Project

Subject Design of RCC Cantilever Retaining wall

Prelim/fianl
Design Date Rev. No. Designed by Checked by
Sl. No. Particulars/Calculation Output

1.0 DATA :
1.1 a) Height of wall above N.G.L h = 2.1 m
b) Depth of foundation d = 1.2 m
c) Overall height of wall H = 3.30 m
1.2 Back-fill Soil Properties:
a) Angle of slope of backfill to horizontal i = 0 deg.
b) Angle of repose/ internal friction Ф = 30 deg.
c) Friction angle between wall and backfill δ = 20 deg.
c) Density of back fill γd = 18 kN/m3
1.3 Base Soil Properties:
a) Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil qa = 160 kN/m2
b) Coeff. of base friction bet. soil & concrete µ = 0.5
1.4 Seismic Parametrs:
a) Zone Z = 0.36
b) Importance factor I = 1
c) Response reduction factor R = 1.5
d) Spectral acceleration coefficient Sa/g = 1
1.5 Prelim. Dimension of Wall :
Sl. No. Particulars/Calculation Output
Wall/stem thickness at top t1 = 0.200 m
Wall/stem thickness at bottom t2 = 0.400 m
Base Slab thickness t3 = 0.375 m
Heel slab projection L2 = 1.750 m
Toe Slab projection L1 = 0.900 m
Base Slab Width L = 2.650 m
Slope of wall with verical α = 3.91 deg
Foundation Depth Df = 1.200 m
Overall Height of Wall including base H = 3.300 m
1.6 Material Properties :
Concrete Grade fck = 20 N/mm2
Steel Reinforcement Grade fy = 415 N/mm2
1.7 Concrete Cover (Clear)
In base slab bottom = 75 mm
base salb top & side = 50 mm
In earth face of wall = 50 mm
In front face of wall = 50 mm
1.658059 for Ka=0.33
2.040929 for Ka=0.5 (seismic)

1.347219 1.5
2.020829 2.25
 Project
Subject Design of RCC Cantilever Retaining wall
Prelim/fianl
Design Date Rev. No. Designed by Checked by
Sl. No. Particulars/Calculation Output

2.0 Earth Pressure : Static and Dynamic Case

2.1 Static co-efficient of Earth Pressure by Coulomb:

cos2 (   )
(KA )static  2
 sin(   ) sin(  i) 
cos  cos(   )1 
2

 cos(   ) cos(i   ) 

Cos2(∅ − α) = 0.81
Cos α =
2
1.00
Cos(δ +α) = 0.91
sin(δ +φ) = 0.77
sin(φ-i) = 0.50
Cos(i-α) = 1.00
(KA)static.= 0.326

2.2 Dynamic Earth-pressure co-efficient by Mononobe (1929) and Okabe (1926)

2
 
 
(1   v ) cos 2 (     )  1 
( K A ) dyn 
cos  cos 2  cos(     )   sin(    ) sin(   i   ) 1 / 2 
1    
  cos(  i ) cos(     )  
Where,

αh = horizontal seismic co-efficient=

αv = vert.seismic co-efficient = 2/3.αh

Computation of dyn. E.P. co-eff.,(Ka) dyn for the following input parameters:

αh = 0.12
αv = 0.08
λ= 6.34 for +αv
7.43 for -αv
α= 3.91
∅= 30
δ= 20
i= 0.0
 For, l= 6.34 For, l= 7.43
Cos(φ −λ −α ) = 0.94 Cos(φ −λ −α ) = 0.95
Cos(δ +α +λ ) = 0.86 Cos(δ +α +λ ) = 0.85
Cosλ = 0.99 Cosλ = 0.99
Cosα = 1.00 Cosα = 1.00
Sin(φ +δ ) = 0.77 Sin(φ +δ ) = 0.77
Sin(φ − i −λ ) 0.40 Sin(φ − i −λ ) 0.38
Cos(α − i) = 1.00 Cos(α − i) = 1.00
(KA)dyn. = 0.439 (KA)dyn. = 0.389

(KA)dyn., max. =0.439

2.3 Static & Dynamic Earth Pressure

a) Static E.P= (PA)stat. = 31.99 kN/m Acting at H/3= 1.1
m from base

b) Dynamic E.P= (PA)dyn. = 43.03 kN/m

c) Dynamic increment of E.P.=

(PA)dyn.inc.= 11.04 kN/m acting at H/2= 1.65
m from base
 i = 0 deg.
Ф = 30 deg.
δ = 20 deg.
γd = 18 kN/m3
α = 3.91 deg

Z = 0.36
I = 1
R = 1.5
Sa/g = 1
DESIGN OF A CANTILEVER R.C. RETAINING WALL

Design of a RC Retaining Wall subjected to Static and Dynamic Earth Pressure for the given properties of backfill
material, wall and base sections, Concrete grade and type of Steel.

T1 W1
i =
30°

BACK FILL SOIL

h = 4.50 M

W1
W1
H
W2

NGL.

Df

W1 d

T3 T2 T4
B
PROP. SECTION OF RETAINING WALLL

1.0 DATA :

1.1 Height of wall above N.G.L = 4.5 m

1.2 Back-fill Soil Properties:
a) Angle of slope of backfill to horizontal i = 26.5 deg.
b) Angle of repose Ф = 35 deg.
c) Friction angle between wall and backfill δ = 12 deg.
c) Density of back fill γd = 18 kN/m3
1.3 Base Soil Properties:
a) Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil qa = 100 kN/m2
b) Coeff. of base friction bet. soil & concrete µ = 0.5
1.4 Seismic Parametrs:
a) Zone Z = 0.36
b) Importance factor I = 1
c) Response reduction factor R = 1.5
d) Spectral acceleration coefficient Sa/g = 1
1.4 Prelim. Dimension of Wall :
(Refer Pillai & Menon, Krishna & Jain books)
Wall thickness at top T1 = 0.300 m
Wall thickness at bottom T2 = 0.650 m
Base Slab thickness d = 0.500 m
Base Slab Width B = 3.750 m
Toe Slab projection T3 = 1.250 m
Heel slab projection T4 = 1.850 m
Slope of wall with verical α = 3.91 deg
Foundation Depth Df = 1.125 m
Overall Height of Wall including base H = 5.625 m
Surcharge Height hs = 1.097 m
1.4 Material Properties :
Concrete Grade fck = 25 N/mm2
Steel Reinforcement Grade fy = 415 N/mm2
1.5 Concrete Cover (Clear)
In base slab = 75 mm
In earth face of wall = 50 mm
In front face of wall = 40 mm

2.0 Earth Pressure : Static and Dynamic Case

2.1 Static co-efficient of Earth Pressure by Coulomb:

cos2 (   )
(KA )static  2
 sin(   ) sin(  i) 
cos  cos(   )1 
2

 cos(   ) cos(i   ) 

Cos2(∅ − α) = 0.73
Cos2α = 1.00
Cos(δ +α) = 0.96
sin(δ +φ) = 0.73
sin(φ-i) = 0.15
Cos(i-α) = 0.92
(KA)static.= 0.421

2.2 Dynamic Earth-pressure co-efficient by Mononobe (1929) and Okabe (1926)

2
 
 
(1   v ) cos (     ) 
2
1 
( K A ) dyn 
cos  cos 2  cos(     )  1/ 2 
sin(    ) sin(   i   )  
1  
 
  cos(   i ) cos(     )  

Where,

αh = horizontal seismic co-efficient=

αv = vert.seismic co-efficient = 2/3.αh

Computation of dyn. E.P. co-eff.,(Ka)dyn for the following input parameters:

αh = 0.12
αv = 0.08
INPUTS: l= 6.34 for +αv
7.43 for -αv
α= 3.91
∅= 35
δ= 12
i= 26.5

For, l= 6.34 For, l= 7.43

 Cos(φ −λ −α ) = 0.91 Cos(φ −λ −α ) = 0.92
Cos(δ +α +λ ) = 0.93 Cos(δ +α +λ ) = 0.92
Cosλ = 0.99 Cosλ = 0.99
Cosα = 1.00 Cosα = 1.00
Sin(φ +δ ) = 0.73 Sin(φ +δ ) = 0.73
Sin(φ − i −λ ) 0.04 Sin(φ − i −λ ) 0.02
Cos(α − i) = 0.92 Cos(α − i) = 1.00
(KA)dyn. = 0.698 (KA)dyn. = 0.676
(KA)dyn., max. =0.698

2.3 Static & Dynamic Earth Pressure

a) Static E.P= (PA)stat. = 119.90 kN/m height of action =5.625/3=1.875m from base
b) Dynamic E.P= (PA)dyn. = 198.77 kN/m
c) Dynamic increment of E.P.=
(PA)dyn.inc.= 78.87 kN/m acting at H/2=2.812 m from base
Geotechnical data:
Over all Height of wall = 3.3 m
unit wt backfill = 18 kN/m3
unit wt base soil = 18 kN/m4
unit of concrete = 25 kN/m5
angle of I.R back-fill = 30 degree
angle of I.R base-soil = 30 degree
Allowable b.c. = 160 kN/m2
surcharge pressure w's = 0 kN/m2
Height of Surcharge=w's/18 0m
back fill slope = 0 degree
Co-efficient of base friction= 0.5
Co-efficient of E.P = For dynamic condition, Ka> 0.5
 1  sin    1  sin  
Ka    Kp   
 1  sin    1  sin  
For back-fill: Ka= 0.33
Kp= 3.00
For base soil: Ka= 0.33
Kp= 3.00

Preliminary proportions:
A. By Pillai & Menon
1. Thickness of stem at top = t1= 150 mm
2. Thickness of the base slab= t3= 0.08(h+hs) 0.264 m
3. Stem thickness at bottom = t2= 0.35 m
3. Length of the heel slab including stem thickness=
X= 1.30 m
 Ka 
X    (h  hs ) 1.50 m
 3  1.10 m

4. Length of the base-slab, L =1.5X B= 1.95 m

2.25 m
1.65 m

5. Length of Toe-slab L1= 0.65 m

0.75 m
0.55 m

6. Height of active-pressure diagram= h'=h+hs 3.300 m

hs= 0.000 m
B. By Krishna & Jain (1966)

 Ka.cosi  3  (h t)
Base-with B  h'.   , where m 1 & 
 (1 m)(1 3m)  8 qa
β= 0.342 for ka=
m= -0.098
B= 2.16

β= 0.342 for ka=

m= -0.098
 B= 2.65
B= 2.90 for ka=

Final dimension considred for design

Stem thickness at top 200

Stem thickness at bottom 400
Base slab thickness 375
Base slab width L 2.65
Heel slab width including Stem X= 1.75
Toe Slab 0.9
 Soil Ws KN/Sqm θ Rg θ Mean µ β Fr bet soil & wall
Sand 17-20 25-35 30 0.55 29
Medium Clay 16-18 14-28 21 0.4 22
Soft Clay 15-17 4-16 10 0.33 18

amic condition, Ka> 0.5

min. 150mm
min. 300mm t3 min.=Ht/12 to Ht/20 0.275 to 0.165
t2 min. =Ht/10 to H/15 = 0.33 to 0.22

for ka=0.5
for ka=0.6
for ka=0.33

0.33

0.5
0.6
1.Dimensions :
Height of wall above GL h1 = 0.00 m
Depth of foundation h2 = 0.00 m
Overall Height of wall h = 0.00 m
Height of surcharge hs = 0.00 m
Width of base slab B = 0.00 m
Width of toe-slab T1 = 0.00 m
Width of wall at top b = 0.00 m
Width of wall at bottom T2 = 0.00 m
Width of heel-slab T3 = 0.00 m
Width of surcharge T4 = 0.00 m
Thickness of base-slab t = 0.00 m
2. Back-fill soil properties :
a) Unit weight of back-fill γ1 = 18.0 kN/m3
b) Angle of Internal friction ∅1 = 30 degree
c) Friction angle between wall and backfill δ = 20 degree
d) slope of back-fill with horizontal= i = 0 degree
e) surcharge-pressure, ws = 0 kN/m2
f) Co-efficient of active E.P Ca = 0.33
g) Co-efficient of passive E.P Cp = 3.00
3. Base soil parameters:
a) unit weight of base-soil γ2 = 18 kN/m3
b) Angle of Internal friction ∅2 = 30 degree
c) Allowable Bearing-capacity qa = 160 kN/m2
d) C0-efficient of base µ = 0.5
e) Co-efficient of active E.P ka = 0.33
f) Co-efficient of passive E.P kp = 3.00
4. Calculation of earth-pressure:
a) Total Earth-pressure P=P1+P2+P3+P4

P1=Active E.P. due to surcharge above G.L =Ca*ws*h1 = 0.000 kN

acting at a height of h1/2+h2 above base = 0m

P2=Active E.P. due to back-fill above G.L =(1/2*Ca*γ1*h1*h1) = 0.000 kN

acting at a height of h1/3+h2 above base = 0.00 m

P3=Active E.P. due to surcharge below G.L =ka*(ws+γ1*h1)*h2 = 0.000 kN

acting at height of (h2-t)/2 above base = 0m

P4=Active E.P. due to back-fill below G.L =(1/2*ka*γ2*h2*h2) = 0.000 kN

acting at height of (h2-t)/3 above base = 0.00 m
Total Earth-pressure P=P1+P2+P3+P4 = 0.000 kN
Acting at height from base h
P1 * x1  P2 * x2  P3 * x3  P4 * x4 = #DIV/0! m
h
P

5.Structural Stability Analysis:

 Lever Arm w.r.t toe Over-
Vertical Horz. Force (m) Restoring
Sl. turning
Description Weight (KN) (KN) moment
No. moment
V H.F vertical (kNm)
Horz. LA (kNm)
LA
1 W1=γ1*h1*(2+T4)/2 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 W2=γc*b*(h-t) 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 W3=γc*1/2*(T2-b)*(h-t) 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 W4=γ2*(2-T3)/2*(h2-t) 0.00 0.50 0.00
5 W5=γ2*T1*(h2-t) 0.00 0.00 0.00
6 W6=γ2*T1*(h2-t) 0.00 0.00 0.00
7 EP 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0.00 0.00 #DIV/0! 0.00

A. Factor of safety against overturning= 0.9*M r/Mo #DIV/0! >1.40 safe

B. Factor of safety against sliding= 0.9µ*∑V/∑ H.F #DIV/0! < 1.40 unsafe
(shear key has to be provided)
C. Design of shear-key:
A shear key of size (300 x 300)mm is provied at a distance 1.80m form toe end,as shown in the figure
below, to generate the balance force through passive resistance
Reqd. passive pressure
= 1.40 x∑H - 0.9µx ∑V 300 neglect
= 17.27 kN per m length of the wall
ha=h2-0.3 -0.300 ha
hb=ha+0.3+1.3*TANφ 1.039
Pp=kp*0.5*γ2*(hb2-ha2) 26.73 hb 300
phi=30
(F.S)sliding= 0.9µ(∑V+ Pp)/∑ H.F #DIV/0! >1.40
L=1800 300
Pp

D. Calculation of Soil Pressures at Footing base

R= resultant Vertical reaction acting at a distance X R from toe.
P= resultant Vertical force acting at a distance X w from toe.
Taking moment about point A, we have,
R. XR = P.Xw - Pa.h
or, XR= (P.Xw - Pa.h)/R
= (P.Xw - Pa.h)/P, since R=P
= (880.49 - 304.28)/366.91
= 1.57
Eccentricity 'e'of resultant vertical reaction
fm in
e = B/2-XR= #DIV/0! f m ax
Soil pressures at footing base , R=W
fmax= P/B(1+6e/B)= #DIV/0! < qa xR e L=1950
fmin= P/B(1-6e/B)= #DIV/0! > 0 kN/m2
L=3900

6. Design of Toe Slab: 1300 650 1950

129.6 kN/m2
15.5 kN/m2
 1300 650 1950

Gross pressure acting downward :

1. On Toe-slab: 129.6 kN/m2
2
15.5 kN/m2
Self wt. = 0.62 x 25 0.0 kN/m
(neglecting back-fill soil pressure)
2. On heel-slab: 39.0 kN/m2
149.0 kN/m2
a. Self wt. = t*γc 0.0 kN/m2
94.0 kN/m2
b. back-fill pr. = (hs+h-t)*γ1 0.0 kN/m2 112.33 kN/m2
g
Total =a+b 0.0 f
a b e h
c
Net pressure acting upward on toe-slab : b
2
1. at 'ab' 149.00 kN/m
Net soil pressure acting on base-slab
2. at 'cd' 112.33 kN/m2
3. At a dist. 'd' from the face of the stem
(Assuming a clear cover of 75mm & 16mm dia bars, d=620-75-8=537mm)
112.00 kN/m2

Factored design Shear force Vu at a distance d=0.537m from the face of the stem=
Vu =1.5*(133.5+112)/2*(1.3-0.537)= 140.5 kN/m
Factored design moment Mu at the face of the abutment=
Mu =1.5[96.83 x 1.32/2 + 1/2 x (133.50-96.83)X 1.3 x 2/3 x 1.3]=
153.72 kN-m
Check for thickness of slab, percentage of steel & spacing required :
fck 20 Mpa b 1000 mm
fy 415 Mpa d 537 mm
Rlim 2.778 Mpa R 0.533 Mpa

Mu dmin= 235.232048 235 mm < dprovd. safe

d min 
R lim b

(pt )reqd fck

 [1  1  4.598R / fck ] = 0.00152476 =0.15 x 10-2
100 2 fy

(p t ) reqd
(A st ) reqd  bd = 818.793476 = 820 mm2/m
100
d 2
= 245.434296 = 245mm ( for 16mm dia bars)
( x10 3 )
(Spacing)  4
reqd
( A st ) reqd .
Check for shear criteria :
Nominal Shear Stress ζv =Vu/bd 0.262 Mpa
Design Shear Stress ζc = 0.326 Mpa > ζv
(coreesponing M20 conc. & pt=0.20) (No shear reinforcement is required.)

Provide 16mm φ bars @ 240mm c/c at the bottom of the toe slab. The bars should extend by at least a
distance Ld=47.0 x 16 = 752mm beyonf the front face of the Stem, on both sides. As the slab length is only
1.3m overall, no curtailment of bars is resorted to here.
7. Design of Heel Slab:
Net pressure acting upward on toe-slab :
1. at 'ef' -94.00 kN/m2
 2. at 'gh' -39.00 kN/m2
Factored design Shear force Vu at rear face of the stem=
Vu =1.5*(35.58+90.58)/2*(1.95)= -194.5 kN/m
Factored design moment Mu at the rear face of the stem=
Mu =1.5[35.58 x 1.952/2 + 1/2 x (90.58-35.58)X 1.95 x 2/3 x 1.95]= -163.51 kN-m

Check for thickness of slab, percentage of steel & spacing required :

fck 20 Mpa b 1000 mm
fy 415 Mpa d 537 mm
Rlim 2.778 Mpa R -0.567 Mpa

Mu dmin= Err:502 272 mm < dprovd. safe

d min 
R lim b

(pt )reqd fck

 [1  1  4.598R / fck ] = -0.0015224 =0.20 x 10-2
100 2 fy

(p t ) reqd
(A st ) reqd  bd = -817.55468 = 1110 mm2/m
100
d 2
= -245.80619 = 181mm ( for 16mm dia bars)
( x10 3 )
(Spacing)  4
reqd
( A st ) reqd .

Check for shear criteria :

Nominal Shear Stress ζv =Vu/bd -0.362 Mpa
Design Shear Stress ζc = 0.326 Mpa > ζv
(coreesponing M20 conc. & pt=0.20) (No shear reinforcement is required.)

Provide 16mm φ bars @ 180 mm c/c at the top of the heel slab. The bars should extend by at least a
distance Ld=47.0 x 16 = 752mm beyonf the front face of the Stem, on both sides. The bars may be curtailed
partway to the heel; however, since the length is relatively short, this is not resorted to here.

8. Design of Heel Slab:

Earth-pressure on Cantilever wall excluing base thick :
a) Total Earth-pressure P=P1+P2+P3+P4
 P1=Active E.P. due to surcharge above G.L =Ca*ws*h1 = 0.000 kN
acting at a height of h1/2+h2 -t above base = 0m

P2=Active E.P. due to back-fill above G.L =(1/2*Ca*γ1*h1*h1) = 0.000 kN

acting at a height of h1/3+h2-t above base = 0.00 m
=
P3=Active E.P. due to surcharge below G.L =ka*(ws+γ1*h1)*(h2-t) = 0.000 kN
acting at height of (h2-t)/2 above base = 0m
=
2
P4=Active E.P. due to back-fill below G.L =1/2*ka*γ2*(h2-t) = 0.000 kN
acting at height of( h2-t)/3 above base = 0.00 m
Total Earth-pressure P=P1+P2+P3+P4 = 0.000 kN
Acting at height from base h
P1 * x1  P2 * x2  P3 * x3  P4 * x4
h = #DIV/0! m
P
Factored design moment Mu about the fixed end of cant. wall= #DIV/0! kN-m
Assuming a clear cover of 50mm & 20mm dia bar thickness considered at the fixed end is (650-50-
10)=590mm
Check for thickness of slab, percentage of steel & spacing required :
fck 20 Mpa b 1000 mm
fy 415 Mpa d 590 mm
Rlim 2.778 Mpa R #DIV/0! Mpa

Mu dmin= #DIV/0! 352 mm < dprovd. safe

d min 
R lim b

(pt )reqd fck

 [1  1  4.598R / fck ] = #DIV/0! =0.29 x 10-2
100 2 fy

(p t ) reqd
(A st ) reqd  bd = #DIV/0! = 1717 mm2/m
100
d 2
= #DIV/0! = 117mm ( for 16mm dia bars)
( x10 3 )
(Spacing)  4
reqd
( A st ) reqd .

Check for shear criteria :

Critical section of Shear is at d=0.590m above base i.e., at Zs=(h1+ h2-t-0.590) m =4.04m below top edge .
Therefore Factored Shear Force Vu at Critical section is

Vu =1.5*(Ca.ws. Zs + Ca.γ1.Zs2)= 73.4 kN/m

Nominal Shear Stress ζv =Vu/bd 0.124 Mpa > ζv

Design Shear Stress ζc = 0.382 Mpa
(coreesponing M20 conc. & pt=0.29) (No shear reinforcement is required.)

Provide 16mm φ bars @ 180 mm c/c at the top of the heel slab. The bars should extend by at least a
distance Ld=47.0 x 16 = 752mm beyonf the front face of the Stem, on both sides. The bars may be curtailed
partway to the heel; however, since the length is relatively short, this is not resorted to here.
 T4

surcharge hs

h1
W2 W1
P1
h
W3 P2
2.00

W5 W4 P3
h2
P4
t W6

T1 T2 T3

X
B
0.00

#DIV/0!

at a dist. base- at a dist. downwar

of pressure of d pr.
 at a dist. base- at a dist. downwar
of pressure of d pr.
0 149.00 0
0.00 Toe-slab
3.9 39.00 1.3
1.3 112.33 1.95
0.00 heel-slab
1.95 94.00 3.9

at a dist. net
of Pressure
0 149.00
1.3 112.33
1.95 94.00
3.9 39.00
=1.3-0.537
0.762 127.50769

M
R  u
2
bd
Rlim=0.1389fck
pt M20
0.2 0.326
0.3 0.388
0.29 0.3818