MILEAGE METER

PROJECT REPORT 2015-2016

Submitted by:
(team name)

COLLEGE LOGO

Guided by:

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

Award of Diploma in -----------------------------------------
By the State Board of Technical Education Government of
Tamilnadu, Chennai.

Department:
College name:
Place:
 COLLEGE NAME

COIMBATORE

DEPARTMENT
PROJECT REPORT-2018-2019

This Report is certified to be the Bonafide work done by

Selvan/Selvi ---------------- Reg.No.------------ of VI
Semester class of this college.

Guide Head of the Department

Submitter for the Practical Examinations of the board of

Examinations,State Board of Technical Education,Chennai,
TamilNadu.On --------------(date) held at the ------------
(college name),Coimbatore
Internal Examiner External Examiner
DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED
PARENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing movement of having successfully completed our

project, we wish to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to the
management of our college and our beloved
chairman------------------------.who provided all the facilities to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal

------------------for forwarding us to do our project and offering adequate
duration in completing our project.

We are also grateful to the Head of Department prof…………., for

her/him constructive suggestions &encouragement during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest &sincere thanks

to our guide --------------------, Department of Mechanical for her/him kind
guidance and encouragement during this project we also express our indebt
thanks to our TEACHING staff of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT, ---------- (college Name).
MILEAGE METER
CONTENTS

CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO TITLE

SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Description of equipments
3.1 Sensor
3.2 Adc
3.3 Lcd display
3.4 Amplifier
3.5 Control unit
4 Design and drawing
4.1 General machine Specifications
5 Working principle
6 Merits
7 Applications
8 List of materials
9 Cost Estimation
10 Conclusion
Bibliography
photography
 LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
Number Title

1 Block diagram
SYNOPSIS

SYNOPSIS
 The objective of this project is to determine the Mileage of the

vehicle. Normal existing meter are Analog meter. The one draw back

in this meter is we cannot know that exact fuel quantity in the tank. In

this project the exact fuel quantity is displayed in the digital form and

also speed of the vehicle, how much distance the vehicle has been

traveled and further kilometer for available fuel quantity like these

information also displayed in the LCD display.

CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION

A vehicle (Latin: vehiculum) is a mechanical means of conveyance, a

carriage or transport. Most often they are manufactured (e.g.

bicycles, cars, motorcycles, trains, ships, boats, and aircraft),

although some other means of transport which are not made by

humans also may be called vehicles; examples include icebergs and

floating tree trunks.

Vehicles may be propelled or pulled by engines or animals including

humans, for instance, a chariot, a stagecoach, a mule-drawn barge,

an ox-cart or rickshaw. However, animals on their own, though used

as a means of transport, are not called vehicles, but rather beasts of

burden or draft animals. This distinction includes humans carrying

another human, for example a child or a disabled person. Means of

transport without a vehicle or animal would include walking, running,

crawling, or swimming.

Vehicles that do not travel on land often are called craft, such as

watercraft, sailcraft, aircraft, hovercraft, and spacecraft

Land vehicles are classified broadly by what is used to apply steering

and drive forces against the ground: wheeled, tracked, railed, or

skied.
 CHAPTER -2

LITRATURE SURVEY

CHAPTER -2
LITRATURE SURVEY

HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOBILE:

 Although Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building

the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about

1769 by adapting an existing horse-drawn vehicle, this claim is

disputed by some, who doubt Cugnot's three-wheeler ever ran or was

stable. Others claim Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit

mission in China, built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672

which was of small scale and designed as a toy for the Chinese

Emperor that was unable to carry a driver or a passenger, but quite

possibly, was the first working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile').

What is not in doubt is that Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated

his Puffing Devil road locomotive in 1801, believed by many to be the

first demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle although it was

unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods, and

would have been of little practical use.

In Russia, in the 1780s, Ivan Kulibin developed a human-pedalled,

three-wheeled carriage with modern features such as a flywheel,

brake, gear box, and bearings; however, it was not developed further.

François Isaac de Rivaz, a Swiss inventor, designed the first internal

combustion engine, in 1806, which was fueled by a mixture of

hydrogen and oxygen and used it to develop the world's first vehicle,

albeit rudimentary, to be powered by such an engine. The design was

not very successful, as was the case with others such as Samuel

Brown, Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir with his hippomobile, who

each produced vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts) powered

by clumsy internal combustion engines.

In November 1881 French inventor Gustave Trouvé demonstrated a

working three-wheeled automobile that was powered by electricity.

This was at the International Exhibition of Electricity in Paris.

Although several other German engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler,

Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) were working on the

problem at about the same time, Karl Benz generally is

acknowledged as the inventor of the modern automobile.

An automobile powered by his own four-stroke cycle gasoline engine

was built in Mannheim, Germany by Karl Benz in 1885 and granted a

patent in January of the following year under the auspices of his

major company, Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883. It was an

integral design, without the adaptation of other existing components

and including several new technological elements to create a new

concept. This is what made it worthy of a patent. He began to sell his

production vehicles in 1888.

In 1879 Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had

been designed in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use of

the internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle.

His first Motorwagen was built in 1885 and he was awarded the

patent for its invention as of his application on January 29, 1886.

Benz began promotion of the vehicle on July 3, 1886 and

approximately 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893,

when his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a model

intended for affordability. They also were powered with four-stroke

engines of his own design. Emile Roger of France, already producing

Benz engines under license, now added the Benz automobile to his

line of products. Because France was more open to the early

automobiles, initially more were built and sold in France through

Roger than Benz sold in Germany.

In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal-combustion flat

engine, called a boxermotor in German. During the last years of the

nineteenth century, Benz was the largest automobile company in the

world with 572 units produced in 1899 and because of its size, Benz

& Cie., became a joint-stock company.

Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft

(Daimler Motor Company, DMG) in Cannstatt in 1890 and under the

brand name, Daimler, sold their first automobile in 1892, which was a

horse-drawn stagecoach built by another manufacturer, that they

retrofitted with an engine of their design. By 1895 about 30 vehicles

had been built by Daimler and Maybach, either at the Daimler works

or in the Hotel Hermann, where they set up shop after falling out with

their backers. Benz and the Maybach and Daimler team seem to

have been unaware of each other's early work. They never worked

together because by the time of the merger of the two companies,

Daimler and Maybach were no longer part of DMG.

Daimler died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach designed an

engine named Daimler-Mercedes, that was placed in a specially-

ordered model built to specifications set by Emil Jellinek. This was a

production of a small number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and

market in his country. Two years later, in 1902, a new model DMG

automobile was produced and the model was named Mercedes after
the Maybach engine which generated 35 hp. Maybach quit DMG

shortly thereafter and opened a business of his own. Rights to the

Daimler brand name were sold to other manufacturers.

Karl Benz proposed co-operation between DMG and Benz & Cie.

when economic conditions began to deteriorate in Germany following

the First World War, but the directors of DMG refused to consider it

initially. Negotiations between the two companies resumed several

years later when these conditions worsened and, in 1924 they signed

an Agreement of Mutual Interest, valid until the year 2000. Both

enterprises standardized design, production, purchasing, and sales

and they advertised or marketed their automobile models jointly—

although keeping their respective brands.

On June 28, 1926, Benz & Cie. and DMG finally merged as the

Daimler-Benz company, baptizing all of its automobiles Mercedes

Benz as a brand honoring the most important model of the DMG

automobiles, the Maybach design later referred to as the 1902

Mercedes-35hp, along with the Benz name. Karl Benz remained a

member of the board of directors of Daimler-Benz until his death in

1929 and at times, his two sons participated in the management of

the company as well.

In 1890, Emile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France began

producing vehicles with Daimler engines and so laid the foundation of

the automobile industry in France.

The first design for an American automobile with a gasoline internal

combustion engine was drawn in 1877 by George Selden of

Rochester, New York, who applied for a patent for an automobile in

1879, but the patent application expired because the vehicle was

never built and proved to work (a requirement for a patent). After a

delay of sixteen years and a series of attachments to his application,

on November 5, 1895, Selden was granted a United States patent

(U.S. Patent 549,160 ) for a two-stroke automobile engine, which

hindered, more than encouraged, development of automobiles in the

United States. His patent was challenged by Henry Ford and others,

and overturned in 1911.

In Britain there had been several attempts to build steam cars with

varying degrees of success with Thomas Rickett even attempting a

production run in 1860. Santler from Malvern is recognized by the

Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as having made the first petrol-

powered car in the country in 1894 followed by Frederick William

Lanchester in 1895 but these were both one-offs. The first production

vehicles in Great Britain came from the Daimler Motor Company, a

company founded by Harry J. Lawson in 1896 after purchasing the

right to use the name of the engines. Lawson's company made its

first automobiles in 1897 and they bore the name Daimler.

In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted a patent for a

"New Rational Combustion Engine". In 1897 he built the first Diesel

Engine. Steam-, electric-, and gasoline-powered vehicles competed

for decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving

dominance in the 1910s.

Although various pistonless rotary engine designs have attempted to

compete with the conventional piston and crankshaft design, only

Mazda's version of the Wankel engine has had more than very limited

success.
CHAPTER-3
 DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

CHAPTER-III

DESCRIPTION OFEQUIPMENT

3.1 SENSOR:

This circuit is designed to monitor the speed of the motor.

The holes type pulley is attached in the motor shaft. The pulley is

rotated across the USLOT. The USLOT consists of IR transmitter and

receiver.
 Infrared transmitter is one type of LED which emits infrared rays

generally called as IR Transmitter. Similarly IR Receiver is used to

receive the IR rays transmitted by the IR transmitter. One important

point is both IR transmitter and receiver should be placed straight line

to each other.

When supply is ON, the IR transmitter LED is conducting it passes

the IR rays to the receiver. The IR receiver is connected to base of

the BC 547 switching transistor through resistors. When motor is not

rotating the IR transmitter passes the rays to the receiver. The IR

receiver LED is conducting due to that less than 0.7V is given to

transistor base so that transistor is not conducting. Now the VCC +5V

is given to the input of the inverter (IC7404) and zero taken as output.

When motor is rotating, the pulley attached in the shaft also rotating,

so it interprets the IR rays between transmitter and receiver. Hence

IR receiver LED is not conducting due to that more than 0.7V is given

to base of the transistor. Now the transistor is conducting so it shorts

the collector and emitter terminal. The zero voltage is given to

inverter input and +5v is taken in the output. Hence depends on the
motor speed the zero to 5v square pulse is generating at the output

which is given to microcontroller in order to count the pulse. This

pulse rate is equal to the speed of the motor.

3.2 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER:

Analog to digital converter is an electronic integrated circuit.

Which converts continues signals to discrete digital numbers. The

reverse operation is performed by a digital to analog converter. ADC

is an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage (or

current) to a digital number. Most converters sample with 6 to 24 bits

of resolution, and produce less than 1 mega sample per second. It is

rare to get more than 24 bits of resolution because of thermal noise

generated by passive components such as resistors.

3.3 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD):

Liquid crystal displays (LCD’s) have materials, which combine

the properties of both liquids and crystals. Rather than having a

melting point, they have a temperature range within which the

molecules are almost as mobile as they would be in a liquid, but are

grouped together in an ordered form similar to a crystal.

 An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal

material sand witched in between them. The inner surface of the

glass plates are coated with transparent electrodes which define the

character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are

present in between the electrodes and the liquid crystal, which makes

the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation angle.

One each polarizes are pasted outside the two glass panels.

These polarizes would rotate the light rays passing through them to a

definite angle, in a particular direction. When the LCD is in the off

state, light rays are rotated by the two polarizes and the liquid crystal,

such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any orientation,

and hence the LCD appears transparent.

When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid

crystal molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The light

rays passing through the LCD would be rotated by the polarizes,

which would result in activating / highlighting the desired characters.

The LCD’s are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. Since
the LCD’s consume less power, they are compatible with low power

electronic circuits, and can be powered for long durations.

The LCD does not generate light and so light is needed to read

the display. By using backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The

LCD’s have long life and a wide operating temperature range.

Changing the display size or the layout size is relatively simple which

makes the LCD’s more customers friendly.

The LCDs used exclusively in watches, calculators and

measuring instruments are the simple seven-segment displays,

having a limited amount of numeric data. The recent advances in

technology have resulted in better legibility, more information

displaying capability and a wider temperature range. These have

resulted in the LCDs being extensively used in telecommunications

and entertainment electronics. The LCDs have even started replacing

the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used for the display of text and

graphics, and also in small TV applications.

 Crystalonics dot–matrix (alphanumeric) liquid crystal displays

are available in TN, STN types, with or without backlight. The use of

C-MOS LCD controller and driver ICs result in low power

consumption. These modules can be interfaced with a 4-bit or 8-bit

microprocessor /Micro controller.

 The built-in controller IC has the following features:

 Correspond to high speed MPU interface (2MHz)

 80 x 8 bit display RAM (80 Characters max)

 9,920-bit character generator ROM for a total of 240 character

fonts. 208 character fonts (5 x 8 dots) 32 character fonts (5 x 10

dots)

 64 x 8 bit character generator RAM 8 character generator RAM 8

character fonts (5 x 8 dots) 4 characters fonts (5 x 10 dots)

 Programmable duty cycles

 1/8 – for one line of 5 x 8 dots with cursor

 1/11 – for one line of 5 x 10 dots with cursor

 1/16 – for one line of 5 x 8 dots with cursor

 Wide range of instruction functions display clear, cursor home,

display on/off, cursor on/off, display character blink, cursor shift,

display shift.

 Automatic reset circuit, which initializes the controller / driver ICs

after power on.

3.4 AMPLIFIER:

Amplifier is any device that will convert one signal often with a

small Amount of energy into another signal often with a larger amount

of energy. In popular use, the term today usually refers to an

electronic amplifier, often as in audio applications. The relationship of

the input to the output of an amplifier usually expressed as a function

of the input frequency is called the transfer function of the amplifier,

and the magnitude of the transfer function is termed the gain. A

closely related device that emphasizes conversion of signals of one

type to another is a sensor. Amplifier is any device that changes.

Increases, the amplitude of a signal. The "signal" is usually voltage or

current. The relationship of the input to the output of an amplifier

usually expressed as a function of the input frequency is called the

transfer function of the amplifier, and the magnitude of the transfer

function is termed the gain. A related device that emphasizes

conversion of signals of one type to another.

3.5 CONTROL UNIT:

MICROCONTROLLER:

INTRODUCTION:

Microcontrollers are destined to play an increasingly important

role in revolutionizing various industries and influencing our day to

day life more strongly than one can imagine. Since its emergence in

the early 1980's the microcontroller has been recognized as a

general purpose building block for intelligent digital systems. It is

finding using diverse area, starting from simple children's toys to

highly complex spacecraft. Because of its versatility and many

advantages, the application domain has spread in all conceivable

directions, making it ubiquitous. As a consequence, it has generate a

great deal of interest and enthusiasm among students, teachers and

practicing engineers, creating an acute education need for imparting

the knowledge of microcontroller based system design and

development. It identifies the vital features responsible for their

tremendous impact; the acute educational need created by them and

provides a glimpse of the major application area.

MICROCONTROLLER:

A microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system built on

a single IC. Microcontrollers were developed to meet a need for

microprocessors to be put into low cost products. Building a complete

microprocessor system on a single chip substantially reduces the

cost of building simple products, which use the microprocessor's

power to implement their function, because the microprocessor is a

natural way to implement many products. This means the idea of

using a microprocessor for low cost products comes up often. But the

typical 8-bit microprocessor based system, such as one using a Z80

and 8085 is expensive. Both 8085 and Z80 system need some

additional circuits to make a microprocessor system. Each part

carries costs of money. Even though a product design may requires

only very simple system, the parts needed to make this system as a

low cost product.

To solve this problem microprocessor system is implemented

with a single chip microcontroller. This could be called

microcomputer, as all the major parts are in the IC. Most frequently

they are called microcontroller because they are used they are used

to perform control functions.

The microcontroller contains full implementation of a standard

MICROPROCESSOR, ROM, RAM, I/0, CLOCK, TIMERS, and also

SERIAL PORTS. Microcontroller also called "system on a chip" or

"single chip microprocessor system" or "computer on a chip".

A microcontroller is a Computer-On-A-Chip, or, if you prefer, a

single-chip computer. Micro suggests that the device is small, and

controller tells you that the device' might be used to control objects,

processes, or events. Another term to describe a microcontroller is

embedded controller, because the microcontroller and its support

circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control.

Today microcontrollers are very commonly used in wide variety

of intelligent products. For example most personal computers

keyboards and implemented with a microcontroller. It replaces

Scanning, Debounce, Matrix Decoding, and Serial transmission

circuits. Many low cost products, such as Toys, Electric Drills,

Microwave Ovens, VCR and a host of other consumer and industrial

products are based on microcontrollers.

 CHAPTER-4

DESIGN AND DRAWING

 CHAPTER-IV

DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING

4.1 MACHINE COMPONENTS

The mileage meter is consists of the following components to

full fill the requirements of complete operation of the machine.

1. sensor

2. adc

3. lcd display

4. amplifier

5. control unit
DRAWING
 Chapter -5

WORKING PRINCIPLE
 CHAPTER-V

WORKING PRINCIPLE

In this project proximity sensor is fixed in the wheel. When the

wheel is rotating the proximity sensor gives the pulse to the micro

controller. Inside the counter will count that pulse from this we can

easily calculate the revolution per minute (RPM). If you multiply into

hour we can calculate the revolution per hour by which we can

measure speed of the vehicle.

If we know the Diameter of the vehicle we can measure the

Distance that the vehicle has been traveled. The fuel storage in the

tank is monitoring by float sensor which is fixed in the tank. The float
sensor is the special type of sensor in which the resistance value is

varied depending upon the liquid level. The variable resistance

obtained from the float sensor is converted into variable voltage

signal through voltage converter circuit. The converted voltage signal

is given into the amplifier in order to amplify the voltage signal. Then

the amplified voltage signal is given to ADC.

ADC is nothing but Analog to Digital Converter which converts the

analog signal from the float sensor to corresponding digital signal.

Then the converted digital signal is given to microcontroller.

Here the microcontroller is the flash type reprogrammable

microcontroller in which we have already programmed. After

particular distance traveled we can know the fuel quantity is used by

the vehicle from the LCD display. So now we knew distance and fuel

used by the vehicle from which we can measure the mileage of the

vehicle and projected mileage for remaining fuel in the tank. The

corresponding information is displayed on the LCD display.

CHAPTER -6

MERITS

CHAPTER-VI

MERITS
1. Low power consumption

2. It is the digital meter so we can read the reading very

easily.

3. It displays the fuel and mileage information so it helps the

user to know about the vehicle condition.

 Chapter-7

APPLICATIONS
 CHAPTER-VII

APPLICATIONS

This project is very useful to auto/call taxi.

1. Vehicle users.

2. Automobile companies to implement

this project in vehicles.

 CHAPTER-8

LIST OF MATERIALS
 CHAPTER-VIII

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are

discussed below.

1. Properties:

The material selected must posses the necessary properties for

the proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied

Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand

environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials

decisively affect their selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

d. Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific

gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue

resistance, impact resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and

modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding

properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point

of view are,

 Cast ability

 Weld ability

 Forge ability

 Surface properties

 Shrinkage

 Deep drawing etc.

2. Manufacturing case:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or

surface qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating

substances may demand the use of special materials.

3. Quality Required:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately

the material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of

a less number of components which can be fabricated much more

economically by welding or hand forging the steel.

4. Availability of Material:

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then

becomes obligatory for the designer to use some other material which

though may not be a perfect substitute for the material designed. the

delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should also be

kept in mind.

5. Space consideration:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the

forces involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. Cost:

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of

material plays an important part and should not be ignored.

Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of

proper materials.

Chapter-9
 COST ESTIMATION

Chapter-IX

COST ESTIMATION

1. LABOUR COST:

Lathe, drilling, welding, grinding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost

2. OVERGHEAD CHARGES:

The overhead charges are arrived by” manufacturing cost”

 Manufacturing Cost =Material Cost +Labour Cost

Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost

3. TOTAL COST:

Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges

Total cost for this project =

Chapter-10
 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER-X

CONCLUSION

The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the

field of automobile department.

This project will reduce the cost involved in the concern. Project

has been designed to perform the entire requirement task at the

shortest time available.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIGRAPHY

1. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.

2. Machine tool design handbook –Central machine tool

Institute, Bangalore.

3. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi

4. Manufacturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

5. Design of machine elements- R.s.Kurumi

PHOTOGRAPHY