Bloodstain analysis

 Useful in determining the nature of the crime that happened (suicide? Intentional? Accident?)
 Blood spatter- talsik ng dugo
 Blood clotting- occurs within 3-15 minutes of the inflicting of wounds
 Types of Bleeding:
 PASSIVE - normal bleeding based on gravity or impact (Kinds of passive bleeding:
DRIP; OOZE)
 PROJECTED- bleeding which explodes due to the strong pressure of impact, meaning
impact is stronger than gravity
 “Point of Convergence” line tracking the pathway between two or more blood
spatter
 “Void Pattern” absence of blood spatter in an area where you expect to see them

 Classification of Projected Spattter

 Low Velocity- less than 5 degrees per second; large spatter 4mm diameter
 Medium Velocity - 5-100 degrees per second movement ng object towards the body of the
victim
 Rapid/High Velocity - faster than 100 degrees per second

 Blood oozes more on blunt weapon than on sharp weapon but blood oozes faster from sharp
weapon
 “Blowback” bloodstain on entrance of wound

Shoeprint Analysis
 Walking pattern is compared to the shoeprint (size; manufacture of shoe)
 How to test? Patent or Plastic (photographed); Latent (use of powder and dusting, lifting the
device)

Tiretracks

Tool Marks
 Used in tracing akyat bahay
 Examples:
 Indentation mark - dent occurs when a tool is pressed on a soft or pliable material
 Sliding tool mark
 Cutting tool mark
 Casting of marks
“putty”
Use of plaster of Paris

Bite Marks - compared with dental records

Arson
 Why do arsonists use fire?
 To cover tracks of their crime
 For insurance fraud
 Psychological ideal that fire is beauty/power
 Revenge
 Terrorism/political statement
 Direction of fire is always OUT and UP
 To know the POINT OF ORIGIN, look for the V shape pattern, this is the general rule
 Exceptions: interception of a structure; when liquid is used, the liquid will follow the shape
of the container; ignition since fire is widespread
 What to do? 1) Determine V shape 2) determine if there is ignition/accelerant (if there is any,
there is always a trace or sample na maiiwan
 “Spontaneous Combustion” internal chemical reaction that starts the fire
 How to know nature of fire?
 Natural (ex: lightning)
 Accidental - no intention to put structure on fire
 Intentional
 “Vapor Trace Analyzer”
 Other modes of analyzing the cause of the fire
 Position of the corpse
 Traces of CO2
 If there are soot inside the lungs
 “thermal amputation”
 Cherry red lividity

Autopsy
Steps:
1. Identification
- use of artifacts; clothing; foreign bodies; tattoo, birth or surgical marks, scars
2. Profiling - relationship of victim’s position in the crime scene; use of trace evidence

Kinds of Wounds:
Lacerations- marks resulting from the slicing of the body
Stabbed Wounds -
Hesitation Marks - in suicide, ito yung mga unang maliliit na marks showing na tinetest pa nung
tao kung kaya ba nya yung pain
Gunshot- determined by angle, distance

3. Slicing- Y shaped incision in the body

Sequence of removal ng organs: 1) heart and lungs 2) skull last
Slicing of the head is according to hairline (then get the skull and brain)

4. Suturing

Time of Death
Taphotomy - science of studying what happens to the body after death

Lividity has 7 stages

1. Pallor Mortiz- first 15-30 minutes; general paleness; only happens to first kins (meztizos); pag
maitim, look at the inside of the mouth (from pink to paleness) because the lack of blood flow

2. Algor Mortiz - 30 mins-24 hours after death; ambient temperature, meaning lower ang
temperature ng katawan sa surroundings

3. Rigor Mortiz - 24-36 hours after death; sobrang tigas ng katawan due to sudden contraction;
pwedeng biglaang gumalaw ang katawan (twitching then hardening) cause by the calcium left in the
body; before injecting formaline, muscles must be massaged so the formaline may flow through the
muscles once injected

4. Livor Mortiz -bluish colorization of he skin on the dependent side of the body

5. Putrefaction stage - first stage of decomposition; nawawala na ang antibodies sa katawan kaya
kakainin na ng bacteria ang flesh; balat and muscle ay humihiwalay sa buto

6. Decomposition - part 2 ng putrefaction; mas rigid lang ang breaking down ng tissue to body, as
in naaagas na

7. Skeletonization - final stage of death; no tissues/organs may be seen