EXPLORA

TORY PROJECT
ON
CONCRETE MIX
DESIGN

Submitted by :
AMAN GUPTA 14065010
ANUKOOL SINGH 14065017
ARPIT BHARDWAJ 14064004
DEEPAK BHARTI 14065025
HARKIRAN SINGH 14065030
SHREYA PANDEY 14065067

Guiding Professor: Dr. Veerendra Kumar

Contents :
1
1. Acknowledgments – 3
2. Abstract – 4
3. Introduction – 5
4. Literature Survey and Work Program – 8-37
5. Result & Conclusions – 38-40
6. References – 44

2
 Acknowledgement

After doing this exploratory project we came to know various

types of concrete mix design – its pros and cons. We got to work
closely with instruments which greatly increased our
understanding of the subject. We are particularly indebted to Prof.
Veerendra Kumar who guided us at various stages of the project
& had faith in us.
I would also like thank our advisor Mr Yashwant and Sharda
Prasad who guided & helped us with various lab equipments &
helped to increase our knowledge.
And finally we would like to acknowledge the lab staffs of our
department who meticulously worked & provided us with various
analyses of our samples.

Abstract
3
Concrete Mix Design is widely used all over the world for
determining correct proportions of materials for a particular target
strength of concrete. There are various methods use based on
their respective needs and conditions.
We performed three different types of mix design for M25 grade
viz – ACI (American Concrete Institute),DOE( Department of
Environment) ,IS(Indian Standards) having same slump and
compared the results obtained on strength and quantity of
materials used.

Introduction
One of the ultimate aims of studying the various properties of the materials
of concrete, plastic concrete and hardened concrete, is to help a concrete

4
technologist to design a concrete mix for a particular strength and
durability.
Mix design can be defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients
of concrete and determining their relative proportions with the objective of
producing concrete of certain minimum strength and durability as
economically as possible.
The conditions that prevail at the site of work, in particular the exposure
condition, and the conditions that are demanded for a particular work for
which the mix is designed.
Concepts essential for mixed design :
Workability of the mass is provided by the lubricating effect of the cement
and is influenced by the amount and dilution of cement.
The strength of concrete is limited by the strength of cement, since mineral
aggregates with rare exceptions, are far stronger than the cement
compound.
Essentially the permeability of concrete is governed by the quality and
continuity of the cement, since little water flows through aggregate either
under pressure or by capillarity.
Since the properties of concrete are governed to a considerable extent by
the quality of cement, it is helpful to consider more closely the structure of
the cement.
The amount of water can be reduced (leading to cement) by using
admixtures such as super plasticizers and keeping water cement ration
fixed.
In Recent Years, we are also focusing on the exposure conditions of the
structures and increasing the strength as applicable in the case.

Various Methods of Mix Design

1. Arbitrary proportion - The general expression for the proportions of
cement, sand and coarse aggregate is 1 : n : 2n by volume.
5
 1: 1: 2 and 1: 1.2 : 2.4 for very high strength

1: 1.5: 3 and 1: 2 : 4 for normal works.

1: 3: 6 and 1: 4 : 8 for foundations and mass concrete works.

2. Fineness Modulus Method

Coarse aggregates: mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm, and No. 480.

Fine aggregates: Nos. 480, 240, 120, 60, 30 and 15.

Proportion of the fine aggregate to the combined aggregate by weight

Where, P = desired fineness modulus for a concrete mix of fine and

coarse aggregates.

 = fineness modulus of fine aggregate

 = fineness modulus of coarse aggregate.

3. Maximum Density Method

6
 Where, D = maximum size of aggregate (i.e. coarse aggregate)

P = percentage of material finer than diameter d (by weight)

d = maximum size of fine aggregate.

A box is filled with varying proportions of fine and coarse aggregates.

The proportion which gives heaviest weight is then adopted.

4. Road note No. 4 (Grading Curve method)

This method for designing mix proportions is mainly based on the

extensive laboratory and field experiments carried out by the road
research laboratory, UK. It was first published in Road Note Number
4 during 1950.They have established relationship between various
properties of concrete and variable parameters. A series of standard
grading curves have been established to give grading limits for all in
aggregates graded down from 20 mm and 40 mm. The procedure of
mix design by road note no. 4 is also called the grading curve
method.

5. ACI Committee 211 method

6. DOE method
7. Indian standard Recommended method IS 10262-82

Literature Survey

7
 American Concrete Institute

Method of Mix Design

(ACI–211.1)

American Concrete Institute Method of Mix Design

(ACI–211.1)

 This method of proportioning was first published in 1944 by ACI

committee 613.
 In 1954 the method was revised to include, among other
modifications, the use of entrained air.
 In 1970, the method of mix design became the responsibility of ACI
committee 211.
8
  ACI committee 211 have further updated the method of 1991.
 Almost all of the major multipurpose concrete dams in India built
during 1950 have been designed by using then prevalent ACI
Committee method of mix design.

Step 01: Data to be collected

 Fineness modulus of selected Fine Aggregate

 Unit weight of dry rodded coarse aggregate.

 Specific gravity of coarse and fine aggregates in SSD condition.

 Absorption characteristics of both coarse and fine aggregates.

 Specific gravity of cement.

The specified design strength of concrete is 25 MPa at 28 days measured
on standard cubes.
The specific gravity of FA and C.A. are 2.65 and 2.7 respectively.
The dry rodded bulk density of C.A. is 1600 kg/m3, and fineness modulus
of FA is 2.80.
Pozzolana Portland cement will be used.
Coarse Aggregate is found to be absorptive to the extent of 1% and free
surface moisture in sand is found to be 2 per cent.

Step 02 : Target Mean Strength

Target Mean Strength 𝑓𝑚 = 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 +𝑘𝑠

Target Mean Strength = 25 + (2.33 * 4.2) = 34.786 MPa

9
 Step
03 :
Water/cement ratio
Finding the water/cement ratio from the strength point of view from
Graph below

10
Since PPC is used, from graph, the estimated w/c ratio is 0.53

Step 04 : Maximum Size of Aggregate & Workability

11
Deciding maximum size of aggregate to be used. Generally for RCC work
20 mm and prestressed concrete 10 mm size are used.
Deciding workability in terms of slump for the type of job in hand.
Maximum size of aggregate 20 mm.
Slump of concrete 25 - 75 mm

Step 05 : Cement Content

From Table 11.8, for a slump of 25-75 mm, 20 mm maximum size of
aggregate, for non air- entrained concrete, the mixing water content is 185
kg/m3 of concrete. Also the approximate entrapped air content is 2 per
cent.

𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 =185/0.53

C𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 349.05 𝑘𝑔 /𝑚3 of concrete

12
Step 06: Weight of Coarse Aggregate

From table 11.4 the bulk volume of dry rodded coarse aggregate per unit
volume of concrete is selected, for the particular maximum size of coarse
aggregate and fineness modulus of fine aggregate.
The weight of coarse aggregate per cubic meter of concrete is calculated
by multiplying the bulk volume with bulk density.
From Table 11.4, for 20 mm coarse aggregate, for fineness modulus of
2.67, the dry rodded bulk volume of C.A. is 0.64 per unit volume of
concrete.

(We are taking ratio of C. A. (20mm) and C. A. (10mm) =2:1)

The weight of C. A. (20mm) = 0.64 𝑥 1577 𝑥 0.66= 666.1248 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
The weight of C. A. (10mm) = 0.64 𝑥 1501 𝑥 0.33= 317.0112𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

13
Step 07: Weight of Fine Aggregate
F.A. can be found out by absolute volume method which is more accurate
than first estimate of density of fresh concrete, as follows –

Item no Ingredients Weights(K Absolute

g/m3) Volume(cm3)
1 Cement 349.05 124.89 * 103
2 Water 185 185 * 103
3 Coarse 666.1248 240.66 * 103
Aggregate(20mm)
4 Coarse 317.0112 133.47 * 103
Aggregate(10mm)
5 Air - 20 * 103
Total absolute 704.02 * 103
volume
Volume of Fine Aggregate
= (1000-704.02) * 103 =295.98 * 103 cm3
Weight of Fine Aggregate = 2.852 * 295.98 = 844.1349 kg/m 3

Dry Weight Proportions :

INGREDIENTS Water Cement(PPC) Fine Coarse Coarse

Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate
(10 MM) (20 MM)
QUANTITY(Kg/ 185.00 349.05 844.13 317.01 666.12
m3)
RATIO 0.53 1 2.41 0.91 1.90

Adjustments for field condition :

The proportions are required to be adjusted for the field conditions. Fine
Aggregate has specific absorption of 2 %
Weight of Fine Aggregates = 844.13 * 0.02
= 16.88 kg/m3

14
 Weight of Coarse Aggregates (20mm) = 666.12 * 0.00449
= 2.99 kg/m3
Weight of Coarse Aggregates (10mm) = 317.01 * 0.00697
= 2.21 kg/m3

Final Proportions

INGREDIENTS Water Cement Fine Coarse Coarse

(PPC) Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate
(10 MM) (20 MM)
QUANTITY(Kg/m3) 207.08 349.05 844.13 317.01 666.12
RATIO 0.59 1 2.41 0.91 1.90
Weight(Kg) Required 5.63 9.54 22.99 8.68 18.12
Corresponding to 65
kg concrete

Final result OF ACI

Area of mould = 22500 mm2

15
Serial No. Failure Load (7- 7-Day Strength Failure Load 28-Day
Day) (kN) (N/mm2) (28-Day) (kN) Strength
(N/mm2)

1 444 19.73 611 27.1

2 389 17.28 588 26.1

3 412 18.31 643 28.5

Average Strength

7 DAYS : 18.44 N/mm2

:
28 DAYS 27.23 N/mm2

DEPARTMENT
16
 OF

ENVIRONMENT

(DOE )

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
(DOE ) :

The DOE method was first published in 1975 and then revised in 1988.
While Road Note No 4 or Grading Curve Method was specifically
developed for concrete pavements, the DOE method is applicable to
concrete for most purposes, including roads. Since DOE method presently
is the standard British method of concrete mix design, the procedure
involved in this method is described instead of out dated Road Note No 4
method.

17
Step 01: Data to be collected
 The percentage of fines passing through 600 μ seive..
 Sp. gravity of coarse and fine aggregates in SSD condition
 Absorption characteristics of both coarse and fine aggregates.

In this case our data is as follows :

Grade Designation = M 25
Type of cement = P.P.C
Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate = 2.852
Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate (20mm) = 2.7679
Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate (10mm) = 2.7938
Specific Absorption of Coarse Aggregate (20mm) =0.449%
Specific Absorption of Coarse Aggregate (10mm) = 0.697%
Specific Absorption of Fine Aggregate = 2%

Step 02 : Calculation ofTarget Mean Strength

We calculate the target mean strength from the specified characteristic
strength as
Target mean strength = specified characteristic strength + Standard
deviation x risk factor
fm=f c.k + Standard deviation x risk factor
fm = 25+1.65 𝑥 5.0
fm = 33.25 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Step 03: Calculation of Water/cement ratio

18
Now we calculate the water/cement ratio from the given target strength of
28 days with the help of the table 1 and graph 1 as

Table 1:Approximate Compressive Strength of Concrete made with free

Water/cement ratio of 0.50 according to the 1988 British Method (DOE)

Graph 1: Relation Between Compressive strength and free water /cement

ratio for use in DOE method
To find Water/Cement Ratio we find out the point of intersection of 0.50
W/C ratio and the strength(as obtained from table 1 for different types of
cement for 28 days)in above graph 1.Then we draw a dotted curve passing
through the point of intersection and parallel to the nearest curve on the

19
graph 1.After that we find the water cement ratio for our target strength
from this dotted curve.
Target Strength in this case in 33.25 MPA, cement is PPC crushed
Aggregate

Our W/C ratio for our method is 0.64 .

Step 04: Calculation of Water Content

Now we decide the water content for slump of 25- 75 mm (assumed) 20
mm crushed aggregate from Table 2.

Table 2: Approximate free water contents required to give various

levels of workability

Since here we have used 20 mm crushed aggregate and we require slump

range 25-75 mm .

20
 Here we used crushed CA and uncrushed FA so water demand for natural
fine aggregate 178.33 lit ,and water demand for crushed CA 20 mm max
size aggregate is 208.33 lit.
Water Content =2/3*Wf+1/3 *Wca
Water content =2/3* 178.33 +1/3 *208.33
=188.33 kg/m3

Step 05 : Calculation of Cement Content

Mixing water content is 188.33 kg/m3 of concrete.
Cement Content= 188.33/0.64
=294.27 kg/m3 of concrete.
Cement Content= 294.27 kg/m3 of concrete

Step 06 :Calculation of weight of Total Aggregate

We calculate the total wet density of fully compacted concrete with help of
graph 2.

21
Graph 2: Estimated wet density for fully compacted concrete
Wet density of concrete from given water content of 188.33 is 2487.67
kg/m3
Total aggregate content = 2487.67-188.33-294.27
=2005.07 kg/m3

Step 07: Calculation of proporotion of Fine Aggregate and coarse

aggregate

22
Figure 1 : % of fine aggregate In total aggregate as a function of W/C
ratio for various values of workability and maximum size of aggregate

From the Figure 1 and slump of 50 mm with W/C ratio of 0.64 we get % fine
aggregate =39
% Fine Aggregate = 39
Weight of fine aggregate =39/100 *2005.07
=781.98 kg/m3
Weight of coarse aggregate =61/100*2005.07
=1223.09 kg/m3

Step 08 : Combination of Different Coarse Aggregate Fractions

Course aggregate can be further divided into different fractions depending
on the shape of aggregate. As a general guidance the figures given in
Table 3 can be used.
Table 3: Proportion of coarse aggregate fractions

Step 09: Proportions

INGREDIENTS Cement Water Fine Coarse Coarse
(PPC) Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate
(10 MM) (20 MM)

23
QUANTITY(Kg/ 294.27 188.33 781.98 403.62 819.47
m3)

RATIO 1 0.64 2.66 1.37 2.78

Step 10 : Adjustment for Field Condition

The proportions are required to be adjusted for the field conditions. Fine
Aggregate absorb surface moisture of 2 %
Weight of F. A. = 781.98-0.02*781.98
=766.34 Kg/m3

Weight of C. A. (10 mm) =403.62 – 0.00697*403.62

=400.81
Weight of C. A. (20 mm) =819.47– 0.00449*819.47
=815.79
The proportions are required to be adjusted for the field conditions. Fine
Aggregate absorb surface moisture of 2 %
Water extra for F. A. = 0.02*781.98
=15.63 Kg/m3

Water extra for C.A. (10 mm) =0.00697*403.62

=2.81 Kg/m3
Water extra for C. A. (20 mm) =0.00449*819.47
=3.67 Kg/m3

24
FINAL DESIGN PROPORTIONS

INGREDIENTS Cement Water Fine Coarse Coarse

(PPC) Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate
(10 MM) (20 MM)
QUANTITY(Kg/m 294.27 210.44 781.98 403.62 819.47
3
)
RATIO 1 0.64 2.66 1.37 2.78
Weight Required 6 8.3 21.7 11.3 23.0
Corresponding to
65 kg concrete

Final result OF DOE

Area of mould = 22500 mm2

Serial No. Failure Load 7-Day Failure Load 28-Day

(7-Day) (kN) Strength (28-Day) (kN) Strength
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)

1 330 14.67 528 23.40

2 320 14.22 542 24.08
3 334 14.84 495 22.00

Average Strength

25
7 DAYS : 14.57 N/mm2
:
28 DAYS 23.16 N/mm2

INDIAN

STANDARD

METHOD

26
 INDIAN STANDARD METHOD

INTRODUCTION :
The Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after
the draft finalized by the cement and concrete sectional committee had
been approved by the civil engineering division council.
Concrete has become an indispensable construction material. According to
the present state of the art, concrete has bypassed the stage of mere four
component system. With the growing demand of concrete it became
essential for civil engineers to set a standard for arriving at the most
economical and practical combination of different ingredients to produce
concrete that will satisfy the performance requirements under specified
conditions of use.
For obtaining the most optimum combination of ingredients for obtaining a
balance between workability, strength and durability several mixes were
tested and depending on the results obtained a standard was formulated.
The basic principles which underlined the proportioning of mixes are
Abram’s law for strength development and Lyse’s rule for making with
adequate workability for placement in a dense state so as to enable the
strength development as contemplated.

SCOPE
 This standard provides the guidelines for proportioning concentric
mixes as per the requirements using the concrete making materials
identified for this purpose. The proportioning is carried out to achieve
specified characteristics at specified age, workability of fresh concrete
and durability requirements
 This standard is applicable for ordinary and standard concrete grades
only.
 All requirements of IS 456 so far as they apply shall be deemed to
form part of this standard.

27
DATA FOR MIXED PROPORTIONING
The following data are required for mix proportioning of a particular
grade of concrete
 Grade designation
 Type of cement
 Maximum nominal size of aggregate
 Maximum water cement ratio
 Workability
 Maximum temperature of concrete at the time of placing
 Early age strength requirements
 Type of aggregate
 Maximum cement content
 Whether an admixture shall or shall not be used and the type
of admixture and the condition of use.

TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIXED PROPORTIONING

In order that not more than the specified proportions of test
samples fall below the characteristic strength, the concrete mix
has to be proportioned for higher target mean compressive
strength is given by following indications:
fck’ = fck + ts
where
fck’=target mean compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm2
fck=mean compressive strength at28 days in N/mm2
s=standard deviation in N/mm2
t=a stastical value depending on expected proportions of low
result(risk factor).
The equqtions reduces to:
fck’=fck+1.65s

28
STANDARD DEVIATION :
The standard deviation for each grade of concrete shall be calculated
separately
Standard deviation on basis of strength of concrete
 Number of test results of samples- The total number of test strength
of samples required to constitute an acceptable record for calculation
of standard deviation shall be not less than 30. Attempts should be
made to obtain the 30 samples(taken from site) as early as possible,
when a mix is used for the first time.
 In case of significant changes in concrete-When significant changes
are made in the production of concrete batches(for example changes
in the materials used, mix proportioning, equipment or technical
control), the standard deviation value shall be separately calculated
for such batches of concrete.
 Standard deviation to be brought up to date- The calculation of the
standard deviation shall be brought up to date after every change of
mixed proportioning.

Assumed standard deviation

When sufficient test results for a particular grade of concrete are not
available, the value of standard deviation are assumed for the proportioning
of mix in the first instance. As soon as the results of samples are available,
actual calculated standard deviation shall be used and the mix proportioned
properly. However, when adequate past records for a similar grade exist
and justify to the designer a value of standard deviation shall be
permissible to use the value.

29
S.No. GRADE OF CONCRETE ASSUMED STANDARD
DEVIATION (N/mm2)
i. M 10
ii. M 15 3.5
iii. M 20 4.0
iv. M 25
v. M 30
vi. M 35
vii. M 40 5.0
viii. M 45
ix. M 50
x. M 55

NOTE: The above values correspond to the site having proper control of
storage of cement, weight balancing, regular checking of materials,
aggregate grading and moisture content and periodical checking of
workability and strength. Whenever there is deviation the values above
should be increased by 1N/mm2.

SELECTION OF MIX PROPORTIONS :

SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO: Different cements,
supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates of different
maximum size, grading, surface texture, shape and other characteristics
may produce concretes of different compressive strength for the same
water cement ratio.Therefore the relationship strength between strength
and free water cement ratio (by mass) corresponding to the target strength
at 28 days may be selected from established relationship otherwise water
cement ratio given in graph below should be used:

30
SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT:
The water content of concrete is influenced by a number of factors such as aggregate size, aggregate
shape, aggregate texture, workability, water cement ratio, cement and other supplementary
cementitious material type and content , chemical admixture and environmental conditions .The water
content can be estimated from the table given below

SNo. NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZE OF MAXIMUM WATER

AGGREGATE(mm) CONTENT(kg)
i. 10 208
ii. 20 186
iii. 40 165

The quantity of maximum mixing water per unit volume of concrete may
be determined from above table.The water content in the above table is for
31
angular coarse aggregate and for 25 to 50 mm slump range. The water
estimate can be reduced by approximately 10kg for sub angular
aggregates, 20 kg for gravel with some crushed particles and 25 kg for
some rounded gravel to produce same workability.For desired
workability(other than 20-50mm ) the required ater content maybe
established by trial and increase in about 3% water for about every 25 mm
increase in slump

CALCULATION OF CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL CONTENT

The cement content per unit volume may be calculated from the free water
cement ratio and the amont of water per unit volume of concrete. The
material content so calculated shall be checked against minimum content
for the requirements of durability and the greater of the two values shall be
adopted

ESTIMATION OF COARSE AGGREGATE PROPORTION

Aggregates of essentially the same nominal maximum size, type and
grading will produce concrete of satisfactory workability when a given
volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate
used.Approximate values of coarse aggregate for a water cement ratio of
0.5 is given below:

S.NO. NOMINAL VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE PER

MAXIMUM UNT VOLUME OF TOTAL AGGREGATE FOR
SIZEOF DIFFERENT ZONES OF FINE AGGREGATE
AGGREGATE
MM ZONE 4 ZONE 3 ZONE 2 ZONE 1
1 10 .50 .48 .46 .44
2 20 .66 .64 .62 .60
3 40 .75 .73 .71 .69

ESTIMATION OF FINE AGGREGATE PROPORTION

32
V=[W+C/SE+fa/PSfa]/1000
Ca=1-P/P*fa*Sca/Sfa
Where
V=absolute volume of fresh concrete,which is equql to gross volume(m3)
minus the volume of entrapped air
C=mass of cement (kg) per m3 of concrete
W=Mass of water (kg) per m3 of concrete
Sc=Specific gravity of cement
P=ratio of FA to total aggregate by absolute volume
Fa,Ca=tatal masses of FA ana CA per m3 of concrete
Sfa,Cfa=specific gravities of saturated surface

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

TARGET STRENGH
Fck’=fck+1.65s
Fck’=25+1.65*4
Fck’=31.60
WATER CEMENT RATIO
According to the IS code water cement ratio should be .5
WATER CONTENT
Amount of water according to table 2 for 25-50mm slump is 186l
Our considered range 25-75mm
Therefore,
Water content=(186+3/100*186+186)/2

33
 =188.79l
CEMENT CONTENT
w/c=.5
w=188.79l
therefore,
cement content=188.79/.5
=377.58kg
Since according to table 5 IS456 minimum cement content=280kg
Since 377.58>280 ,hence it is fine
PROPORTION OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATE
Since maximum size=20mm
Water ratio=.5
Change =.5-.5
=0
As coarse aggregate changes by +-.01 for every.05 change in w/c ratio
Therefore coarse aggregate=.60
Fine aggregate=1-.60=.40

MIX CALCULATIONS
1. Volume of concrete=1m3
2. Volume of cement=377.58/2.7947*(1/1000)=0.135m3
3. Volume of water=188.79/1000=.189m3
4. Volume of aggregate in all=1-(.135+.189)=.676
5. Mass of coarse=.676*.6*2.77826*1000=1126.86kg
6. Mass of fine aggregate=.676*.4*2.852*1000=771.18kg

RATIO:
WATER:CEMENT:FINE:10MM COARSE:20MM COARSE:
34
 .5:1:2.04:1.19:1.7904
For a bag of cement :
1. Weight of cement=50kg
2. Sand:102kg
3. Coarse 10mm=59.5 kg
4. Coarse 20mm=89.52kg
5. Water=.5*50+1/100(.449*89.52+.697*59.5+1.643*102)=27.5l

HOWEVER THERE ARE SOME SHORTCOMINGS IN THIS METHOD:

1. The strength of concrete has enhanced since 1982 and thus has to
be reviewed
2. The graph between strength and water cement ratio has to be
reestablished

FINAL DESIGN PROPORTIONS

INGREDIENTS Water Cement(P Fine Coarse Coarse

35
 PC) Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate
(10 MM) (20 MM)
QUANTITY(Kg/m 189.5 379 773.16 451.01 678.41
3
)
RATIO 0.5 1 2.04 1.19 1.79
Weight Required 5.4 10.80 22.03 12.85 19.37
Corresponding to
65 kg concrete

Final result OF IS

Area of mould = 22500 mm

2

Serial No. Failure Load 7-Day Strength Failure Load 28-Day

(7-Day) (kN) (N/mm2) (28-Day) (kN) Strength
(N/mm2)
1 612 27.20 957 42.5
2 703 31.20 923 41.02
3 683 30.35 968 43.02

Average Strength

7 DAYS : 29.58 N/mm2

:
28 DAYS 42.18 N/mm2

Comparative study of methods

ACI DOE IS
36
W/C ratio 0.53 0.64 0.50
Water Content(Kg/m3) 185.00 188.33 189.5
Cement Content(Kg/m3) 349.05 294.27 379
7 Day strength(N/mm2) 18.44 14.57 29.58
28 Day strength(N/mm2) 27.23 23.16 42.18
Slump (mm) 164 156 35

Ratio Comparison Table:

Method Cement Water F.A. C.A.(10mm) C.A.(20mm)

ACI 1 0.53 2.41 0.91 1.90
DOE 1 0.64 2.66 1.37 2.78
IS 1 0.50 2.04 1.19 1.79

Material Consumption FOR 65 KG CONCRETE :

Method Cement Water F.A. C.A.(10mm) C.A.(20mm)

ACI 10.50 6.20 24.60 9.50 19.80
DOE 8.30 6.00 21.70 11.30 23.00
IS 10.80 5.40 22.00 12.90 19.40

Cause of variation of Slump :

1. W/C Ratio: – In IS method W/C ratio is far less than DOE and ACI so
its Slump comes out to be less.

2. Mix Proportions :– Less aggregate cement ratio will give better slump.

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  ACI & DOE – 6.81 comes out to be the
ratio in DOE and 5.22 in ACI. As per the
above rule slump in ACI comes out to be
less.

3. Size of aggregate : – Bigger the aggregate more workable is concrete.

 ACI & DOE – In DOE the proportion of
fine aggregate is more so slump is less.
 ACI & IS – In IS the proportion of fine
aggregate is more so slump is less.

4. Grading of aggregate : – As there is a wide range of slump between

ACI and IS there could be a chance of change in grading between
them.

Cause of variation of Strength :

1) W/C Ratio :– In IS method W/C ratio is far less than DOE and ACI so
it’s Slump comes out to be less.
2). Grading of aggregates : - As there is a wide range of grading
between DOE ,ACI and IS there was a deviation from their target strength.

CONCLUSION

On the basis of results we can observe that :

 DOE method - Cement is least used but 28 days strength of cubes
came to be less than the target strength.

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 ACI method – Closest value with target strength but fine aggregates
are comparatively more used than other two.
 IS method – Method comes out to be conservative but cement
consumption is high.

We’ll recommend IS method based on its conservative nature.

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Slump in ACI Method
Slump in DOE Method

40
 A mould of ACI
during
compression test

Cup Cone
Failure

41
Cube Failure

ReferenceS
42
1. Concrete Technology by M S SHETTY
2. ACI Committee 2111.1-91 , standard practice for
selecting proportions for normal heavy weight,and
mass concrete , PART I,manual of concrete
practices,1994
3. Department of Environment ,Design of Normal
Concrete Mixes(Building Research Establishment,
Walford, U.K ,1988)
4. Indian Standard Recommendation Method of
Concrete(IS 10262-1982)

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