Chapter 7 - Stress Transformation - 3rd Year C

7. Stress Transformation 7.
Stress Transformation
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Plane-Stress Transformation
2. General Equations of Plane Stress
Transformation
3. Principal Stresses and Maximum In-Plane
Chapter Objectives
Shear Stress
 Navigate between rectilinear co-ordinate systems for 4. Mohr’s Circle – Plane Stress
stress components
5. Stress in Shafts Due to Axial Load and Torsion
 Determine principal stresses and maximum in-plane
shear stress
1
7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation
9.1 PLANE-STRESS TRANSFORMATION 9.1 PLANE-STRESS TRANSFORMATION
• General state of stress at a pt is characterized by • The material is then said to be

six independent normal and shear stress subjected to plane stress.
components. • For general state of plane stress at a
• In practice, approximations and simplifications are pt, we represent it via normal-stress
done to reduce the stress components to a single components, x, y and shear-stress
plane. component xy.
• Thus, state of plane stress at the pt is
uniquely represented by three
components acting on an element
that has a specific orientation at
that pt.
5 6

• The most general state of stress at a
point may be represented by 6
• Transforming stress components from one
components, orientation to the other is similar in concept to how
we transform force components from one system of
 x , y , z normal stresses
 xy ,  yz ,  zx shearing stresses
axes to the other.
(Note :  xy   yx ,  yz   zy ,  zx   xz ) • Note that for stress-component transformation, we
need to account for
• Same state of stress is represented by a
– the magnitude and direction of each stress
different set of components if axes are
rotated. component, and
– the orientation of the area upon which each
component acts.
7 8
2
Procedure for Analysis Procedure for Analysis

• If state of stress at a pt is known for a given 1. Section element as shown.
orientation of an element of material, then state of 2. Assume that the sectioned area is ∆A, then
stress for another orientation can be determined adjacent areas of the segment will be ∆A sin and
∆A cos.
3. Draw free-body diagram of segment,
showing the forces that act on the
element. (Tip: Multiply stress
components on each face by the
area upon which they act)
9 10

9.1 PLANE-STRESS TRANSFORMATION EXAMPLE 9.1
Procedure for Analysis State of plane stress at a pt on surface of airplane
4. Apply equations of force equilibrium in the x’ and y’ fuselage is represented on the element oriented as
directions to obtain the two unknown stress shown. Represent the state of stress at the pt that is
components x’, and x’y’. oriented 30 clockwise from the position shown.
• To determine y’ (that acts on the +y’ face of the
element), consider a segment of element shown
below.
1. Follow the same procedure as
described previously.
2. Shear stress x’y’ need not be
determined as it is complementary.
11 12
3
EXAMPLE 9.1 (SOLN) EXAMPLE 9.1 (SOLN)
CASE A (a-a section) • Apply equations of force equilibrium
• Section element by line a-a and in the x’ and y’ directions (to avoid
remove bottom segment. simultaneous solution for the two
• Assume sectioned (inclined) unknowns)
plane has an area of ∆A, + Fx’ = 0;
horizontal and vertical planes
 x ' A   50A cos 30  cos 30
have area as shown.
  25A cos 30  sin 30  80A sin 30  sin 30
• Free-body diagram of
segment is also shown.   25A sin 30  cos 30  0
 x '  4.15 MPa
13 14

+ Fy’ = 0; CASE B (b-b section)
 x ' y 'A  50A cos 30sin 30 • Repeat the procedure to obtain
 25A cos 30 cos 30  80A sin 30 cos 30
the stress on the perpendicular
plane b-b.
 25A sin 30sin 30  0
• Section element as shown
 x ' y '  68.8 MPa on the upper right.
• Orientate the +x’ axis
• Since x’ is negative, it acts outward, perpendicular to
in the opposite direction the sectioned face, with
we initially assumed. the free-body diagram
as shown.
15 16
4
+ Fx’ = 0; + Fy’ = 0;
 x 'A  25A cos 30sin 30   x ' y 'A  25A cos 30 cos 30
 80A cos 30 cos 30  25A sin 30 cos 30  80A cos 30sin 30  25A sin 30sin 30
 50A sin 30sin 30  0  50A sin 30 cos 30  0
 x '  25.8 MPa  x ' y '  68.8 MPa
• Since x’ is negative, it acts

opposite to its direction
shown.
17 18

EXAMPLE 9.1 (SOLN) 9.2 GENERAL EQNS OF PLANE-STRESS TRANSFORMATION
• The transformed stress Sign Convention

components are as shown. • We will adopt the same sign convention as
• From this analysis, we conclude discussed in chapter 1.3.
that the state of stress at the pt can • Positive normal stresses, x and y, acts outward
be represented by choosing an from all faces
element oriented as shown in the • Positive shear stress xy acts
Case A or by choosing a different upward on the right-hand
orientation in the Case B. face of the element.
• Stated simply, states of stress are equivalent.
19 20
5
9.2 GENERAL EQNS OF PLANE-STRESS TRANSFORMATION 9.2 GENERAL EQNS OF PLANE-STRESS TRANSFORMATION
Sign Convention Normal and shear stress components

• The orientation of the inclined plane is determined • Section element as shown.
using the angle . • Assume sectioned area is ∆A.
• Establish a positive x’ and y’ axes using the right- • Free-body diagram of element
hand rule. is shown.
• Angle  is positive if it
moves counterclockwise
from the +x axis to
the +x’ axis.
21 22

Normal and shear stress components Normal and shear stress components
• Apply equations of force + Fy’ = 0;
 x ' y 'A   xy A sin  sin 

equilibrium to determine
unknown stress components:
+ Fx’ = 0;   y A sin  cos   xy A cos cos
 x 'A   xy A sin  cos   x A cos sin   0
  y A sin  sin    xy A cos sin  
 x ' y '   x   y sin  cos   xy cos 2   sin 2  
  x A cos  cos  0 • Simplify the above two equations using
trigonometric identities sin2 = 2 sin cos,
 x '   x cos    y sin    xy 2 sin  cos 
2 2
sin2 = (1  cos2)/2, and cos2 =(1+cos2)/2.
23 24
6
Normal and shear stress components • Normal and shear stress components:
– Consider the free-body diagram of the segment
  y x  y
 x'  x  cos 2   xy sin 2 9 - 1
2 2
  y
 x' y '   x sin 2   xy cos 2 9 - 2
2
• If y’ is needed, substitute ( =  + 90) for  into
Eqn 9-1.
x  y x  y
 y'   cos 2   xy sin 2 9 - 3
2 2
25

VARIABLE SOLUTIONS
9.2 GENERAL EQNS OF PLANE-STRESS TRANSFORMATION
Procedure for Analysis

• To apply equations 9-1 and 9-2, just substitute the
known data for x, y, xy, and  according to
established sign convention.
• If x’ and x’y’ are calculated as positive quantities,
then these stresses act in the positive direction of
the x’ and y’ axes.
• Tip: For your convenience, equations 9-1 to 9-3 can
be programmed on your pocket calculator.
Please click the appropriate icon for your computer to access the
variable solutions
27
7
EXAMPLE 9.2 EXAMPLE 9.2 (SOLN)
State of stress at a pt is represented by the element • This problem was solved in Example 9.1 using
shown. Determine the state of stress at the pt on basic principles. Here we apply Eqns. 9-1 and 9-2.
another element orientated 30 clockwise from the • From established sign convention,
position shown.  x  80 MPa  y  50 MPa  xy  25 MPa
Plane CD
• +x’ axis is directed outward,
perpendicular to CD,
and +y’ axis directed along CD.
• Angle measured
is  = 30 (clockwise).
29 30

Plane CD Plane BC
• Apply Eqns 9-1 and 9-2: • Similarly, stress components
 80  50  80  50 acting on face BC are
 x'   cos 2 30   25sin 2 30 obtained using  = 60.
2 2
 x '  25.8 MPa
 80  50  80  50
 80  50  x'   cos 260   25sin 260
 x' y '   sin 2 30   25 cos 2 30 2 2
2  x '  4.15 MPa
 x ' y '  68.8 MPa  80  50
• The negative signs indicate that x’ and x’y’ act in  x' y '   sin 260   25 cos 260
2
the negative x’ and y’ directions.  x ' y '  68.8 MPa
31 32
8
EXAMPLE 9.2 (SOLN) 9.2 PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS
• As shown, shear stress x’y’ was computed twice to In-plane principal stresses
provide a check. • Differentiate Eqn. 9-1 w.r.t.  and equate to zero:
• Negative sign for x’ indicates that stress acts in the d x ' x  y
negative x’ direction.  2 sin 2   2 xy cos 2  0
d 2
• The results are shown below. • Solving the equation and let  = P, we get
 xy
tan 2 P  9 - 4
( x   y ) / 2
• Solution has two roots,  p1, and  p2.
33 34

9.2 PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS 9.2 PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS
In-plane principal stresses In-plane principal stresses

 x   y 
2
For  p1, sin 2      xy 2 • Substituting either of the two sets of trigonometric
p1 xy  2 

relations into Eqn 9-1, we get
 x   y   x   y 
2
cos 2 p1        xy 2
2  2   x   y   x   y 
2
 
For  p2, 1, 2        xy 2 9 - 5
 x   y  2  2 
2
sin 2 p 2    xy 
2 
   xy 2  

 x   y   x   y 
2
cos 2 p 2         xy 2 • The Eqn gives the maximum/minimum in-plane
 2   2 
normal stress acting at a pt, where 1  2 .
• The values obtained are the principal in-plane
principal stresses, and the related planes are the
principal planes of stress.
35 36
9
In-plane principal stresses Maximum in-plane shear stress

• If the trigonometric relations for p1 and p2 are • The two roots of this equation, s1 and s2 can be
substituted into Eqn 9-2, it can be seen that determined using the shaded triangles as shown.
x’y’ = 0. • The planes for maximum
• No shear stress acts on the principal planes. shear stress can be
Maximum in-plane shear stress determined by orienting
• Differentiate Eqn. 9-2 w.r.t.  and equate to zero: an element 45 from the
position of an element
 ( x   y ) / 2 that defines the plane
tan 2 S  9 - 6
 xy of principal stress.
37 38

Maximum in-plane shear stress Maximum in-plane shear stress

• Using either one of the roots • Substitute values for sin 2s and cos 2s into
s1 and s2, and taking trigo Eqn 9-1, we get a normal stress acting on the
values of sin 2s and cos 2s planes of maximum in-plane shear stress:
and substitute into Eqn 9-2: x  y
 avg  9 - 8
2
 ( x   y ) 
2
 max      xy
2
9 - 7 
in - plane  2  • You can also program the above equations on
your pocket calculator.
• Value calculated in Eqn 9-7 is referred to as the
maximum in-plane shear stress.
39 40
10
9.2 PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS EXAMPLE 9.3
IMPORTANT When torsional loading T is applied to bar, it produces
• Principals stresses represent the maximum and a state of pure shear stress in the material. Determine
minimum normal stresses at the pt. (a) the maximum in-plane shear stress and
• When state of stress is represented by principal associated average normal stress, and (b) the
stresses, no shear stress will act on element. principal stress.
• State of stress at the pt can also be represented in
terms of the maximum in-plane shear stress. An
average normal stress will also act on the element.
• Element representing the maximum in-plane shear
stress with associated average normal stresses is
oriented 45 from element represented principal
stresses.
41 42

• From established sign convention: Maximum in-plane shear stress
 x  0  y  0  xy   • As expected, maximum in-plane shear stress
Maximum in-plane shear stress represented by element shown initially.
• Apply Eqns 9-7 and 9-8, • Experimental results show that materials that are
ductile will fail due to shear stress. Thus, with a
 ( x   y ) 
2
torque applied to a bar
 max      xy 2  02    2   made from mild steel,
in - plane  2 
the maximum in-plane
x  y 00 shear stress will cause
 avg   0 failure as shown.
2 2
43 44
11
Principal stress Principal stress
• Apply Eqns 9-4 and 9-5, • Apply Eqn 9-1 with p2 = 45
 xy  x  y x  y
tan 2 P   ; 1, 2   cos 2   xy sin 2
( x   y ) / 2 (0  0) / 2 2 2
 p 2  45  p1  135  0  0    sin 90  
• Thus, if 2 =  acts at p2 = 45

 x   y   x   y 
2 as shown, and 1 =  acts on
1, 2         xy 2 the other face, p1 = 135.
 2   2 
0 02   2  
45 46

EXAMPLE 9.3 (SOLN) EXAMPLE 9.6
Principal stress State of plane stress at a pt on a body is represented
• Materials that are brittle fail due to normal stress. An on the element shown. Represent this stress state in
example is cast iron when subjected to torsion, fails terms of the maximum in-plane shear stress and
in tension at 45 inclination as shown below. associated average normal stress.
47 48
12
Orientation of element Maximum in-plane shear stress
• Since x = 20 MPa, y = 90 MPa, and • Applying Eqn 9-7,
xy = 60 MPa and applying Eqn 9-6,
x  y  / 2   20  90 / 2  ( x   y ) 
2 2
 20  90 
tan 2 s     max      xy 2     60
2
xy 60 in- plane  2   2 
2 s 2  42.5  s 2  21.3  81.4 MPa
2 s1  180  2 s 2  s1  111.3
• Thus  max   x ' y ' acts in the +y’ direction on this
• Note that the angles are 45 in- plane
away from principal planes face ( = 21.3).

of stress.
49 50

EXAMPLE 9.6 (SOLN) 9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE: PLANE STRESS
Average normal stress • Equations for plane stress transformation have a
• Besides the maximum shear stress, the element is graphical solution that is easy to remember and
also subjected to an average normal stress use.
determined from Eqn. 9-8: • This approach will help
   y  20  90 you to “visualize” how the
 avg  x   35 MPa
normal and shear stress
2 2
components vary as the
plane acted on is oriented
• This is a tensile stress. in different directions.
51 52
13
9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE: PLANE STRESS 9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE: PLANE STRESS
• Eqns 9-1 and 9-2 are rewritten as • If x, y, xy are known constants, thus we compact
   y   x   y  the Eqn as,
 x '   x   cos 2   xy sin 2 9 - 9
 2   2   x'   avg 2   2 x' y '  R 2 9 - 11
   y 
 x ' y '   x  sin 2   xy cos 2 9 - 10 where
 2 
x  y
 avg 
• Parameter can be eliminated by squaring each 2
 x   y 
eqn and adding them together. 2
R      2 xy 9 - 12
2 
2
  x   y   x   y 
2
 
 x '      2 x ' y '      2 xy
  2    2 
53 54

• Establish coordinate axes;  positive to the right • To draw the Mohr’s circle, we must establish
and  positive downward, Eqn 9-11 represents a the  and  axes.
circle having radius R and center on the  axis at • Center of circle C (avg, 0) is plotted from the
pt C (avg, 0). This is called the Mohr’s Circle. known stress components (x, y, xy).
• We need to know at least one pt on the circle to
get the radius of circle.
55 56
14
Case 1 (x’ axis coincident with x axis) Case 2 (x’ axis rotated 90 counterclockwise)
1.  = 0 1.  = 90
2. x’ = x
2. x’ = y
3. x’y’ = xy.
• Consider this as reference pt A, and
3. x’y’ = xy.
plot its coordinates A (x, xy). • Its coordinates are G (y, xy).
• Apply Pythagoras theorem to shaded triangle to determine • Hence radial line CG
radius R. is 180
• Using pts C and A, counterclockwise
the circle can now
from “reference
be drawn.
line” CA.
57 58

Construction of the circle Construction of the circle
1. Establish coordinate 3. Plot reference pt A (x, xy). This pt represents the
system where abscissa normal and shear stress components on the
represents the normal element’s right-hand vertical face. Since x’ axis
stress , (+ve to the coincides with x axis,  = 0.
right), and the ordinate
represents shear
stress , (+ve downward).
2. Use positive sign convention for x, y, xy, plot the
center of the circle C, located on the  axis at a
distance avg = (x + y)/2 from the origin.
59 60
15
Construction of the circle Principal stress
4. Connect pt A with center C of the circle and • Principal stresses 1 and 2 (1  2) are
determine CA by trigonometry. The distance represented by two pts B and D where the circle
represents the radius R of the circle. intersects the -axis.
5. Once R has been
determined, sketch
the circle.
61 62

Principal stress Principal stress
• These stresses act on planes • Using trigonometry, only one of
defined by angles p1 and p2. these angles needs to be
They are represented on the calculated from the circle,
circle by angles 2p1 and 2p2 since p1 and p2 are 90 apart.
and measured from radial Remember that direction of
reference line CA to lines CB and CD respectively. rotation 2p on the circle represents the same
direction of rotation p from reference axis (+x) to
principal plane (+x’).
63 64
16
• The average normal stress • The angles s1 and s2 give
and maximum in-plane shear the orientation of the planes
stress components are that contain these
determined from the circle as components. The angle 2s
the coordinates of either pt E can be determined using
or F. trigonometry. Here rotation is
clockwise, and so s1 must be
clockwise on the element.
65 66

Stresses on arbitrary plane Stresses on arbitrary plane
• Normal and shear stress • To locate pt P, known angle 
components x’ and x’y’ for the plane (in this case
acting on a specified plane counterclockwise) must be
defined by the angle , can measured on the circle in
be obtained from the circle the same direction 2
by using trigonometry to (counterclockwise), from the
determine the coordinates radial reference line CA to the
of pt P. radial line CP.
67 68
17
Due to applied loading, element at pt A on solid Construction of the circle
cylinder as shown is subjected to the state of stress.  x  12 MPa y  0  xy  6 MPa
Determine the principal stresses acting at this pt. • Center of the circle is at
 12  0
 avg   6 MPa
2
• Initial pt A (12, 6) and the
center C (6, 0) are plotted
as shown. The circle having
a radius of
R 12  62  62  8.49 MPa
69 70

Principal stresses Principal stresses
• Principal stresses indicated at • The element is orientated such that x’ axis or 2 is
pts B and D. For 1 > 2, directed 22.5 counterclockwise from the horizontal
1  8.49  6  2.49 MPa x-axis.
 2  6  8.49  14.5 MPa
• Obtain orientation of element by
calculating counterclockwise angle 2p2, which
defines the direction of p2 and 2 and its associated
principal plane. 6
2 p 2  tan 1  45.0
12  6
 p 2  22.5
71 72
18
State of plane stress at a pt is shown on the element. Construction of circle
Determine the maximum in-plane shear stresses and  x  20 MPa  y  90 MPa  xy  60 MPa
the orientation of the element upon which they act. • Establish the ,  axes as shown below. Center of
circle C located on the -axis, at the pt:
 20  90
 avg   35 MPa
2
73 74

Construction of circle Maximum in-plane shear stress
• Pt C and reference pt A (20, 60) are plotted. Apply • Maximum in-plane shear stress and average normal
Pythagoras theorem to shaded triangle to get stress are identified by pt E or F on the circle. In
circle’s radius CA, particular, coordinates of pt E (35, 81.4) gives
R 602  552  max  81.4 MPa

in - plane
R  81.4 MPa  avg  35 MPa
75 76
19
• Counterclockwise angle s1 can be found from the • This counterclockwise angle defines the direction of
circle, identified as 2s1. the x’ axis. Since pt E has positive coordinates, then
the average normal stress and maximum in-plane
20  35 
2 s1  tan 1   42.5 shear stress both act in the positive x’ and y’
 60  directions as shown.
 s1  21.3
77 78

State of plane stress at a pt is shown on the element. Construction of circle
Represent this state of stress on an element oriented  x  8 MPa  y  12 MPa  xy  6 MPa
30 counterclockwise from position shown.
• Establish the ,  axes
as shown.
Center of circle C
located on the
-axis, at the pt:
 8  12
 avg   2 MPa
2
79 80
20
Construction of circle Stresses on 30 element
• Initial pt for  = 0 has coordinates A (8, 6) are • Since element is rotated 30 counterclockwise, we
plotted. Apply must construct a radial line CP, 2(30) = 60
Pythagoras theorem counterclockwise, measured
to shaded triangle from CA ( = 0).
to get circle’s • Coordinates of pt P (x’, x’y’)
radius CA, must be obtained. From
geometry of circle,
R 102  62 6
R  11.66 MPa   tan 1  30.96
10
  60  30.96  29.04
81 82

Stresses on 30 element Stresses on 30 element
 x '  2  11.66 cos 29.04  8.20 MPa • The coordinates of pt Q are
 x ' y '  11.66 sin 29.04  5.66 MPa
 x '  2  11.66 cos 29.04  12.2 MPa
• The two stress components act on
face BD of element shown, since  x ' y '  11.66 sin 29.04  5.66 MPa (Check! )
the x’ axis for this face if oriented 30
counterclockwise from the x-axis. • Note that here x’y’ acts in
• Stress components acting on adjacent face DE of the y’ direction.
element, which is 60 clockwise from +x-axis, are
represented by the coordinates of pt Q on the circle.
• This pt lies on the radial line CQ, which is 180 from
CP.
83 84
21
9.5 STRESS IN SHAFTS DUE TO AXIAL LOAD AND TORSION EXAMPLE 9.12
• Occasionally, circular shafts are subjected to Axial force of 900 N and torque of 2.50 Nm are
combined effects of both an axial load and torsion. applied to shaft. If shaft has a diameter of 40 mm,
• Provided materials remain linear elastic, and determine the principal stresses at a pt P on its
subjected to small deformations, we use principle surface.
of superposition to obtain resultant stress in shaft
due to both loadings.
• Principal stress can be determined using either
stress transformation equations or Mohr’s circle.
85 86

Internal loadings Principal stresses
• Consist of torque of 2.50 Nm and • Using Mohr’s circle, center of circle C
axial load of 900 N. at the pt is
Stress components 0  716.2
 avg   358.1 kPa
• Stresses produced at pt P are 2
therefore • Plotting C (358.1, 0) and
Tc 2.50 N  m 0.02 m
   198.9 kPa reference pt A (0, 198.9),
J  0.02 m4 the radius found was
2
R = 409.7 kPA. Principal
P 900 N stresses represented by
   716.2 kPa
A  0.02 m4 pts B and D.
87 88
22
EXAMPLE 9.12 (SOLN) Question 5 Final Exam 2006
Principal stresses a)A rod in Figure 9 has a circular cross section with a diameter of 5 mm. It is
subjected to a torque of 15 N. mm and a bending moment of 10 N. mm;
1  358.1  409.7  767.8 kPa
Determine the maximum normal stress and maximum shear stress.
 2  358.1  409.7  51.6 kPa (4 marks)
Determine the principle stresses at the point of maximum flexural stress.
• Clockwise angle 2p2 can be (3 marks)
Sketch Mohr’s circle for this case with all the necessary points.
determined from the circle. (8 marks)
It is 2p2 = 29.1. The element
is oriented such that the x’ axis
or 2 is directed clockwise T = 15 N.mm
p1 = 14.5 with the x axis

as shown.
M = 10 N.mm
89 90

9.7 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS 9.7 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
• A pt in a body subjected to a general • These principal stresses are assumed
3-D state of stress will have a normal to have maximum, intermediate and
stress and 2 shear-stress components minimum intensity: max  int  min.
acting on each of its faces. • Assume that orientation of the element
• We can develop stress-transformation and principal stress are known, thus
equations to determine the we have a condition known as triaxial
normal and shear stress stress.
components acting on
ANY skewed plane of
the element.
91 92
23
• Viewing the element in 2D (y’-z’, x’-z’,x’-y’) we then • As shown, the element have a
use Mohr’s circle to determine the maximum 45 orientation and is subjected
in-plane shear stress for each case. to maximum in-plane shear
and average normal stress
components.
93 94

• Comparing the 3 circles, • Associated average normal stress
we see that the absolute    min
 avg  max 9 - 14
maximum shear stress  abs 2
is defined by the circle max
• We can show that regardless of the orientation of
having the largest radius.
the plane, specific values of shear stress  on the
• This condition can also plane is always less than absolute maximum shear
be determined directly by choosing the maximum stress found from Eqn 9-13.
and minimum principal stresses: • The normal stress acting on any plane will have a
 max   min value lying between maximum and minimum
 abs  9 - 13 principal stresses, max    min.
max 2
95 96
24
Plane stress Plane stress
• Consider a material subjected to plane • If one of the principal stresses has
stress such that the in-plane principal an opposite sign of the other, then
stresses are represented as max and these stresses are represented as
int, in the x’ and y’ directions respectively; max and min, and out-of-plane
while the out-of-plane principal stress in the z’ principal stress int = 0.
direction is min = 0. • By Mohr’s circle and Eqn. 9-13,
• By Mohr’s circle and Eqn. 9-13,  abs   x ' y '  max
 max
 abs   x ' z ' max  max 9 - 15  max   min
max 2  9 - 16
2
97 98

IMPORTANT IMPORTANT
• The general 3-D state of stress at a pt can be • If in-plane principal stresses are of opposite signs,
represented by an element oriented so that only the absolute maximum shear stress equals the
three principal stresses act on it. maximum in-plane shear stress; that is
• From this orientation, orientation of element  abs   max   min  2
representing the absolute maximum shear stress max
can be obtained by rotating element 45 about the

axis defining the direction of int.
• If in-plane principal stresses both have the same
sign, the absolute maximum shear stress occurs
out of the plane, and has a value of  abs   max 2
max
99 100
25
Due to applied loading, Principal stresses
element at the pt on the The in-plane principal stresses can be determined
frame is subjected to the from Mohr’s circle. Center of circle is on the axis at
state of plane stress shown. avg = (20 + 0)/2 = 10 kPa. Plotting controlling pt
Determine the principal A (20, 40), circle can be drawn as shown. The
stresses and absolute radius is
maximum shear stress
at the pt. R 20  102  402
 41.2 kPa
101 102

Principal stresses Principal stresses
The principal stresses at the pt where the circle This counterclockwise rotation defines
intersects the -axis: the direction of the x’ axis or min and
 max  10  41.2  31.2 kPa its associated principal plane. Since
 min  10  41.2  51.2 kPa there is no principal stress on the
element in the z direction, we have
From the circle, counterclockwise angle 2, measured
from the CA to the  axis is,  max  31.2 kPa
 int  0
2  tan 1
40 
  76.0
 20  10   min  51.2 kPa
Thus,   38.0
103 104
26
Absolute maximum shear stress Absolute maximum shear stress
Applying Eqns. 9-13 and 9-14, These same results can be obtained by drawing
   min Mohr’s circle for each orientation of an element about
 abs  max
max 2 the x’, y’, and z’ axes. Since max and min are of
31.2   51.2)  opposite signs, then the absolute maximum shear
  41.2 kPa stress equals the maximum in-plane
2
shear stress. This results from a 45
rotation of the element about the z’
 max   min
 avg  axis, so that the properly oriented
2 element is shown.
31.2  51.2
  10 kPa
2
105 106

CHAPTER REVIEW CHAPTER REVIEW
• Plane stress occurs when the material at a pt is • For design, it is important to determine the
subjected to two normal stress components x orientations of the element that produces the
and y and a shear stress xy. maximum principal normal stresses and the
• Provided these components are known, then maximum in-plane shear stress.
the stress components acting on an element • Using the stress transformation equations, we
having a different orientation can be find that no shear stress acts on the planes of
determined using the two force equations of principal stress.
equilibrium or the equations of stress • The planes of maximum in-plane shear stress
transformation. are oriented 45 from this orientation, and on
these shear planes there is an associated
average normal stress (x + y)/2.
107 108
27
CHAPTER REVIEW CHAPTER REVIEW
• Mohr’s circle provides a semi-graphical aid for • The absolute maximum shear stress will be
finding the stress on any plane, the principal normal equal to the maximum in-plane shear stress,
stresses, and the maximum in-plane shear stress. provided the in-plane principal stresses have
• To draw the circle, the  and  axes are the opposite sign.
established, the center of the circle [(x + y)/2, 0], • If they are of the same sign, then the absolute
and the controlling pt (x, xy) are plotted. maximum shear stress will lie out of plane. Its
• The radius of the circle extends between these two value is  abs   max  0 / 2.
max
points and is determined from trigonometry.
109 110
28

Chapter 7 - Stress Transformation - 3rd Year C

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7. Stress Transformation 7.

• General state of stress at a pt is characterized by • The material is then said to be

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

Procedure for Analysis Procedure for Analysis

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

• Since x’ is negative, it acts

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

• The transformed stress Sign Convention

Sign Convention Normal and shear stress components

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

 x ' y 'A   xy A sin  sin 

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

Procedure for Analysis

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

• Solution has two roots,  p1, and  p2.

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

In-plane principal stresses In-plane principal stresses

In-plane principal stresses Maximum in-plane shear stress

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

Maximum in-plane shear stress Maximum in-plane shear stress

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

• Thus, if 2 =  acts at p2 = 45

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

away from principal planes face ( = 21.3).

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

R 602  552  max  81.4 MPa

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

p1 = 14.5 with the x axis

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

can be obtained by rotating element 45 about the

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

7. Stress Transformation 7. Stress Transformation

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