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3 Intellectual Revolutions Students PDF
3 Intellectual Revolutions Students PDF
Claudius Ptolemy
• Following Aristotle, he proposed that the
Earth is the center of the universe.
• Geocentric Theory (Geocentrism)
• The Almagest
Copernican Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus
• 1473 – 1543
• Polish mathematician,
astronomer, physician, jurist,
diplomat, cleric, artist, poet,
economist, and linguist (translated
ancient Greek texts into Latin).
• Catholic believer
• De Revolutionibus Orbium
Caelestium (On The Revolutions of
the Heavenly Spheres)
Copernican Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus
• He suggested that the center
of the Solar System is the SUN
and not the EARTH.
• This theory is known as the
Heliocentric Theory
(Heliocentrism).
• Marked the birth of modern
astronomy.
Copernican Revolution
Copernican Revolution
Charles Darwin
• An English naturalist, biologist, and
geologist
• On the Origin of Species, 1859
• Introduced the Theory of Evolution
– “populations pass through a
process of natural selection in
which only the fittest would
survive”.
• His belief was contradictory to the
teachings of the church.
Darwinian Revolution
Evolution
Galapagos Island and the
Galapagos Finches
Evolution (Evidences)
Homologous Structures
Evolution (Evidences)
Analogous Structures
physical similarities
which evolved
independently in
different organisms
because the organisms
lived in similar
environments or
experienced similar
selective pressures.
Darwinian Revolution
Evolution (Evidences)
Molecular Biology
Evolution (Evidences)
Geographic Distribution
The geographic
distribution of organisms
on Earth follows patterns
that are best explained
by evolution, in
combination with the
movement of tectonic
plates over geological
time.
Freudian Revolution
Sigmund Freud
• PSYCHOANALYSIS – the study that
explains human behavior.
• he explained that there are many
conscious and unconscious
factors that can influence
behavior and emotions.
• Personality is a product of three
conflicting elements: ID, EGO, and
SUPEREGO.
Freudian Revolution
Sigmund Freud
Five Stages
• Oral stage
• Anal stage
• Phallic stage
• Latency stage
• Genital stage
*erogenous zones