in solids, liquids, and gases. RITES Solids are substances in which the particles are packed very close to each other. Solids are usually hard and have a fixed shape. Pencil, book, chair, and marbles are examples of solids. If we apply force, some solids can change their shape, e.g, dough can be rolled out into chapatis, and interesting shapes can be made out of clay. Some solids, on applying force, can be bent or broken. Examples of solids Liquids Liquids are substances in which the particles are not very closely packed. Unlike solids, they have no fixed shape and can flow. They take the shape of the container they are poured into. Water, milk, and juices are examples of liquids. If we pour some orange juice into a glass, it will take the shape of the glass. If we pour it into a bowl, it will take the shape of the bowl. Liquids can flow from one place to another and so are also called fluids. ‘Jeo Liquids contained in different containers Gases are substances in which the particles are very loosely packed. They too have no fixed shape. Unlike liquids, they occupy all the available space in a container. Air and cooking gas are examples of gases. Air is actually a mixture of gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. Fluids include both liquids and gases. Tyres and balls are filled with air Solids, Liquids, and Gases Scanned with CamScannerLet’s Remember e write S for Solid, L for Liquid, and G for Gas. Also write one feature of each, in terms of its particles. 4, Table: 2. Orange juice: Feature: Feature: CHANGE OF STATES &» Matter can change its form from one state toanother. The process by which a solid changes into aliquid is called melting. When you take out an ice cube from the freezer and leave it at room temperature, you will see that the ice starts to melt into water. When this water is heated further, water starts to changing into vapour (steam). The process by which a gas changes into aliquid on cooling is called condensation. When you hold a cold steel plate over a pot of boiling water, you will see tiny drops of water condensing on the tray. The process by which a liquid changes into a solid on cooling is called solidification. Freezing of water into ice is a form of solidification. If you fill water in an ice tray and keep it in the freezer, you will see that after some time the water turns into ice. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Scanned with CamScannerAim: To observe the process of condensation Things needed: Mirror Method: 1. Stand very close to the mirror and take a deep breath. 2. Exhale your breath onto the mirror and observe what happens. Observation: The mirror becomes foggy. Conclusion: The deep breath is warm and contains water vapour. This water vapour condenses into very small droplets of water when it hits the cold surface of the mirror. Several of these water droplets cause the mirror to look foggy. SOLUTE, SOLVENT, AND SOLUTION Asolution is formed when two or more substances mix together such that they are evenly distributed. The substance that dissolves is called the solute. The substance in which the solute dissolves is called the solvent. A solute and solvent together forma solution. If we add salt to water, the water turns salty, In the same way, we can add sugar to warm milk and observe what happens. You will see that in both the cases, the salt and the sugar mix with the liquid and dissolve in it. Here, salt and sugar are the solutes, water and milk are the solvents, and the salty water and the sweet milk are solutions. : Solute + Solvent = Solution Sugar + Milk = Sweet milk Salt + Water = Salty water Salt dissolves in water Solids, Liquids, and Gases Scanned with CamScannerB. Yash mixed some sugar in his hot milk, Name the solute and the solvent in this, Solute: Solvent: ‘SEPARATION OF SUBSTANCES There are two kinds of substances: soluble and insoluble. Soluble substances are those substances that dissolve completely in a solvent to forma solution. For example, salt and sugar are soluble in water. Insoluble substances are those substances that do not dissolve completely in a solvent. For example, sand and chalk are insoluble in water. There are many ways in which we can separate substances from a solution. Soluble substances can be separated by heating the solution. For example, salt can be separated from the salt solution by heating the salt solution. Water evaporates on heating and the salt particles are left behind. Sand and ‘water solution ‘unnel with the filter paper Sand gets retained on the filter paper Insoluble substances can be separated from Le a solution by the processes of filtration, and Clear water sedimentation : eet and decantation. Separation of sand and water by filtration In filtration, a solution containing insoluble substance is passed through a filter paper. On doing so, the liquid passes through the filter paper, while the insoluble substance gets retained on the filter paper, For example, sand and water can be separated by filtration. Solids, Liquids, a Scanned with CamScannerAn example of filtration used at homes is the separation of tea leaves from tea using a strainer. 7 ! During sedimentation, the liquid is left undisturbed for some time. The heavy insoluble sollds settle down at the bottom. This process in which insoluble substances settle down is called sedimentation. Then the upper Clear liquid is poured into another container without disturbing the insoluble solids. This process is called decantation. Mud and water can be separated by sedimentation and decantation. Water being poured to another beaker without disturbing the mud ‘Mud settling down atthe bottom of the beaker Clear water Sedimentation Decantation Separation of mud and water by sedimentation and decantation Let’s Remember Se :y A. Give one word for the following: 4. Substances that completely dissolve in a solvent 2. Substances that do not completely dissolve in a solvent 3. The process in which insoluble substances settle down 4. The process in which a solution containing insoluble substance is passed through a filter paper B. Write S for soluble and | for insoluble in water 1. Sand: 2. Salt: 3. Sugar: 4, Stone: ( Solids, Liquids, and Gases Scanned with CamScannerKey Words Matter Any substance that has mass and occupies space is called | matter. _ Solids Substances in which the particles are packed very close to | each other Liquids Substances in which the particles are not very closely packed Gases Substances in which the particles are very loosely packed Solute The solid that dissolves in a liquid is called the solute, Solvent The liquid in which a solid dissolves is called the solvent. ‘Solution The liquid obtained when a solute dissolves in a solvent is called the solution, Soluble substances — Substances that dissolve completely in a solvent to form a solution Insoluble substances Substances that do not dissolve completely in a solvent Melting The process by which a solid changes into a liquid Evaporation The process by which a liquid changes into vapour Condensation The process by which a gas changes into a liquid on cooling Solidification The process by which a liquid changes into a solid on cooling Sedimentation The process by which insoluble substances settle down Matter is made up of small particles. * Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. * Matter can change from one state to another. A solution is formed when two or more substances mix together such that they are evenly distributed. Soluble substances can be separated from a solution by evaporation, Insoluble substances can be separated from a solution by filtration, and sedimentation and decantation, Solids, Liquids, and Gases Scanned with CamScannerLET'S UNDERSTAND * Exercises ot yar) 1, Objective type questions A, Fillin the blanks with the correct words, 1. Asubstance that has mass and occupies space is called (solid/matter). 2. Allsubstances are made up of, (liquids/particles). 3. Fluids include (liquids/tiquids and gases). 4, Matter________(can/cannot) change its form from one state to another. SA {solvent/solution) is formed when two or more substances are mixed with each other. B. Choose the correct option. 1, Which of these is true about solids? a. Particles are packed very close to each other b, They are usually hard c. They havea fixed shape c. Allof these 2. Which of these can flow from one place to another? a. Milk and water b. Oxygen and juice c. Air d, All of these 3. Which of these falls in the group ‘fluids’? a. Solids b. Liquids c. Liquids and gases d. Gases 4. Which of these processes changes water to ice? a. Boiling b, Evaporation c. Condensation _d.. Solidification 5, Which of these is the solute in a sugar solution? a, Sugar b, Milk c. Water d, None of these 6. Which of these processes are best suited to remove insoluble substances from water? a. Distillation and evaporation b, Sedimentation and decantation c. Sedimentation, decantation, and filtration d, All of these (Solids, Liquids, and Gases Scanned with CamScannerWhich of these would you use to separate salt from water j 2. Sedimentation b, Decantation &. Filtration, d, Evaporation Which process takes place when you take out an ice cube from the freezer and leave it at normal room temperature? a 9 b. Melting a. Freez «, Condensation d. Evaporation Very short answer type questions A. Give two examples for the following. 1. Substances in which particles are very closely packed Substances in which particles are very loosely packed a7 3. Fluids —————S es 4. Substances soluble in water poe ee 5. Substances insoluble in water Se B. Name what you would get in the following. 1, When you take out an ice cube from a freezer and leave it ina normal room . When you heat a liquid for sometime . Ifyou fill water in an ice tray and keep it in the freezer |. When sugar is added to water a as) . When salt is added to water Il. Answer the following questions. 1. What is matter? Name the three states of matter. 2. Differentiate between solids, liquids, and gases in terms of their particles. 3. Define the following: a. Melting b. Condensation c. Evaporation d. Solidification 4, With the help of an example, describe solute, solvent, and solution. 5. Differentiate between soluble and insoluble substances. 6. How does filtration help to remove insoluble substances? Solids, Liquids, and Gases Scanned with CamScannerLET'S RECALL Recall and complete the concept maps given below. Condensation Soluble substances Insoluble substances Examples: Examples: 1, Salt 1, Sand 2 1 Separated ee. al oe LET'S OBSERVE ‘ 1. Lookat the picture and sort out the labelled things into solid, liquid, and gas. Air inside the balloon Solid Liquid Gas Solids, Liquids, and Gases Scanned with CamScanner2, Nal LET'S CONNECT € me the process that causes the wet clothes to dry up. Area and Volume a Count the total number of squares that the book covers. This is the area of the book. We also get the area by multiplying length and breadth of an object Area = Length x breadth Find out the area of a tile that is 10 cm long and 20 cm wide. 2, The amount of water filled inside the glass is the volume of the water that the glass holds. Volume ofa cuboid = Length x breadth x height Calculate the volume of a tank that is 5 metres high, 2 metres wide, and 2 metres long. " LET'S APPLY &% i Solids, Liquids, and Gases | ; ies Maya added sooji/rawa (semolina) instead of salt toa glass of water. How would she be able to remove it from the water? (Hint: Sooji/Rawa (semolina) is insoluble in water) Poonam is wondering why does it snow on the high mountains, Can you tell why? (Hint: It is very cold in the high mountains) Scanned with CamScannerLET’S ANALYSE AND EVALUATE 1. Which of the two (a) or (b) will be a better option to get a clear liquid’ 2. Judge whether tea leaves are soluble or insoluble in water. Give one reason to : . justify your answer, a LET'S CREATE % &> 1, Make a list of any 15 things that we come across in our daily life. Classify them into solids, liquids, and gases, Ona chart Paper use bindis to show how particles are arranged in each of one of them. Discuss your observations in classroom, 2. With the help of your mother, open the masala box in the kitchen. Make a list of all the things you find there. Then guess which of them will be soluble, and which will be insoluble in water. Try dissolving each of them in water and check whether your guess was right or wrong. Discuss your observations in class. Masala Name | Guess whether soluble/insoluble in water | Actually soluble/insoluble —T—T Solids, Liquids, and Gases ESSE Scanned with CamScannerLook for the following words related to soil in the word maze below, A, You will learn about * Formation of soil j * Composition of soil Weathering, silt, clay, sand, © Types of soil humus, minerals, loam, * Soil profile topsoil, bedrock, erosion * Soil erosion * Soil conservation ee WwW s A N M H A E B E A 1 U B A E R B N M c T D oO c E uv H | R s D R 5 ae Scanned with CamScannerFORMATION OF SOIL ! Big pieces of rocks are broken down by wind and water E process of soil | into smaller pieces till we get a fine powder. This process feematen : called is called weathering, | Pedogenesi. Wherever the fine powder, known as sand, mixes with the remains of dead plants and animals (called humus), and minerals, soil is formed, Thus, soil is defined as the top layer of the Earth's surface, which consists of sand, remains of dead plants and animals, and minerals with some amount of water and air init. Soil is very important for life on Earth. Plants mostly grow in soil. They produce food and give out oxygen, which is needed by humans and animals to stay alive. Soil is also home to many insects and animals. COMPOSITION OF SOIL Soil is made up of different types of soil particles. Sand These are the largest soil particles. Silt These particles are smaller than sand particles but bigger than clay particles. Clay These are the smallest soil particles. Other than these, soil also contains small stones and pebbles called gravel, minerals (such as iron, calcium and potassium) and humus. Soil also contains some amount of air and water. Loamy soil TYPES OF SOIL & There are mainly three types of soil, depending upon the amount of different soil Particles present in it. These are sandy, clayey, and loamy soil, Sandy soil This soil has a greater proportion of sand particles, Sandy soil feels rough { sail Scanned with CamScannerand gritty and is non-stic ky when wet. It does not hold much water ang drains most of it. Clayey soil This soil has a greater proportion of clay particles, Clayey soil feels smooth when dry and lumpy and sticky when wet. Loamy soil This soil has almost the same amount of sand, clay, and silt. Loamy soil is the best soil for growing plants. It is rich in nutrients and humus, and allows water to pass through easily. ‘SOIL PROFILE Soil profile refers to the layers of soil. In the picture, these layers have been named A, B, and C. ‘ ‘| Ais the topsoil. It is the uppermost layer of soil and contains fine particles of sand, clay, humus, water, and air. Bis called the subsoil. Itis the middle layer of soil, present 8 below the topsoil and contains broken pieces of rocks. Cis called the bedrock. It is the bottom layer of soil and is quite deep inside the Earth. It has large pieces of rocks. © SOIL EROSION Soil profile Topsoil is very fertile because it is rich in humus, Strong winds and water wash away the loose topsoil. The removal of the fertile topsoil by the action of wind and water is called. soil erosion. Strong winds, heavy rainfall and cutting down of trees increase soil erosion. Let’s Remember Se Circle the odd one out 1. Wind, water, weathering, humus 4, Sandy, Iron, clayay, loamy 2. Sand, humus, silt, clay 5. Topsoil, erosion, bedrock, subsoil 3, Iron, calcium, potassium, gravel Scanned with CamScannerSOIL CONSERVATION Plants get most of their nutrients from the topsoil, Protection of soil from erosion is known as soil conservation. There are certain steps that we can take if aah bp to conserve soil. rae rca ‘ig ake ineliGh + More number of trees should be planted to replace the ones that are cut down, Trees and bushes should be planted in open lands. (eRe This practice does not allow the wind to blow full | _/".ancient India, people classified soils into only wo force and take away the topsoil. Rare ferile ae ae : r file soil led Urvara, Flowing water can easily wash away a lot of topsoil. easiest ees called Dams should be built across rivers to prevent | Usara, floods. Oo Key Words Soil The top layer of the Earth's surface which consists of sand, remains of dead plants and animals, and minerals with some amount of water and air in it is called soil. Soil erosion The removal of the fertile topsoil by the action of wind and water is called soil erosion. Soil conservation Protection of soil from erosion is known as soil conservation. The breaking down of rocks over a long period of time forms soil. There are three types of soil: sandy, clayey, and loamy soil. The three layers of soil in a soil profile are topsoil, subsoil, and bedrock. Soil erosion is the removal of the fertile topsoll by the action of wind and water, Soil can be conserved by planting more trees and by building dams across rivers to prevent floods. - Soll. Scanned with CamScanner| | | | Exercises ET'S UNDERSTAND ae e ul yor) |. Objective type questions A, Fill in the blanks with the correct words. 1. (Sand/soil) mixes with humus to form __(sand/soil). 2 ______(Silt/Clay) particles are the srnallest soil particles. 3, _____(Loam/Clay) is the best soil for growing plants. 4. ____(Topsoil/Subsoil) is very fertile because it contains humus. 5. Soilcanbe (eroded/conserved) by planting more trees and by building dams across rivers. Choose the correct option. 1. Which of these does soil contain? a. Sand b, Remains of dead plants and animals c. Minerals d. All of these 2. Which of these refers to loamy soil? a. Itis the best for growing plants b, It contains equal portions of sand, clay, and silt c. Itallows water to pass through easily d. All of these 3. Which of these refers to the remains of dead plants and animals that get mixed with soil? a. Sand b. Clay c. Humus d. Gravel 4. Which of these layers can be easily washed away by strong winds and water? a. Topsoil b. Subsoil c. Bedrock d. All of these 5. Which of these does not hold water at all? a. Sandy soil b. Clayey soil c. Loamy soil 4d. None of these Scanned with CamScanner6. Which of these help in protecting the soil from getting washed away? a, Planting more trees and bushes b. Avoiding planting of trees | c, Constructing dams to check the flow of rivers d. Both a.andc, | 7, Which of these soils is rough and gritty and does not become sticky when wet? a. Sandy soil b, Clayey soil | c. Loamy soil d. All of these | C. Write T for the True and F for the False statements. | |. Plants and animals cause weathering of rocks. . Plants give us food and take in oxygen. . Soil contains air and water, besides minerals and other nutrients. Strong winds, heavy rainfall, and cutting down of trees decrease soil erosion. Trees and bushes should be planted to increase soil erosion. yor wn Il. Very short answer type questions q A. Give one word for the following. 1. The process of breaking down big pieces of rock into smaller pieces by wind and water 2. The top layer of the Earth’s surface where plants grow } 3. Soil that does not hold water at all | 4, Soil that feels smooth when dry and lumpy and sticky when wet 5, The removal of fertile top soil by the action of wind and water Ill. Answer the following questions. 1. What is weathering? How does it form soil? 2. Define soil. Name the three types of soil. 3, What is loamy soil? 4, With the help of a diagram, 5, Whats soil erosion? What increase: ist any three ways in which we can conserve soil. describe the three layers of soil. s erosion of soil? 6. What is soil conservation? Lis ; Scanned with CamScannerLET'S RECALL omplete the concept map 9} Ci Recall and ¢ iven below. LET'S OBSERVE ‘eS 1. Label the different layers ofa soil profile. 2. Look closely and name any three things that this soil contains. Scanned with CamScanneryeT’s CONNECT (CD soantsoes } na map Of India, mark ai et ere, Make a legend that sh five regions, Use different colours to denote the kind of soll found F SOWS Which type of sal each colour stands for. | eit LeT's apply &%@ | Amanpreet says she uses dry leaves that have fallen off the trees in the garden to make her soil fettile, Do you think she is telling the truth? How would she make this possible? Hint: Leaves rot to form compost) Soil Scanned with CamScannera LET'S cReaTE LET'S ANALYSE AND EVALUATE tan n Predict what will the child get if he keeps crushing rocks like this. o What would happen if he keeps the crushed powder under a fan? How can the action of the fan on the Powder be reduced? How can we use this method to control dust at construction sites? ae A Collect soil samples and put them in small clear plastic bags and then make a chart with those samples talking about their characteristic features like: (Colour (i) Feel (ii) Does it have big or small particles (iv) Guess whether it would hold more or less water (SIE) (EES) On a map of India, mark any five important rivers of India and the dams made on them to control their flow. Write the names of the dams. Collect information on any one dam, how it helps to check the flow of water and in conserving soil. Discuss it in class. Soll Scanned with CamScannerWorksheet 2 equgEy Ganpathy and Pari are 90Ing to the by ded to take her pall, so that they could all play with fi each with thelr frlends today. Pari decided to It. Her father used the alr pump and filled the ball. |. What kind of soil is found at the beach? (i) Sandy soil (ii) Clayey soit (iii) Loamy soil (iv) Silt What do you think is filled inside the ball? () Water (i) Oi (ii) Paper (iv) Air ._ Draw how particles would be arranged in the ball. | — ._ Draw how the particles would be arranged in air. Cun: at Scanned with CamScanner