Name : Ana Mar’atul Azizah (BG3704)

Subject : Discourse Analysis

Lecture : Hastri Firharmawan, M.Pd.

1. What is meant by a text? Cite three references at minimum!

 Text is the original words and form of a written or printed work
 Text is an edited or emended copy of an original work.
Source: https://www.merriam.webster.com/dictionary/text
 In iterary theory, a text is any object that can be “read”, whether this object is a work of
literature, a street sign, an arrangement of buildings on a city block, or style in clothing.
 In literary criticims, text also refers to the original information content of a particular
piece of writing: that is, the text of a work is that primal symbolic arrangement of latters
as originally composed, apart from later alterations deterioration, commentary,
translations, paratext, etc.
Source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/text_(literary_theory)
 “Text is a term used in linguistics to refer to any passage-spoken or written, of whatever
length, that does form a unified whole. A text is a unit of language in use. It is not a
grammatical unit, like a clause or a sentence; and it is not defined by its size. A text is
the best regarded as a semantic unit; a unit not of form but of meaning.” Halliday and
Hasan (1976:1-2).
Source: https://www.usd.ac.id/BAB-I-Text-and-Nontext.pdf
2. What a text is different from non text? Explain with examples!
Yes, it is. Werlich (1976) says that a text is an extended structure of syntactic units (i.e.
text as super sentence) such as words, groups, and clauses and textual units that is marked by
both coherence among the elments and completion, whereas a non-text consist of random
sequences of linguistic units such as sentences, paragraphs, or sections in any temporal
and/or spatial extention.
Beaugrande and Dressler (1981) define a text as a communicative occurrence which
meets seven standards of textuality, they are: cohesion, coherence, intentionality,
acceptability, informativity, situationality, and intertextuality. Without any of which, the text
will not be communicative. Non-ommunicative text are treated as non-texts.
Source: : https://www.usd.ac.id/BAB-I-Text-and-Nontext.pdf
Example: The writing “STOP” that we often see on the street or other signs in public places,
such as “ENTRY” or “OUT”, can be said to be text because it is in the context on the right
situation, so that it has full meaning to the reader.
But on the contrary, a paraghraph from thesis or a page from a novel, although longer than
the word “STOP”, cannot be considered a text because it cannot give a complete
understanding to the reader. (Emi Emilia, 2011).
Source: https://brainly.co.id/tugas/10905709
3. What is a cohesive text? Explain in brief!
Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a
text togther and gives it meaning. It is related to the broader concept of coherence. There are
two main types of cohsion: grammatical cohesion, which is basd on structural content-and
lexical cohesion, which is based on lexical content and backgroud knowledge. A cohesive
 text is created in many different ways. In cohesion in English, M.A.K. Halliday an Ruqaiya
Hasan identify five general categories of cohesive devices that create coherence in texts:
reference, ellipsis, substitution, lexical cohesion and conjunction.
Source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesion_(linguistic)
4. What is coherent text? Explain in brief!
Coherence: the way a text makes sense to readers and writer through the relevance and
accessibility of its configuration of concepts, ideas and theories.
Source:https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/huuphuoc1242/cohesion-and-coherence-
16234181
5. Is a cohesive text always the one which is coherent? Why not? Explain with examples!
No, it isn’t. As a rule of tumb, a text can be coherent without being cohesive, and vice
versa. Thus, the reader can still perceive coherence in a sequence of clauses and sentences
even if the semantic and syntactic ties connecting them are missing. On the other hand, even
if a text shows a strong degree of cohesion, with its constituents being interlinked by many
cohesive ties, it does not need to be coherent.
Example:”Yesterday I met an old friend in London. In London, there are numerous
public libraries. These libraries were visited by boys and girls. The boys are handsome, and
they often go to public swimming pools. These swimming pools were closed for several
weeks last year. A week has seven days. Seven days ago I visited my grandparents in San
Jose...” (example based on Brinker 2005:41,slightly modified).
Although the above sentences are interlinked by many cohesive ties, the text reads a bit
awkwars owing to its lack of coherence. This lack arises because an overall theme
underlying the whole structure is missing.
Source: http://www.glotopedia.org/index.php/Coherence